Std04 Term II Social Science EM - WWW - Tntextbooks.in

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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU
STANDARD FOUR
TERM - II
VOLUME II
MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE
A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu
Department Of School Education

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime
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Government of Tamil Nadu

First Edition - 2019
(Published under New Syllabus in

Trimester Pattern)
NOT FOR SALE
Content Creation
The wise
possess all
State Council of Educational

Research and Training
© SCERT 2019
Printing & Publishing
Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

Services Corporation
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II
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Social
Science
Term-II
91 Philanthropists of Sangam Age
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Contents
Unit Topic Page no

1. Philanthropists
of Sangam Age 93
2. Physical Features
106
of Tamil Nadu
3. Transport 115
Ebook Assessment Digi Links
Philanthropists of Sangam Age 92

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Unit 1 Philanthropists of
Sangam Age
Learning Objectives
Children will be able to:

 name the philanthropists
 name the regions ruled by the philanthropists.
 understand the significance of kindness.
 explain how the philanthropists ruled their region.
93

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Geetha and her Grandpa are on a trip during

summer holidays. They are on their way to
Kodaikanal the hill station in Tamil Nadu.This is the
first time that Geetha is travelling up a steep hill in
a bus.
Grandpa, how did people come to these hills

before buses and cars were used?
They would have used horses and donkeys to

climb up the hill.
Who ruled these regions?
In the Sangam Age, many philanthropists ruled

the hilly regions. But, seven of them were very
famous.
Why only seven were famous? Who were they?
Sangam literature, consisting of several classical

?
ow
poetry is the main sources of the Sangam Age.

Kn
u
Yo
Do

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Those seven philanthropists were Pegan, Pari,

Nedumudi kari, Aay, Adhiyaman, Nalli and Valvil
Ori. They ruled different hilly regions at different
periods during the Sangam Age. They were all
powerful, kind and cared for nature and the people.
Is that! why there are more trees in the

hills than in Chennai?
Hills usually have lot of trees. It is important for

people to take care of them. Shall I tell you a few
stories about how those philanthropists and the
people protected nature and how in turn nature
protected them?
I would love that!
Try to Answer
1. Name any three philanthropists.
2. During which age did the seven famous

philanthropists rule the hilly regions?

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Pegan
Are you ready for the first story?
Yes!
Okay. This story is about Pegan. Pegan ruled Palani

hills (Dindigul district) – the very same hill range
that we are visiting today. Isn't it cold here?
Yes, grandpa. That‛s why Amma has packed

sweaters for us.
Correct. One day, while Pegan was on his walk, he

saw a peacock shivering. He assumed that the
peacock was shivering due to cold and he covered
the peacock with shawl.
Can a peacock use a shawl?
May be not.The point is that Pegan treated the

peacock just like his own child. How many people now
a days show such kindness towards animals?

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Grandpa, one day I saw a boy throwing stones at a

dog. I stopped him. May be, if he knew about Pegan,
he would find a way to love animals.
True. It‛s not just kindness towards trees and animals.

It is also about valuing people. We should treat all
living things equally.
Try to Answer
1. Which hilly region did Pegan rule?

2. What did Pegan see when he was
taking a walk?
3. What did Pegan use to cover the
shivering peacock?
Pari
Okay, the next

story is nearly
2,000 years old.
A wise and kind
philanthropist called Pari
ruled Parambu Nadu. This
was located in Parambu
malai, a hill range that
starts in Sivaganga district
in Tamil Nadu and extends
all the way to Palakkad in
Kerala.

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The Moovendhars - the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas - wanted

to make Parambu Nadu a part of their kingdom. They were not
able to win the battles against Pari and his army individually.
So, they attacked Parambu Nadu together.
In the thick forests inside the hills, they were not able
to defeat Pari‛s army. Instead, they made sure that
Parambu Nadu could not get water or food from below the hill.
They thought that Pari would surrender, after he ran out of
food and water.
Grandpa, did Pari surrender?
No, Pari did not surrender. Few months passed,

the Moovendhars later realised that the forests in
Parambu malai were so rich that they provided people
with a lot of jackfruit, edible bamboo and other wild
nuts. The hill also had a lot of streams that provided them
with fresh, clean water.
So they didn‛t need food or water from any

other place?
Yes. Their forests took care of them, just as Pari,

the people in his region also took care of nature.
There is even a famous story that tells his generosity.
One day Pari was passing a young jasmine climber.
He saw that there was no tree to help the climber to grow. He
offered his golden chariot to give support for the climber.

