Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    Anaphy Lec Module 5 (Skeletal System - Bones and Joints)

    Uploaded by

    bince0622

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Anaphy Lec Module 5 (Skeletal System - Bones and Joints)

    Uploaded by

    bince0622
    4 views2 pages

    Original Title

    Anaphy Lec Module 5 ( Skeletal System_ Bones and Joints)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views2 pages

    Anaphy Lec Module 5 (Skeletal System - Bones and Joints)

    Uploaded by

    bince0622

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 2

    ANAPHY LEC MODULE 5 ( SKELETAL SYSTEM BONES AND JOINTS)

    Major Functions of the Skeletal System:


    1. Support: Provides structural framework.
    2. Protection: Protects vital organs (e.g., skull, rib cage).
    3. Movement: Joints facilitate movement with muscle attachment.
    4. Mineral Storage: Stores and releases calcium and phosphorus.
    5. Blood Cell Formation: Bone marrow produces blood cells.
    Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissues:
    ● Bone: Contains collagen and minerals (calcium/phosphate).
    ● Cartilage: Shock absorber, made of collagen and proteoglycans.
    ● Tendons/Ligaments: Tough, made of collagen; tendons attach muscle to bone, ligaments attach bone to bone.
    Bone Types Based on Shape:
    1. Long Bones: Longer than wide (e.g., femur, humerus).
    ○ Diaphysis: Shaft, compact bone.
    ○ Epiphysis: Ends, spongy bone.
    ○ Medullary Cavity: Filled with marrow.
    2. Short Bones: Equal in width and length (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
    3. Flat Bones: Thin and curved, protect organs (e.g., skull, ribs).
    4. Irregular Bones: Complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).
    Bone Histology:
    ● Osteoblasts: Build bone.
    ● Osteoclasts: Break down bone.
    Types of Bone Based on Histology:
    1. Compact Bone (Cortical): Dense, forms outer layer; made of osteons.
    ○ Osteon: Functional unit with osteocytes, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canal.
    2. Spongy Bone: Lighter, made of trabeculae; found in epiphyses and interior bones.
    ○

    Bone Marrow:
    ● Red Bone Marrow: Found in the spongy bone of the epiphyses of long bones and in other bones of infants and children. It is responsible for
    the production of blood cells.
    ● Yellow Bone Marrow: Replaces red marrow in adults, primarily composed of fat, though it can revert to red marrow in cases of severe
    blood loss.
    Bone Ossification:
    Bone formation occurs through osteoblasts and results in osteocytes once surrounded by bone matrix.
    Types of Bone Formation:
    1. Intramembranous Ossification:
    ○ Occurs in connective tissue, forming flat bones (e.g., skull).
    ○ Osteoblasts form bone matrix, creating trabeculae and eventually compact bone.
    2. Endochondral Ossification:
    ○ Happens in hyaline cartilage, forming most bones.
    ○ Chondroblasts form a cartilage model, replaced by bone via osteoblasts.
    ○ Forms primary (diaphysis) and secondary (epiphysis) ossification centers.

    Bone Growth:
    1. Elongation:
    ○ Occurs at the epiphyseal plate, where cartilage is replaced by bone, making bones longer.
    ○ Growth stops when the plate becomes the epiphyseal line.
    2. Appositional Growth:
    ○ Bone increases in width by deposition on the outer surface and resorption on the inner surface.

    Bone Remodeling:
    ● Osteoclasts resorb old bone, and osteoblasts form new bone.
    ● Essential for repair, shape changes, and calcium regulation.
    ● Abnormal remodeling can cause excessive thickening or weak bones (e.g., osteoporosis).
    Classification of Bone Fractures:
    1. Open Fracture (Compound):
    ○ Bone breaks through the skin or there is an open wound at the fracture site.
    2. Closed Fracture (Simple):
    ○ Bone fractures without breaking the skin.
    3. Complicated Fracture:
    ○ Soft tissues around a closed fracture are damaged.

    Types of Bone Fractures:


    1. Complete: Bone breaks into two or more fragments.
    2. Incomplete: Fracture doesn't extend across the bone.
    3. Greenstick: Incomplete fracture on the convex side of a bone (common in children).
    4. Hairline: Fine, incomplete fracture with no separation of bone fragments (common in skull).
    5. Comminuted: Bone breaks into more than two pieces, often with major fragments and smaller ones.
    6. Impacted: One bone fragment driven into the spongy portion of the other.
    7. Linear: Fracture runs parallel to the length of the bone.
    8. Transverse: Fracture runs perpendicular to the length of the bone.
    9. Spiral: Fracture takes a helical or spiral course around the bone.
    10. Oblique: Fracture runs at an angle to the length of the bone.
    11. Dentate: Bone ends are rough and toothed.
    12. Stellate: Fracture lines radiate from a central point.
    ANAPHY LEC MODULE 5 ( SKELETAL SYSTEM BONES AND JOINTS)

    Bone Repair Process:


    1. Hematoma Formation:
    ○ Blood clots form at the fracture site due to bleeding.
    2. Callus Formation:
    ○ A fibrous network forms between the bone fragments.
    3. Callus Ossification:
    ○ Osteoblasts form spongy bone after cartilage model forms, continuing for 4-6 weeks.
    4. Bone Remodeling:
    ○ Spongy bone is remodeled into compact bone over time.
    Bone and Calcium (Ca²⁺) Homeostasis:
    ● Low Blood Calcium:
    ○ PTH released → stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone → calcium released into blood.
    ○ PTH also increases calcium reabsorption in kidneys and activates Vitamin D, enhancing calcium absorption from intestines.
    ● High Blood Calcium:
    ○ Calcitonin released → inhibits osteoclasts, promotes osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bone.
    ● Result:
    ○ Low calcium → increases blood calcium.
    ○ High calcium → decreases blood calcium.
    Anatomical Terms for Bone Features:
    ● Body / Shaft: Main portion of the bone
    ● Head: Enlarged, often rounded end of a bone
    ● Neck: Constricted area between the head and body
    ● Condyle: Smooth, rounded articular surface
    ● Facet: Small, flattened articular surface
    ● Crest: Prominent ridge
    ● Process: Prominent projection
    ● Tubercle / Tuberosity: Knob or enlargement
    ● Trochanter: Large tuberosity found only on the proximal femur
    ● Epicondyle: Enlargement near or above a condyle
    ● Foramen: Hole
    ● Canal / Meatus: Tunnel
    ● Fissure: Cleft
    ● Sinus: Cavity
    ● Fossa: Depression

    You might also like