Vector 1

Vector 1
Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com
07 JULY 2020
Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Page 1
SYLLABUS (6042) REQUIREMENTS
 define position and free vector

 carry out addition, subtraction and scalar
multiplication of vectors
 use unit, displacement and position vector to solve
problems
 calculate the magnitude of a vector and the scalar
product of two vectors
 use scalar product to find the angle between two
vectors
 calculate the area of plane shapes using the dot
product
 solve problems involving vectors









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VECTORS
Definition: Any physical quantity that has magnitude as well as direction for example
weight, velocity, force and angular momentum.
Notations
o Vectors are indicated by using a bold typeface e.g. .
o It is difficult when handwriting to reproduce the bold face and so it is conventional to
underline vector quantities e.g. and
o The arrow indicates the direction of the vector
Basic Notes
o A vector in is given by a three tuple ( ), where and are real numbers.
o The tuple ( ) indicates the change in the , and directions from the origin.
o The standard cartesian basis vectors in is given by:
o Any position vector in can be written as a linear combination of , and

o If the coordinates of the origin are ( ) and the coordinates of the point are ( )
then

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Types of Vectors
a) Position Vector
o Vectors used to describe position of a vector with respect to all coordinates of three
dimensional systems
o It is usually denoted by an arrow e.g.
o A position vector occurs when is fixed
o The point from where the vector starts is called its initial point
o The point where it ends is called its terminal point.
o To locate the position of any point ‘ ’ in a plane or space, generally a fixed point of reference
called the origin ‘ ’ is taken. The vector is called the position vector of with respect to
as shown in the diagram below:
o Any point with coordinates can be written as a vector with respect to the origin
(position vector) as or or
Note:
unit vector along direction
o represents the displacement vector

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o It is a result of subtracting two position vectors
o The displacement of vector is calculated as follows:
From the diagram above:
Tail Head

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Note
(i) Given a point , there is one and only one position vector for the point with respect to the
origin ‘ ’.
(ii) Position vector of a point ‘ ’ changes if the position of the origin ‘ ’ is changed.
(iii) Subtracting two position vectors yields a displacement vector i.e. is a displacement
vector
Solved Problems
Example 1
Write down the following points as position vectors with respect to the origin
a)
b)
Suggested Solution
a) or or
b) or or
Example 2
If and are points in a plane, write down the position vectors of

and with respect to the origin .
Hence find the displacement
Suggested Solution

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or or
or or
Now:
or
Example 3
Write down the following position vectors as points
a)
b)
c)
Suggested Solution
a)
b)
c)
NB: Write down the coefficients of , and

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Negative of a Vector
o A vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector (say, ), but direction
is opposite to that of it, is called negative of the given vector.
o For example, vector is negative of the vector
o It is written as
Example
If and then is the negative of .
Magnitude of a Vector
o The distance between initial and terminal points of a vector (say and ) is called the
magnitude (or length or modulus) of the vector
o The magnitude of a vector is always positive
o The magnitude is denoted as or or
o If then the magnitude of is calculated as follows:
Solved Problems
Question 1
Given that and , find size of the magnitude of

vector .
Suggested Solution

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Now:
Question 2
and . Calculate the size of magnitudes of vectors
(i)
(ii)
Suggested Solution

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b) Free Vector
o A free vector is not restricted in any way, it can be placed to any point but parralel to
itself
o It s completely defined by its magnitude and direction
o It can be drawn as any one set of equal length parallel lines
o All vectors are free vectors except position vectors
o Magnitude and direction remains constant
Types of Free Vectors

Zero Vector/ Null Vector
o A vector whose initial and terminal points coincide and is of length zero
o It is denoted as
o Zero vector cannot be assigned a definite direction as it has zero magnitude
o The vectors or represent the zero vectors.
o Example: When adding two vectors which are equal in length and going in different
directions
Note
a) Zero vectors have no specific direction.
b) The position vector of origin is a zero vector.
c) The sum of any vector with a zero vector will give the same vector i.e.