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This is so interesting. Do you know that we planted a

few trees in our school? I will make sure that they
grow well, just like Pari did.
Would you like to hear more stories about some of

the other philanthropists?
Yes!
Try to Answer
1. Which was the region ruled by Pari ?
2. What were stopped from the lower
regions to Parambu Nadu?
3. What did Pari give to support jasmine
climber?
Adhiyaman
There was another philanthropist called Adhiyaman.

He also ruled a hilly region Thagadur in Dharmapuri
district. One day he was presented with a very
rare type of gooseberry. He was told that anyone who
ate that rare fruit, would be immortal. Do you know what
did he do?
He offered that fruit to an old Tamil poetess Avvaiyar.

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The same Avvaiyar I read about her in my Tamil textbook?
Yes, Geetha. Avvaiyar was shocked and asked

Adhiyaman why he was offering her the gooseberry.
She said that he should eat this fruit as he was the
chieftain. Adhiyaman told her that there would be
many chieftains after him, but there would not be many
poets, to teach people how to live life better, like her.
Can you imagine a powerful chieftain offering such a
valuable gift to an old poetess? This shows how people valued
each other in the Sangam Age. Don‛t you agree?
Yes, grandpa. We should always value people

around us.
Try to Answer
1. What did Adhiyaman receive as a

present?
2. Who was Avvaiyar?
3. Why did Adhiyaman give the
gooseberry to Avvaiyar?
ty
Activi List the things given by these philanthropists.
1. Pari: __________________________
2. Pegan: __________________________
3. Adhiyaman: __________________________

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Valvil Ori
Let me tell you a story of another chieftain Valvil

Ori who ruled a hilly region in Kolli hills (Namakkal
district).
Does the 'Vil' in his name mean bow?
How smart you are! Yes, it does. 'Val' means

powerful and 'Vil'means bow. He got his name as he
was an expert archer.
Amazing! what did he do for the people?

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Ori was not only known for his skill in archery, but
also hailed as a kind ruler.He used to reward bards,
musicians, dancers and other artisans for their skills.
Grandpa, I like Valvil Ori. What about the other

three philanthropists?
Nedumudi kari
Aay also ruled a

hilly region in
the Pothigai
hills, South of
Madurai.
Nedumudi kari ruled the
region of Thondaimandalam
at Tirukkoyilur. Nalli ruled
the region of Thottimalai
under the king Cheran.
They were all known for
their kindness. That‛s why
even after so many years,
they are still fondly
remembered by us.
Thank you for the interesting stories. I will share

these with all my friends.
ty
Activi Match the following.
1. Pari - kind towards animals
2. Pegan - reward skilled people
3. Adhiyaman - kind towards nature
4. Valvil Ori - valued people

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Try to Answer
1. Which hilly region did Valvil Ori rule?
2. What is the meaning of Val and Vil?
ty
Activi List the name of the seven Philanthropists and their regions.
Philanthropists Regions
Glossary
Sangam Age - A period in the history of ancient Tamil Nadu.
Philanthropist - A person who seeks to promote the welfare of others.
Steep hill - A very tall hill.
Immortal - Living forever.
Bards - A poet.
Artisan - A worker in a skilled profession.
Recap
 There were many philanthropists in Sangam Age. Seven of them were

famous.
 The Moovendhars were the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
 Philanthropists were known for the kindness towards the people and
nature.
 The seven philanthropists were Pegan, Pari, Nedumudi kari, Aay,
Adhiyaman, Nalli and Valvil Ori.

