Final Phy

Title: - coefficient of viscosity
-by stokes method
Introduction:
Briefly introduce the concept of viscosity and its importance in fluid
mechanics.
Define the coefficient of viscosity and explain how it relates to the

viscous properties of fluids.
Viscosity:-
Resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to a change
in shape, or moment of neighbouring portions relative to one
another. Viscosity denotes opposition to flow. The reciprocal of the
viscosity is called the fluidity measure of the ease of flow. Molasses
for example, has a greater viscosity than water.
Stoke's Law
When any object rises or falls through a fluid it will experience a
viscous drag (frictional force) due to the fluid. This object can be
skydiver falling through air, a stone falling through water or a bubble
rising through water.
Statement of Stoke's law:

Stokes law states that the force of viscosity on a small sphere moving
through a viscous fluid is given by:
F=6πμrv
Where,
F is the frictional force acting on the interface between the fluid and
the particle.
μ is the dynamic viscosity
R is the radius of the spherical object
V is the flow velocity relative to the object
Coefficient of viscosity:-
The coefficient of viscosity is a
measure of the internal frictional force between adjacent layers of a
fluid. It is an important property of fluids, as it determines their
behaviour and flow characteristics. There are several methods for
determining the coefficient of viscosity, including the Stokes method.
The Stokes method is a commonly used technique for determining

the coefficient of viscosity of a fluid. It involves measuring the time it
takes for a small, dense sphere to fall through a fluid-filled
viscometer under the influence of gravity. The sphere is assumed to
be in steady-state motion, meaning that the force of gravity acting
on it is equal to the drag force of the fluid.
The drag force acting on the sphere is proportional to the velocity of
the sphere and the viscosity of the fluid, as described by the Stoke's
law. Therefore, by measuring the time taken for the sphere to fall a
known distance through the fluid, the coefficient of viscosity can be
calculated using the equation:
Assumptions involved in Stoke’s Law:-
1) This law is valid for spherical particles only.
2) The value of Reynolds number should be less than 1.
Where,
Reynolds number, Re=μρVD
Here
ρ is density of fluid
V is the flow velocity relative to the object
D is the diameter of the spherical object
And μ is the viscosity of fluid
Terminal Velocity:-
When an object falls through a fluid, it attains a constant velocity
through its subsequent motion. This happens because the net force
on the body due to gravity and fluid becomes zero.
This constant velocity is termed as terminal velocity.
Understanding terminal velocity:-
Suppose a spherical object is dropped inside a container containing a

certain fluid at time t=0 as shown in the figure (I).
Let us study the subsequent motion of the body.
1. Initially when the body is dropped, there are two forces acting on the
body: a) force due to gravity Fgand b) buoyancy force FBas shown in
the image (i). The drag force is zero as the velocity of the body is
zero. Since the density of the body is more than density of the fluid,
the net force will be downwards. Hence the body will accelerate
downwards.
2. As the body acquires some velocity, a drag force starts acting on the
fluid upwards as shown in the image (ii). But still the net downward
force would be greater as shown in the figure (ii).
3. As body further moves down the velocity of the body increases and
hence drag force will also increase. (Since drag force is directly
proportional to velocity)
4. A moment comes when the net upward force will be equal to net
downward force as shown in the image (iii). Then the body moves
with a constant speed as net acceleration on the body is zero.
5. The speed thus acquired by the body is called terminal velocity.
Derivation of terminal velocity

The condition for a body to acquire terminal speed is:
Fg=FD+FB
Let us use the following notations.

ρb: density of the body
ρl : density of the fluid
Vb : volume of the body
g: acceleration due to gravity
μ: viscosity of the fluid
r: radius of the sphere
v : velocity of the body
vt: terminal velocity of the body
Hence the above equation can be written as
ρbVbg=ρlVbg+6πμrv
Putting the value of Vb=34πr3 and rearranging we can get the
expression for terminal velocity as
Vt=9μ2(ρb−ρl)r2g
Example of Terminal Velocity

Here are some of the real-life examples of terminal velocity.
1) When a raindrop falls from the sky, it accelerates initially due to
gravity. After some time, the raindrop achieves a constant terminal
velocity.
2) Skydiver dives from the sky. As he opens the parachute, the drag
force on him suddenly increases. The skydiver ultimately achieves a
constant terminal velocity.

Final Phy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Phy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Phy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Title: - coefficient of viscosity

-by stokes method

Define the coefficient of viscosity and explain how it relates to the

Statement of Stoke's law:

The Stokes method is a commonly used technique for determining

Understanding terminal velocity:-

Suppose a spherical object is dropped inside a container containing a

Derivation of terminal velocity

Let us use the following notations.

Example of Terminal Velocity

You might also like