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    Ancient 07

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    Ancient 07

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    Ancient 07

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    ANCIENT INDIA - 07

    THE VEDIC LITERATURE-II


    BRAHMANAS
    • These are the prose commentaries on various
    vedic hymns.
    • They explain the Vedas in an orthodox way.
    • They explain the hidden meaning behind the
    hymns.
    • They are ritualistic by nature.
    • The most important is the ‘Shatapatha
    Brahmana’ attached to the Yajur Veda.
    • Every Veda has several Brahamanas attached to
    it.
    THE ARANYAKAS
    • The sages dwelling in the forests explained the Vedic scriptures to their pupils in the form of
    Aranyakas.
    • These have magical power and they form the concluding part of Brahmanas.
    • It provides details of the rishis, living in jungle.
    THE UPANISHADAS
    • Also called Vedanta, because they denote the last phase of Vedic period (800-500 BC).
    • They are spiritual and philosophical in nature.
    • There are 108 Upanishadas and the period of 800 BC to 500 BC is known as period of
    Upanishadas.
    • 11 are predominant and they are called mokhya Upanishadas.
    • Vrihadaranyaka is the oldest Upanishads.
    VEDANGAS
    • They are the limbs of the Vedas.
    • These are treaties of Science and Arts.
    • Panini wrote Ashtadhyayi (4th century BC) on Vyakarana.
    SIX SYSTEMS OF HINDU PHILOSOPHY
    1. Nyaya — Gautama
    2. Vaisesika — Kannada
    3. Sankhya — Kapila
    4. Yoga — Patanjali
    5. Purva Mimansa — Jaimini
    6. Uttar Mimansa — Badarayan
    PURANAS
    • Puranas means ‘the old’.
    • There are 18 famous Puranas.
    • Matsya Purana is the oldest.
    • Other s - Bhagavata, Vishnu, Vayu and Brahmnada.
    They deals with 5 subjects
    1. Sarga (creation)
    2.Pratisarga (recreation)
    3. Wamsa (Genealogies of gods)
    4. Manvantara (rule of manus)
    5. Wamshanucharita (Genealogies of kings).
    SUTRAS
    • Sutra literature is divided into three classes
    1. Srauta Sutra (dealing with large public sacrifices).
    2. Griha Sutra (dealing with rituals connected with birth, naming, marriage).
    3. Dharma Sutra (explain social and local customs).
    EPIC - 2
    • Mahabharata, written by Ved Vyas, is older than
    the ‘Ramayana’.
    • Originally, the Mahabharata consisted of 880 verses
    then it was raised to 24000 verses.
    • The final compilation brought the number of verses
    to 100000.
    • Ramayana written by Valmiki originally consisted of
    6000 verses, which was raised to 12000 and finally
    24000 verses.
    SMRITIS
    • Dharma Shastra is the other name for the Smritis,
    which are the law books written in sloka form.
    • The important Smritis are Manav Dharma Shastra,
    Vishnu Dharma Shastra, Yajnavalkya Smriti and
    Narada Smriti.
    • Manav Dharma Shastra or Manusmriti is the oldest
    and most famous.
    • Manu is supposed to be the first king and law
    maker.
    • Later on, some minor Smritis and commentaries
    like the Mitakshara were compiled

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