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Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer

1. __________ is one among the Moovendhars.
a. Aay b. Pari
c. Cheran d. Nalli
2. The seven philanthropists ruled in the __________.

a. plains b. deserts
c. rivers d. hilly regions
3. Parambu Nadu was located in __________ district.

a. Dharmapuri b. Dindigul
c. Sivaganga d. Namakkal
4. Pegan ruled a hilly region in the __________ hills.

a. Palani b. Kodaikanal
c. Pothigai d. Kolli
5. Adhiyaman gave a __________ to Avvaiyar.

a. shawl b. gooseberry
c. gift d. chariot
II. Match the following.
1. Aay - Dharmapuri district
2. Adhiyaman - Pothigai hills
3. Valvil Ori - Sivaganga district
4. Pari - Kolli Hills
III. True or False.
1. Pari did not care for nature at all.
2. Sangam Age had seven famous philanthropists.
3. We should value the people and animals.
4. Nedumudi kari ruled the region of Thottimalai.

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IV. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. Write about Sangam literature?
2. What did the Moovendhars do when they couldn‛t win battles
against Pari?
3. Why did Adhiyaman give the gooseberry to Avvaiyar?
4. What was Valvil Ori famous for?
Project
Collect pictures of any one ruler
you like the most & describe why
do you like him. (Do it here)
Stick the picture here

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Unit 2 Physical Features of Tamil Nadu
Learning Objectives

 understand the physical features of Tamil Nadu.
 locate mountain, plateau, plain and coastal
regions in Tamil Nadu.
 describe the features of mountains, plateaus, plains
and coast.
 explain the types of forests found in Tamil Nadu.
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Our state
Tamil Nadu is located in the South of India. It is the eleventh largest state in
India. It shares boundaries with
• Andhra Pradesh on the North
• Karnataka on the North west
• Indian Ocean on the South
• Kerala on the West
• Bay of Bengal on the East
Tamil Nadu extends upto
Kanniyakumari which forms the
southern most tip of India. It is
the meeting point of Arabian
Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of
Bengal.
The Pulicat lake is situated
at the northern end of
Tamil Nadu.
Tamil Nadu had

?
32 districts.
ow
Kn
u
Yo
Recently,
Do
government
announced 3 more districts
namely Kallakurichi,
Chengalpattu and Tenkasi. At
present(2019) there are 35
districts.
Tamil Nadu and its neighbours
ty
Activi 1. On the political map of India shade any two neighbouring
States of Tamil Nadu.
2. Mark the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal
on the map.
The Madras Presidency called as Tamil Nadu comprised

of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Odisha. Later
in 1953, Telugu speaking region of the state was split to
?
ow
form Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, in 1956, Malayalam and

Kn
u
Yo
Kannada speaking regions of the state were split into Kerala

Do
and Mysore.
107 Physical Features of Tamil Nadu

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Landscape of Tamil Nadu

The landscape of Tamil Nadu can be divided into four categories
namely:
1. Mountains 2. Plateaus 3. Plains 4. Coast
1. Mountains
Tamil Nadu is the only
state in India which has
both the Western ghats and
Eastern ghats. They meet at
the Nilgiri hills in
Tamil Nadu. Doddabetta is
the highest peak in Nilgiri
hills. Tamil Nadu has various
hill stations like Ooty,
Kodaikkanal, Kolli hills,
Kothagiri and Yercaud.
The Eastern ghats do

not get enough rainfall
unlike the Western ghats
which receives lot of rainfall.
The plantations grown in
these ghats include tea,
coffee and spices.
Ghats of South India
Tamil Nadu has rich
flora and fauna. Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, Indira Gandhi wildlife sanctuary and
National park in Anaimalai are in the Western ghats of the state. There are a variety
of plant species found in them. The Kurunji shrub is the most special of them all.
Kurunji flowers blossom once in 12 years.
Try to Answer
1. Where do the Western ghats and

Eastern ghats meet ?
2. Name any two wildlife sanctuaries in

the Western ghats of Tamil Nadu.
Physical Features of Tamil Nadu 108

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2. Plateaus
There are three plateaus in Tamil Nadu
namely Bharamahal plateau, Coimbatore
plateau and Madurai plateau. There are
many small hills between these plateaus.
Chennimalai is one among those hills in
Erode.
3. Plains
Plains in Tamil Nadu can be divided
into river plains and coastal plains.
a) River plains
Rivers Palar, Cheyyar, Pennar and
Vellar form the Northern plains. The
middle river plain is formed by Cauvery
and its tributaries. River Vaigai and
Thamirabarani form the Southern plains.
River Cheyyar is a tributary of River