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d) Zero vectors are only of mathematical importance since a zero vector is the additive
identity of the additive group of vectors
Unit Vector
o A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e. ) is called a unit vector.

o A unit vector in the direction of is given the ‘hat’ symbol
o A unit vector in the direction of is represented by , is represented by and is
represented by
o Illustration: Any point with coordinates can be written a s a vector with
respect to the origin as
o A unit vector in the direction of a given vector is found by dividing the given vector by its
magnitude i.e.
Solved Problems
Question 1
Given that and , find the unit vectors in the

direction of .

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Suggested Solution
and
Now
Question 2
and . Find unit vectors in the direction of
(i)
(ii)
Suggested Solution

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Now
Now

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Co-initial Vectors
Two or more vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial vectors.
Equal Vectors
Two vectors and are said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and direction
regardless of the positions of their initial points, and written as
Example
and are equal vectors
Coplanar vectors
The vectors in the same plane are called coplanar vectors.

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Parallel Vectors
o These are vectors which have the same parallel support
o They can have equal or unequal magnitudes
o Their directions may be the same (like vectors) or opposite (unlike vectors)
o Two vectors are said to be parallel if an only if they are scalar multiples of one another
Solved Problems
Example 1
Show that vectors and are parallel.
Suggested Solution
and
Since and are scalar multiples they are parallel

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Example 2
If and are parallel, find the values of and .
Solution
Comparing and components:
Now to find let’s compare components first to get the ratio:

Since direction vectors are multiples, let be the ratio:
When :
Now comparing components:
When :
Now comparing components:

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.
When , and when , .
Collinear Vectors
o Two or more points are said to be collinear if they lie in the same line
o Two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
o Direction vectors of collinear vectors are multiples i.e.
o The angle between these vectors is or .
. .
Solved Problems
Question 1
Given that , and

show that and are collinear.
Suggested Solution

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Since , and are multiples and are collinear
NB: and are sufficient to prove for co-linearity
Question 2
Given that , and show that and are not
collinear.
Suggested Solution
Since and are not multiples and are not collinear
Question 3
, and . Show that and are collinear.
Suggested Solution

Page 18
Since and are multiples and are collinear
Question 4
Find and such that and are collinear.
Suggested Solution
Let and
Now two vectors are collinear if
Now:
and

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Follow Up Questions
Question 1
Question 2
Find such that and are collinear
Question 3
If vectors and are collinear, find the value of .
Question 4
Given that , and show that and are collinear
Question 5
Question 6
Given that , and show that and are not
collinear
Question 7
If and are not coplanar points, test for co-linearity of the points whose position vectors
are given by:
, and .
Question 8
, and . Show that and are not collinear.

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VECTOR ALGEBRA
A. Addition of vectors
o The addition of scalars involves only the addition of their magnitudes.
o When a vector is added with another vector we have to consider their direction also.
o A vector can be added with another vector provided both the vectors represent the same
physical quantity.
o Vectors are added in a particular way known as the triangle law.
o Triangle law of vector addition states that if two vectors can be represented in
magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then their
resultant is represented completely by the third side of the triangle taken in opposite
order
Note
o Vector addition is commutative i.e.
o Vector addition is associative i.e.
Solved Problems
Question 1
Given that , and find

(i)
(ii)

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Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)
Question 2
Suggested Solution

Page 22
B. Subtraction of vectors
o Subtraction of one vector from another is performed by adding the corresponding
negative vector.
o That is, if we seek we form
o This is shown geometrically in the diagram below
o Subtraction of a vector is performed by adding a negative vector
Solved Problems
Question 1

(i)
(ii)
Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)

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Question 2
Suggested Solution
C. Multiplying a vector by a scalar

o If is any positive scalar and is a vector then is a vector in the same direction as
but times as long.
o If is negative, is a vector in the opposite direction to and times as long.
When is positive When is negative

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Note
For any scalars and , and any vectors and the following rules hold:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Solved Problems
Question 1

(i)
(ii)
Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)
Question 2

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Suggested Solution
Dot Product
It is also called a scalar product. It is a result of multiplying one vector by a second vector so
as to produce a scalar.
Algebraic Definition
The dot product vectors and in is defined to be
the scalar
.
Geometric Definition
The dot product vectors and in is defined to be
the scalar
where is the angle between the vectors and .
Proposition
Let and be non-zero vectors.
 The vectors, and , are perpendicular to each other if and only if .
 The angle between the vectors, and , is obtuse if and only if

