ARMY PUBLIC SCHOOL, RK PURAM

CLASS XI 2023-2024
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION: AI FOR EVERYONE
NOTES

1.What is artificial intelligence?

When a machine possesses the ability to mimic the human capabilities like making
decisions, predict the future and learn and improve on its own, then it is said to be
artificial intelligence.

2.How do you define intelligence?

Logical reasoning, learning, understanding, problem solving, decision making, critical

thinking.

3.How the intelligent machine accomplishes tasks by itself?

By collecting data, understanding data, analyzing data, learning from data, and by
continuously improving it.

4. Who coined the term artificial intelligence?

John McCarthy

5. Deep blue, a chess playing computer was developed by IBM

6. A humanoid robot called Sophia was created by Hanson Robotics

7. An artificially intelligent robot called ASIMO was released by Honda

8. A robot called Sophia is known as the first robot citizen

9. Write down a brief history of AI.

Ans: Brief history of AI
1. 1943 : Evolution of Neural Networks - Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts developed
a mathematical model of an artificial neural network using threshold logic to mimic how
a neuron works in a human brain.
2. 1950: Turing Machine - Turing test was first called a simulation game by Alan Turing
in the 1950s, a test of a machine's ability to perform intelligent behavior similar to or
indistinguishable from a human.

3. 1956: Birth of AI – Dartmouth Conference: a small group of scientists gathered for the
Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, which was the birth of
this field of research.

4. 1966: First Chatbot – Eliza- A software program ELIZA, which aimed at tricking it
users by making them believe that they were having a conversation with a real human
being.

5. 1972: First Intelligence Robot (Wabot-1): The WABOT-1 was able to communicate-
with a person in Japanese and to measure distances and directions to the objects using
external receptors, artificial ears and eyes, and an artificial mouth. The WABOT-1
walked with his lower limbs and was able to grip and transport objects with hands that
used tactile-sensors.

6. 1974-80: First AI Winter : disappointments in machine translation created a quiet

era. Followed by Minsky and Pappert putting forward obstacles that impeded the
progress of perceptrons. Finally, resulting in the instruction to create a realistic
evaluation of the field, the Lighthill report came. With the arrival of the Lighthill report,
the first winter started around 1973.

7. 1980: Expert System - Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by
reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules rather than
through conventional procedural code.

8. 1987-93: Second AI Winter: The general interest in AI declined as the expectations

could not be met. At this time, many AI companies closed their doors.

9. 1997: IBM- Deep Blue – First super computer to beat a world chess champion : A
Chess playing computer named Deep Blue won its first game against world champion
Garry Kasparov in game one of a six-game match on 10 February 1996.

10. 2002 : AI in Home – Roomba : Roombas feature a set of sensors that enable them to
navigate the floor area of a home and clean it. For instance, Roombas' sensors can detect
the presence of obstacles, detect dirty spots on the floor, and sense steep drops to keep
them from falling down stairs.

11. 2011: IBM’s Watson – Wins quiz show: Watson is a question-answering computer
system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's
DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson
was named after IBM's founder and first CEO, industrialist Thomas J. Watson.

12. 2012 : Google now - Google Now was a feature of Google Search of the Google app
for Android and iOS. Google Now proactively delivered information to users to predict
(based on search habits and other factors) information they may need in the form of
informational cards. Google Now branding is no longer used, but the functionality
continues in the Google app and its feed.

13. 2014 – Chatbot Eugene Gootsman – Wins a Turing test - Eugene Goostman is a
chatbot that some regard as having passed the Turing test, a test of a computer's ability
to communicate indistinguishably from a human.

14. 2015 – Amazon Echo --is a brand of smart speakers developed by Amazon. Echo
devices connect to the voice-controlled intelligent personal assistant service Alexa,
which will respond when you say "Alexa". Users may change this wake word to
"Amazon", "Echo" or "Computer". The features of the device include: voice interaction,
music playback, making to-do lists, setting alarms, streaming podcasts, and playing
audiobooks, in addition to providing weather, traffic and other real-time information. It
can also control several smart devices, acting as a home automation hub. The smart
speaker needs to use Wi-Fi to connect to Internet, there is no Ethernet port.

10. Explain Turing Test?

Turing Test
The Turing Test is a simple method of determining whether a machine can demonstrate
human intelligence: If a machine can engage in a conversation with a human without
being detected as a machine, it has demonstrated human intelligence.

11.Explain different types of AI?

Based on the capabilities AI can be categorized in to three.