Palar. It is a seasonal river that flows
through the district of Tiruvannamalai. Rivers and waterfalls of Tamil Nadu
b) Coastal plains
Coastal plains of Tamil Nadu are also
called Cholamandalam plains which extend
from Chennai to Kanniyakumari.
4. Coasts
Tamil Nadu has the third longest
coastline in India. The coastal region
extends from Chennai to Kanniyakumari.
Pamban island forms a part of
Ramanathapuram. It separates Gulf of
Mannar and Palk strait. 13 districts share
the coastline.
The notable beaches of Tamil Nadu
are:
a) Marina Beach, the second longest urban
beach in the world.
b) Rameswaram beach is famous for its
beautiful view.
c) Kanniyakumari beach is famous for its
beautiful views of sunrise and sunset
Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu
over the water.

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Pamban bridge in Rameswaram is
?
ow
India‛s first sea bridge opened
Kn
u
Yo
in the year 1914.
Do
ty
Activi On the district map of Tamil Nadu shade any three coastal
districts of Tamil Nadu.
Droogs are steep rocks. Rock fort

?
ow
is a famous droog in Tiruchirapalli

Kn
u
(Tamil Nadu).
Yo
Do
Waterfalls of Tamil Nadu

Waterfalls is an area where the river water flows down from a mountain. Tamil Nadu
has several waterfalls. Some of them are:
a) Hogenakkal waterfalls is located in Dharmapuri on the River Cauvery. It is known for
bathing areas, boat rides and attracts many tourists all round the year.
Courtallam - Aintharuvi Hogenakkal falls
b) Courtallam waterfalls is located in Tenkasi. It is in the Western ghats on the river

Chittar. There are a total of nine falls of which Peraruvi, Aintharuvi and Puli Aruvi
are the most prominent.
c) Suruli waterfalls is located in Theni. Here the water falls from a series of rock
steps.
d) Vattaparai waterfalls is located in Kanniyakumari. The falls is surrounded by forest
on all sides. People are allowed to take a natural bath here.

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Try to Answer
1. Name some important rivers in

Tamil Nadu.
2. Where is Courtallam waterfalls

located?
Climate of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu experiences tropical climate and there is very little difference between
summer and winter. The temperature during summer can rise up to 40°C (40 degree
celsius). Due to its location, Tamil Nadu experiences hot and humid weather almost
throughout the year with mild winter. Tamil Nadu is dependent on monsoon rains and
often faces droughts if monsoon fails.
Seasons of Tamil Nadu:
1. Winter season (January - February)
2. Summer season (March - May)
3. South West monsoon (June - September)
4. North East monsoon (October - December)
Try to Answer
1. During which months does the State

receive rain fall from South West
monsoon?
2. Describe the weather of Tamil Nadu
in a sentence.
Thiruthani recorded the all-time highest temperature of

?
ow
48.6°C in May 2003.

Kn
u
Yo
Do
Source: Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).

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Forests N Tiruvallur
W E
Chennai
S
There are many types of forests Vellore
Kancheepuram
alai
across Tamil Nadu. Most of these forests
Krishnagiri am
uv ann
Tir
are found in the areas near the ghats. Dharmapuri
These forests have so many types of Viluppuram
Salem
trees. The topmost branches of the trees The Nilgiris
Erode Cuddalore
form a continuous chain such that little Namakkal Perambalur r
lu Nagapattinam
ya
Tiruchirapalli Ari
Coimbat
or no sunlight hits the ground, this is Tiruppur Karur
called canopy. The forests are divided
Tha
Thiruvarur
ore
nja
Pu
based on the canopy cover: Dindigul du
vur
kk
ot
tai
i g a
Theni r a a n
u g
ad va
The Nilgiris, M Si
Very Dense
Coimbatore, Virudunagar
Forest Ramanathapuram
Tirunelveli, Erode,
i
Thoothukud
Legend
Tir
The Nilgiris, Very dense forest
u
Moderate
ne
Moderate dense forest
lve
Coimbatore, Erode,
li
Open forest
Dense Forest Map not to scale
Krishnagiri Kanniyakumari Mangrove forest
Forests in Tamil Nadu