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 The angle between the vectors, and , is acute if and only if
Orthogonal/Perpendicular vectors
o Two vectors are said to be orthogonal to one another if the angle between them is
o The dot product of perpendicular vectors is zero i.e.
Solved Problems
Question 1
Given that , and show is

perpendicular to .
Suggested Solution
and
Now:

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Since and are perpendicular.
Question 2
Find such that and are perpendicular.
Suggested Solution
Let and
Two vectors are perpendicular if

Now:
Question 3
Given that the vectors and , find the dot product of and
Solution

Page 28
Question 4
Determine if the vectors and are perpendicular to each other.

Solution
Since therefore and , are perpendicular to each other
The angle between two vectors
 The angle between the two vectors is calculated using the fact that the dot product of
vectors and is equal the product of the magnitude of vector and magnitude of vector and
cosine of angle . This implies that
 This implies that:
 Therefore, if is the acute angle between vectors and , then is given by:


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
NOTE
When the calculated angle is obtuse and the required angle is acute then to find the acute
angle we simply subtract the obtuse angle from


OR


WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1
Find the angle between the vectors and .
Suggested Solution

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Example 2
Find the acute angle between vectors and .
Suggested Solution
Let
Follow Up Questions
Question 1

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Find the angle between the vector and vector Answer:
Question 2
Determine the angle between vectors and Answer:
Question 3
Find the acute angle between vectors and Answer:
Question 4
Find the angle between vector and vector Answer:
Area of plane shapes using the dot product

The geometrical approach for the dot product of vectors and
in is defined to be the scalar
where is the angle between the vectors and .
Area of triangle
The area of triangle is given by:
or
if
Area of parallelogram
The area of parallelogram is given by:

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or
if
Worked Problem
Question 1
The position vectors of the points , and relative to the origin are:
, and , respectively.
Find
(i) The scalar product

(ii) The area of triangle .
Suggested Solution
(i)
Now
Aside

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(ii)
Question 2
The points , and have position vectors , and respectively.
The point is the origin and the point is the mid-point of .

a) Find the vectors .
b) Calculate Hence find the area of triangle .
Suggested Solution
, and
a)

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b)
Hence the area of triangle

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FOLLOW UP QUESTION
ZIMSEC NOVEMBER 2003 PAPER 1
Given , and the origin, find the scalar product of and and
show that . [3]
Hence find the exact are of triangle . [3]
SOLVED TYPICAL EXAMINATION QUESTIONS

Question 1
Points and have positon vectors and , respectively.
a) Given that and , find the position vectors of and .

b) Hence find the angle between and .
Suggested Solution
and
a)
Also

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b)
Question 2
The position vectors of the points , and relative to the origin are:
, and respectively.
Find
(i) ,
(ii) the exact value of ,
(iii) the exact area of triangle
Suggested Solution
(i)
(ii)
Now and

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(iii) Using
Now
Thus area

Page 38
Question 3
Cambridge June 2002 Paper 1
k j
The diagram shows a solid cylinder standing on a horizontal circular base, centre and
radius 4 units. The line is a diameter and the radius is at to . Points
lie on the upper surface of the cylinder such that are all
vertical and of the length units. The mid-point of is .
Unit vectors are parallel to respectively.
i. Express the vectors in terms of

ii. Hence find the angle
Suggested Solution
i.

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ii.
Now and
Question 4
The sides of a square are each of length . The rectangle lies in a plane
perpendicular to the plane and . is the centre of the rectangle
. (See diagram).