 1. Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI)
2. Artificial General Intelligence (Strong AI)
3. Artificial Super Intelligence
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (Weak AI)
Narrow AI involves applying artificial intelligence only to specific task. So, many
currently existing systems that claim to use artificial intelligence are actually operating
as Narrow AI, focused on a narrowly defined specific problem. Alexa is a very good
example of weak AI. The Google search engine, Sophia the humanoid, self-driving cars
fall under the category of weak AI.
Artificial General Intelligence (Strong AI)
Artificial general intelligence which is also known as strong AI, it involves machines that
possess the ability to perform any intelligent task that a human being can.
Artificial Super Intelligence
Artificial super intelligence is a term referring to the time when the capabilities of a
computer will surpass that of a human being. Presently, it’s seen as a hypothetical
situation as depicted in movies and any science fiction books wherein machines have
taken over the world, movies like Terminator and all of that depict artificial super
intelligence.

12. What is data? What is the importance of data in AI?

1.Structured Data
2.Unstructured Data

 Structured Data
 Structured data has predefined data types and format so that it
fits well in the column/ fields of database or spreadsheet.
 They are highly organized and easily analyzed. The data that
can be stored in relational databases or spread sheets (like
Excel) is the best example of structured data.
 Eg: Name, Age. Address of a person
 Unstructured Data
 It cannot be processed and analyzed using conventional
relational database (RDBMS) methods.
 Non-relational, or NOSQI databases, are best fit for managing
unstructured data.
 Examples of unstructured data include text, video, audio,
mobile activity, social media activity, satellite imagery,
surveillance imagery
13. What is machine learning? Explain different Categories of Machine Learning?

Machine learning is an application of AI that enables system to learn and improve

automatically from experience without the need for explicit programming.
Machine learning is often divided into three categories – Supervised, Unsupervised and
Reinforcement learning.

Supervised Learning
  In Supervised Learning we train the machine with labelled data (i.e. some
data is already tagged with correct answer) and then becomes ready to
predict the outcomes for unforeseen data.

Supervised Learning
 We provide the system with data that contains photos of apples and let it
know that these are apples. This is called labelled data.
 The model learns from the labelled data and the next time you ask it to
identify an apple, it can do it easily.
 Practical applications of supervised learning algorithms in real life:
 Text categorization
 Face Detection
 Signature recognition
 Spam detection
Unsupervised Machine Learning

 Unsupervised learning is a ML technique where we don’t need to supply

labelled data, instead we allow the machine learning model (algorithm) to
discover the patterns on its own.
 The task of the machine is to assemble unsorted information according to
resemblances, patterns and variances without any former training of data.

 We provide the system with a data that contains photos of different kinds
of fruits and ask it to segregate it
 The system will look for patterns in the data. Patterns like shape, colour
and size and group the fruits based on those attributes
 Customer segmentation (Demographic Segmentation – based on gender,
age, occupation, marital status, income, etc. )
 Anomaly detection (Detecting credit card fraud)
Pattern recognition (grouping images, transcribing audio)
Reinforcement Machine Learning

 In reinforcement learning, the machine is not given examples of correct

input-output pairs, but a method is provided to the machine to measure
its performance in the form of a reward.
 Reinforcement learning methods resemble how humans and animals
learn, the machine carries out numerous activities and gets rewarded
whenever it does something well.

 In reinforcement learning, artificial intelligence faces a game-like

situation.
 The computer employs trial and error to come up with a solution to the
problem.
 To get the machine to do what the programmer wants, the artificial
intelligence gets either rewards or penalties for the actions it performs.
Its goal is to maximize the total reward

14. What is the difference between Conventional programming and Machine

Learning?

Conventional Programming refers to any manually created program which uses input
data, runs on a computer and produces the output.

Conventional programming
In Machine Learning (ML), the input data and the output data are fed to an algorithm
(Machine learning algorithm) to create a program.

Machine Learning

15. What is Deep Learning?

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning which is completely based on artificial
neural networks, as neural network mimics the human brain so deep learning is also a
kind of imitation of the human brain. It works on large datasets

16. What is Artificial Neural Network

 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) can be described as layers of software

units called neurons (also called node), connected with different neurons
in a layered manner.
 These networks transform data from one neuron to another neuron until
they can classify it as an output.
 Neural network is again a technique to build a computer program that
learns from data.

17. Draw the diagram of Artificial neural network and explain each layer?

Artificial neural network

The most common structure for a neural network consists of three separate layers
known as input, hidden and output.
Input Layer:

 This is the layer where information or initial data from the real world gets
introduced into the neural network.
 The information is then passed onto the hidden node where computations
can begin.

Hidden Layer:

 There is no connection to the real world at this stage.

 This is the point where the machine uses the information received from
the input node, it carries out computation and processing on it.
 There can be more than one hidden layer.

Output Layer:

 This is the final stage where the computations conclude, and data is made
available to the output layer from where it gets transferred back into the
real-world environment.
18. Explain the difference between machine learning and deep learning?

19. Write few examples of deep learning at work?

 Automated Driving
 Aerospace and Defence
 Medical research
 Industrial automation

20. Write 4 job opportunities in AI?

 AI Data Analyst
 Big Data Engineer
 Business Intelligence Developer
 Data scientist
 ML Engineer
 Product manager
 Research scientist

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