Salem, Vellore,
Open Forest
Dharmapuri
The forests can also be grouped as:

a) Evergreen forests:
The word evergreen means:
Ever (always) + green = Always green
The trees in these forests have leaves that
are always green. In Tamil Nadu we find evergreen
forests in the Western ghats of Tirunelveli,
Kanniyakumari, The Nilgiris and Coimbatore.
Deciduous forest
b) Deciduous forests:
The trees in these forests shed their leaves
during the dry season.
These forests are usually found near the
evergreen forests. They generally grow in the
lower regions of the hills.
c) Swamp (Mangrove) forests:

The word swamp means areas that are low
where water gets collected easily. These forests Mangrove forest
are usually found near the beaches and river beds.
The Pichavaram mangrove forest is located near Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu.

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Glossary
1. Flora and fauna - The plants and the animals of an environment.
2. Ghat - A mountain pass / mountain range.
3. Drought - A prolonged period of very low rainfall.
4. Weather - The daily state of the atmosphere, or air, in any given place.
5. Climate - The average of weather conditions in an area over a long
period.
Recap
 Tamil Nadu is located in the South of India.

 Landscapes can be divided into four categories namely mountains, plateaus,
plains and coasts.
 Plains are found along the rivers and the coasts.
 The coastline of Tamil Nadu is shared by 13 districts.
 Tamil Nadu has a tropical climate.
 Forests can be grouped as evergreen forests, deciduous forests and swamp
forests.
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which wildlife sanctuary is located in Tamil Nadu?
a. Mudumalai wildlife sanctuary b. Corbett national park
c. Sunderbans national park d. Ranthambore national park
2. Western ghats and Eastern ghats meet at __________.
a. Aravalli range b. Nilgiri hills
c. Himalayan range d. Vidhyas range
3. The topmost branches of trees form a chain called __________.
a. sunlight b. canopy
c. forest d. mangrove
4. Tamil Nadu experiences __________.
a. extreme winters b. highest rainfall
c. tropical climate d. snow fall

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5. __________ are found in the places where there is heavy rainfall.

a. Deciduous forests b. Swamp forests
c. Evergreen forests d. None of them

1. Mountain ranges in Tamil Nadu - Pamban bridge
2. Suruli waterfall - Western and Eastern ghats
3. India‛s first sea bridge - Theni
4. Pichavaram - Third longest in India
5. Tamil Nadu‛s coastline - Mangrove forest
III. True or False.

1. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India.
2. Taml Nadu is located in the west of India.
3. Kurunji flowers blossom once in 2 years.
4. Tamil Nadu experiences hot and humid weather throughout the year.
5. Deciduous forests do not shed leaves.
IV. Answer in brief.

1. Name the states that Tamil Nadu shares boundary with.
2. What are the different landscapes of Tamil Nadu?
3. What are the different plains in Tamil Nadu?
4. Name the waterfalls in Tamil Nadu.
5. Describe the climate of Tamil Nadu.
6. Differentiate evergreen forests and deciduous forests.
Project
Mark the following features of Tamil Nadu
on the map.
• Mountain
• Plateau
• Plain
• Coast
• Waterfall

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Unit 3 Transport
Learning Objectives

 understand the importance of transport.
 list the various modes of transport.
 describe each mode of transport.
Transport
Transport is the movement of people, animals and things from one place to another.
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Modes of Transport
There are different modes of transport in India.
Modes of Transport
Roadways Railways Waterways Airways
Before the invention

of wheels, humans used National Highways -
to walk everywhere. They Golden Quadrilateral
used bullock carts to cover
distances. Even today, many
use bicycles which are eco
friendly to travel.
a) Roadways
India has been building
roads since old times.
Roadways connect the nook
and corners of our country.
National Highways (NH) -
These are the main roads
connecting cities in the
country. e.g. NH 44 runs from
Srinagar to Kanniyakumari.
The Golden Quadrilateral
road connects the four major
cities - Chennai, Mumbai,
Delhi and Kolkata in India.
State Highways (SH) - These
are the roads connecting
important cities within the state. e.g. SH 4 runs from Arcot to Villupuram.
District Roads - They are of two types - Major District Roads (M.D.R.) and Other
District Roads (O.D.R.). These roads connect markets and offices in the district.
Village Roads - These roads connect villages or a group of villages with each other and
also to other major roads near it.
Transport 116

