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    P GR 12 MS 12.12 Nuclear Physics

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    sanjeevsaravanan12

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    P GR 12 MS 12.12 Nuclear Physics

    Uploaded by

    sanjeevsaravanan12
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    P Gr 12 MS 12.12 Nuclear Physics

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    3 views4 pages

    P GR 12 MS 12.12 Nuclear Physics

    Uploaded by

    sanjeevsaravanan12

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    WORKSHEET - 12.

    12 Mark scheme
    Grade: 12 A

    1 (a nucleus/nuclei emits M1
    spontaneously/randomly A1
    α-particles, β-particles, γ-ray photons A1 [3]

    (b)
    b) N – ∆N A1 [1]

    (ii) ∆N / ∆t A1

    (iii) ∆N / N A1

    (iv) ∆N / N∆t A1 [1]

    (c) graph: smooth curve in correct direction starting at (0,0) M1


    n at 2t½ is 1.5 times that at t½ (± 2 mm)
    m) [2]

    2 (a) (i) energy : 5.75 X 1.6 X 10- 13


    : 9.2 X 10- 13 J A1 [1]

    (ii) number = 1900/ (9.2 x 10- 13 x 0.24) C1


    : 8.6 X 10 15 S- 1 A1 [2]

    (b) (i) decay constant= 0.693/(2.8 x 365 x 24 x 3600) C1


    = 7.85 x 10-9 s- 1 (allow 7.8 or 7.9 to 2 s.f.) A1 [2]

    (ii) A=?..N
    8.6 X 10 15 = 7.85 X 10- 9 X N C1
    N = 1.096 X 10 24 C1

    mass= (1.096 x 10 24 x 236)/(6.02 x 1023) M1


    = 430g A1 [4]

    (c) 0.84 = 1.9 exp(-7.85 x 10-9 t ) C1


    8
    f: 1.04 X 10 S
    = 3.3 years A1 [2]
    3 (a ‘light’ nuclei combine to form ‘heavier’ nuclei B1 [1]

    (b)
    b) either energy = c2∆m
    or energy = (3.00 × 108)2 × 1.66 × 10–27 C1
    energy = 1.494 × 10–10 J C1
    = (1.494 × 10–10) / (1.60 × 10–13)
    = 934 MeV (3 s.f.) A1 [3]

    (ii) ∆m = (2.01356 + 3.01551) – (4.00151 + 1.00867)


    = 5.02907 – 5.01018
    = 0.01889 u C1

    energy = 0.01889 × 934


    = 17.6 MeV (allow 2 s.f.) A1 [2]

    (iii) high temperature means high speeds / kinetic energy of nuclei B1


    D and T nuclei collide despite repelling one another B1 [2]

    4 (a activity = (1.7 × 1014) / (2.5 × 106)


    = 6.8 × 107 Bq kg–1 A1 [1]

    (b)
    b) ( energy released per second in 1.0 kg of steel
    = 6.8 × 107 × 0.067 × 1.6 × 10–13
    = 7.3 × 10–7 J B [1]

    (ii) this is a very small quantity of energy so steel will not be warm B1 [1]

    (iii) A = A0 e–λt and λt½ = ln 2 C


    400 = (6.8 × 107) exp(–[ln 2 × t] / 92)
    2)
    ea
    t = 1600 years

    or

    A = A 0 / 2n (C1)
    n = 17.4 (C1)
    t = 17.4 × 92 = 1600 years
    ears [3]
    5 (a) energy required to separate the nucleons (in a nucleus) M1
    to infinity A1 [2]
    (allow reverse statement)

    (b) (i) ∆m = (2 × 1.00867) + 1.00728 – 3.01551 C1


    = 9.11 × 10–3 u C1
    binding energy = 9.11 × 10–3 × 930
    = 8.47 MeV A1 [3]
    (allow 930 to 934 MeV so answer could be in range 8.47 to 8.51 MeV)
    (allow 2 s.f.)

    (ii) ∆m = 211.70394 – 209.93722


    = 1.76672 u C1
    binding energy per nucleon = (1.76672 × 930)/210 C1
    = 7.82 MeV A1 [3]
    (allow 930 to 934 MeV so answer could be in range 7.82 to 7.86 MeV)
    (allow 2 s.f.)

    (c) total binding energy of barium and krypton M1


    is greater than binding energy of uranium A1 [2]

    6 (a time for number of atoms / nuclei / activity (of the isotope) M1


    to be reduced to one half (of its initial value) A1 [2]

    (b) (i) A R λN C1
    460 R N × ln 2 / (8.1 × 24 × 60 × 60) C1
    N R 4.6 × 108 A1 [3]

    (ii) number of water molecules in 1.0 kg R (6.02 × 1023) / (18 × 10–3) C


    R 3.3 × 1025
    ratio R (3.3 × 1025) / (4.6 × 108)
    R 7.2 (7.3) × 1016 A1 [2]

    (c) A R A0 e–λt and λt½ R ln 2 C1


    170 R 460 exp (–{ln 2 t } / 8.1)
    .1
    t R 11.6 days (allow 2 s.f.) A [3]
    7 (a energy to separate nucleons (in a nucleus) M1
    separate to infinity A1 [2]

    (b) (i) fission


    is [1]

    (ii)
    ii) U: near right-hand end of line B1 [1]

    2. Mo: to right of peak, less than 1/3 distance from peak to U B1 [1]

    3. La: 0.4 → 0.6 of distance from peak to U B1 [1]

    (iii)
    ii right-hand side, mass = 235.922 u C1
    mass change = 0.210 u A1 [2]

    2. energy = mc2 C1
    energy = 0.210 × 1.66 × 10–27 × (3.0 × 108)2
    energy = 3.1374 × 10–11 J C1
    energy = 196 MeV (need 3 s.f.) A1 [3]
    (use of 1 u = 934 MeV, allow 3/3; use of 1 u = 930 MeV or 932
    MeV, allow 2/3)
    (use of 1.67 × 10–27 not 1.66 ×10–27 scores max. 2/3)

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