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Bus is the most important means of public transport system in India. Buses are
managed by the respective State governments. Many State governments have introduced
air-conditioned buses and sleeper buses. The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus is the
largest bus terminus in Asia.
Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus, Koyambedu
Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) is a high quality bus - based transit system. It
has been introduced in some cities in India. The BRTS ensured that there are roadways
that only buses can use
ty
Activi
Stick pictures of any two forms of land transport that you use
everyday.
b) Railways
Railway is the most important form of transport system connecting various
states in India. The first railway line was laid between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
One of the earliest railway stations built in Tamil Nadu was in Royapuram in the
year 1856. Steam engines were used in the beginning. From steam engines to high
speed rail, the growth of Indian Railways over the past 170 years has been vast and
it has contributed to the development of India.
Major Rail links from Tamil Nadu

Name of the train From To
Himsagar Express Kanniyakumari Jammu
Tamil Nadu Express Chennai New Delhi
Tirukkural Express Kanniyakumari New Delhi
Coromandal Express Chennai Kolkata
Chennai Express Chennai Mumbai
117 Transport

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There are also sub-urban rails that connect

different places within a city. The first modern
rapid transit system in India is the Kolkata Metro
Rail System. The Chennai Metro Rail was started
in the year 2015.
Chennai Metro Rail
Indian Railways is the 4th

ty
largest network in the world. Activi Stick pictures
?
ow
of different
Kn
Darjeeling Himalayan Rail

u
Yo
forms of railways
Do
in West Bengal is a World

(ex: metro, steam,
Heritage Site and it is the only
high speed) and
steam operated railway in India.
write their names
below it.
c) Waterways
India has a very long
coastline and hence
ports remain main
centers for trade.
Oceanic or Coastal
water transport
India has 13 major
ports and Tamil Nadu
is the only state in
India that has three
major ports: Ennore,
Chennai and Tuticorin.
Shipping Corporation
of India, a government
owned company
manages all offshore
and other marine
transport related
infrastructure in the
country.
Transport 118

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Water transport happens through:

1. Boat
2. Speed Boat
3. Ship
The boats are widely used for fishing
in Tamil Nadu. Boat Speed Boat
Ship
ty
Activi
1. Which is the only state in India that has more than 2 ports ?
2. Name the ports in Tamil Nadu.
3. Name the government agency that handles marine transport
related infrastructure in the country.
d) Airways
Air transport is the fastest way
to travel to different parts of the
world. The very first air service of
Asia was inaugurated by India in the
year 1914 by Post and Telegraph
Department by carrying mail from
Allahabad to Naini across the Ganga Take off of a flight
river. In Tamil Nadu there are 4 international
airports at Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai and
Tiruchirappalli.
Airlines plays a huge role in connecting cities
within the country and across the world.
Helicopters are used for short distances
and in hilly regions like Haridwar, Badrinath,
Kedarnath and Darjeeling.
Helicopter flies over Kedarnath
119 Transport

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ty
Activi
Collect pictures of any three international airports
of India, stick it and write their names.
?
ow
India has the world‛s highest helipad at the Siachen glacier

Kn
which is 21,000 feet above sea level.

u
Yo
Do
Advantages of transport
1) Growth of agricultural and industrial production
Transport system plays a huge role in the growth of agricultural and industrial
production by carrying raw materials to different parts of the country.
2) Growth in trade
It helps in promoting trade in the country. Transport plays a key role in the country‛s
export and import of goods.
3) Promotes tourism
It helps people from different countries to visit other countries. Without a good
transport system, promotion of tourism is not possible.
Try to Answer
1. Which is used to travel short distance

in airways?
2. How many international airports are
there in Tamil Nadu?
Transport 120

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Glossary
1. Trade - Buying and selling of goods and services.

2. Import - Buying of goods or services from another country.
3. Export - Selling goods or services to another country.
4. Helipad - Place where helicopters land.
Recap
 Transport is the movement of people, animals and things from one place to another.
 The four modes of transport are roadways, railways, waterways and airways.
 Roadways are used to travel by bicycles, buses and cars etc. The four types
of roadways are National Highways, State Highways, District Roads and Village
Roads.
 Railways is the most important mode of transport which connects the states.
 Waterways include the transport done through water bodies. It happens through
boats, speed boats and ships.
 Airways is the fastest way to travel. We use aeroplanes and helicopters for air
travel.
Evaluation
I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an example of land transport?
a. Car b. Ship c. Helicopter d. Aeroplane
2. The first railway line was laid in _________.
a. 2019 b. 1853 c. 1947 d. 1950
3. One of the major cities that connects Golden Quadrilateral highway is ________.
a. Chennai b. Kanniyakumari c. Madurai d. Trichy
4. _________ is the oldest mode of transport.
a. Boat b. Cycle c. Walking d. Bullock cart
5. There are _________ modes of transport.
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6
121 Transport

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1. International airport in Tamil Nadu - Bus
2. Important public transport - Chennai
3. Train from Kanniyakumari to Jammu - Thiruchirappalli
4. Major sea port of Tamil Nadu - 2015
5. Chennai metro rail started in the year - Himsagar Express
III. True or False.

1. Transport is not needed for people.
2. Ports remain main centers of trade.
3. Roadways do not connect different parts of our country.
4. The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus is the smallest bus terminus in Asia.
5. Tamil Nadu has 5 major ports.
IV. Answer in brief.

1. Define transport.
2. List the different modes of transport.
3. Describe railways. Name any two major rail links from Tamil Nadu.
4. What is air transport? What are used for air transport?
5. Write any three advantages of transport.
Project
Make a model of aeroplane, ship, bus or
train using newspapers and display it in
class.
Model
Transport 122

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Class IV - Mathematics, Science and Social Science (Term II, Volume 2)

List of Authors and Reviewers
Academic Advisor Mathematics Science Social Science
Dr. P. Kumar
Joint Director (Syllabus), Reviewers Reviewers Reviewers
SCERT, Chennai. Dr. Ramanujam Dr. K. Chinthanaiyalan S. Gomathi Manickam
Professor, B.T. Asst., GHS, BT Asst, GHSSchool,
Academic Co-ordinator Institute of Mathematical Periyar nager, Old Perungalathur,
Dr. K.S. Mozhiyarasi Science, Tharamani, Nandambakkam, Kancheepuram.
Principal, DIET, Chennai. Kanchipuram. K. Velu
Keelapalur, Ariyalur Srivathsan Ramaswamy BT Asst, G. G. H.S.School
R. Krithika,
Madhi Foundation, Thalaivasal, Salem.
Research Centre,
Subject Co-ordinators Azim Premji University, Chennai. Srivathsan Ramaswamy
Bangalore Madhi Foundation,
Maths Authors
Chennai.
P. Malarvizhi Authors P. Varatharaj
B.T. Asst., P.U.M.School, Senior Lecturer, Authors
Kalpana
Padiyanallur Thiruvallur. B.T. Assistant, PUMS, DIET, Perampalur. P. Balamurugan
M. K. Lalitha Alambakkam, N. Gopi PG Asst,
B.T. Asst., G.G.H.S.School, Pullambadi Union, BRTE, Nemili Block, Govt. Boys HSS,
Katpadi, Vellore. Tiruchirappalli. Vellore. Thammampatti,
Science S. Ravi V. Kamatchi Salem District.
M. Selvi B.T. Assistant, PUMS, Head Master, PUPS, R. Selvapradha
B.T.Asst, GHS, Cheri, Azhagiyamanavalam Kandamangalam, Isha Vidhya Ramaniyam
Kaveripakkam Block, Mannachanallur Villupuram. Matric Hr.Sec.School,
Vellore District. Tiruchirappalli. M. Mariyanesan Vanavasi, Salem.
Social Science M. Sankar Ganesh SGT, PUPS, K. Brindha
Secondary Grade Teacher, Thennavarayanpattu, Isha Vidhya Ramaniyam
S. Vijayalakshmi
PUMS, Aloor, Tirukkoilur Villupuram. Matric Hr.Sec.School,
B.T. Asst., G.H.S.School,
Block, Villupuram. K.Vijayarajkumar Vanavasi, Salem.
Kuvathur, Kancheepuram.
I. Mahalakshmi PG Assistant,
Headmistress, PUPS Isha vidhya Infosys Matric QR - Code
Sembiyakudi, Thirumanur higher secondary school. Management Team
Block, Ariyalur. Samichettipatti, R. Jaganathan
Layout Design and Dharmapuri District. S.G.T. (SPOC)
Illustration Team S.John James PUMS Ganesapuram - Polur,
V.S. John Smith PG Assistant, Thiruvannamalai Dist.
A. Adison Raj Isha vidhaya MHSS, M. Murugesan
B. Yogesh Madavapallam, Cuddalore B.T.Asst., P.U.M.School,
S. Adaikkala Stephen Artist Pethavelankottagam,
Pakkirisamy Annadurai C. Deivendren Thiruvarur.
In-House QC Drawing Teacher, S. Albert ValavanBabu,
Rajesh Thangappan GHS, Maangulam, B.T. Asst.,
Jerald Wilson Madurai District. Government High School,
PerumalKovil, Paramakudi,
Wrapper Design
Ramanathapuram.
Kathir Arumugam
Coordination
Ramesh Munisamy
This book has been printed on 80 GSM Maplitho paper.

Printed by offset at:
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GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department Of School Education

4th_Unit_00_Front_Term 2.indd 1 8/5/2019 6:38:41 PM

Government of Tamil Nadu

(Published under New Syllabus in

NOT FOR SALE

State Council of Educational

Printing & Publishing

Tamil NaduTextbook and Educational

4th_Unit_00_Front_Term 2.indd 2 8/5/2019 6:38:41 PM

91 Philanthropists of Sangam Age

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 91 08/08/19 4:28 PM

Unit Topic Page no

Ebook Assessment Digi Links

Philanthropists of Sangam Age 92

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Children will be able to:

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 93 08/08/19 4:28 PM

Geetha and her Grandpa are on a trip during

Grandpa, how did people come to these hills

They would have used horses and donkeys to

Who ruled these regions?

In the Sangam Age, many philanthropists ruled

Why only seven were famous? Who were they?

Sangam literature, consisting of several classical

poetry is the main sources of the Sangam Age.

Philanthropists of Sangam Age 94

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 94 08/08/19 4:28 PM

Those seven philanthropists were Pegan, Pari,

Is that! why there are more trees in the

Hills usually have lot of trees. It is important for

I would love that!

1. Name any three philanthropists.

2. During which age did the seven famous

95 Philanthropists of Sangam Age

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 95 08/08/19 4:28 PM

Are you ready for the ﬁrst story?

Okay. This story is about Pegan. Pegan ruled Palani

Yes, grandpa. That‛s why Amma has packed

Correct. One day, while Pegan was on his walk, he

Can a peacock use a shawl?

May be not.The point is that Pegan treated the

Philanthropists of Sangam Age 96

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 96 08/08/19 4:28 PM

Grandpa, one day I saw a boy throwing stones at a

True. It‛s not just kindness towards trees and animals.

1. Which hilly region did Pegan rule?

Okay, the next

97 Philanthropists of Sangam Age

4th_Social Science_Philanthropists of Sangam Age.indd 97 08/08/19 4:28 PM

The Moovendhars - the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas - wanted

Grandpa, did Pari surrender?

No, Pari did not surrender. Few months passed,

So they didn‛t need food or water from any

Yes. Their forests took care of them, just as Pari,

Philanthropists of Sangam Age 98

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