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.
Taking the point as the origin and unit vectors in the directions ,
calculate the angle between the line and the line .
Suggested Solution
and
Now:
Now and

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PAST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
UCLES JUNE 1997 PAPER 1
The position vectors of and with respect to a fixed origin are ,
and respectively. Find unit vectors in the directions of
and . [4]
Calculate angle ACB in degrees, correct to 1 decimal place. [3]
UCLES NOVEMBER 1997 PAPER1
The points have position vectors respectively, given by
(i) Express and as column vectors, and hence describe precisely the
position of in relation to the points and . [3]
(ii) Calculate the angle between the directions of and , where is the origin,
giving your answer correct to the nearest degree. [3]
UCLES JUNE 1998 PAPER 1
Two insects and are crawling on the walls of a room, with starting from the ceiling.
The floor is horizontal and forms the - plane, and the -axis is vertically upwards. Relative
to the origin O, the position vectors of the insects at time seconds are
, ,
where the unit of distance is the metre.
(i) Write down the height of the room. [1]

(ii) Show that the insects move in such a way that the angle . [3]

Page 43
(iii) For each insect, write down a vector to represent its displacement between
and , and show that these displacement are perpendicular to each other. [3]
(iv) Write down the expressions for the vector and for and hence find the
minimum distance between the insects, correct to significant figures. [6]
UCLES NOVEMBER 1998 PAPER 1
Points and have coordinates , and respectively. The point
is the origin, and the mid-point of is .
(i) Find the vectors and . [2]

(ii) Given that , calculate angle . [3]
(iii)Find the value of for which angle is a right angle. [2]
In the diagram is a cube in which the length of each edge is units. Unit vectors
are parallel to , , respectively. The mid-points of and are and
respectively.
(i) Express each of the following vectors and in terms of and . [3]
(ii) Show that the acute angle between the directions of and is , correct
to the nearest and . [5]

Page 44
The diagram shows a pyramid . Taking unit vectors as shown, the position
vectors of are given by
The midpoints of and are and respectively.
(i) Find the vector and the angle between the directions of and . [4]
(ii) The point lying on has position vector and is such that angle is a
right angle. Find the value of . [3]
Points and have coordinates and respectively.
(a) Find
(i) and , and hence state clearly two facts relating lines and , [4]
(ii) the length of . [2]
(b) Evaluate the scalar product , and deduce a relationship between and
. [3]

Page 45
Given , and the origin, find the scalar product of and and
show that . [3]
Hence find the exact are of triangle . [3]
ZIMSEC JUNE 2004 PAPER 1
The position vectors of the points and relative to a fixed origin are
, and respectively. Find
(i) [2]
(ii) the exact value of , [3]
(iii)the exact area of triangle . [3]
The position vectors of the points and are , and respectively.
(i) Calculate where is the mid-point of [2]

(ii) Calculate the cosine of the angle between and . [2]

Page 46
The diagram shows a rectangular box in which the length is units, the
length is units and the length is units. Unit vectors and are taken along the
edges , and respectively.
(i) Find the position vector of the mid-point of . [1]

(ii) Find a unit vector in the direction of . [3]
(iii)The point inside the box has position vector .
Calculate the angle in degrees, correct to decimal place. [4]

Page 47
The diagram shows a solid triangular prism standing on a horizontal rectangular base .
The rectangular face is vertical. The edge has mid-point , and the edge has
midpoint . Unit vectors and are taken parallel to edges and respectively.
The rectangular base has length units and width units. . Calculate
(i) , [1]
(ii) , [1]
(iii)angle . [5]
Given that the position vectors of points and are and

respectively,
(i) find and and state the exact value of , [4]
(ii) state a precise relationship between vectors and .

Hence draw a sketch to show the relative arrangement of points and in
space. [3]
(iii) is perpendicular to . Given that the position vector of is ,
find the value of
Hence determine the exact area of triangle . [5]

Page 48
Two birds, and fly such that their position vectors with respect to an origin is give by
for , where and are unit vectors of magnitude metre in the and
directions respectively.
(a) For the time ,

(i) calculate the distance between the two birds, [3]
(ii) find the position vector of the point mid-way between the two birds. [1]
(b) Find the value of for which , giving your answer to
significant figures. [3]
The points and have position vectors , and
respectively relative to the origin
(a) Evaluate the scalar product . Hence calculate the size of the
angle giving your answer to the nearest [5]
(b) Given that is a parallelogram, determine
(i) the position vector of , [2]
(ii) the area of giving your answer in exact form. [4]
The position vectors of points and are given by ;
(a) Show that and are all collinear for all values of . [3]

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(b) Given that the point has position vector , find in terms of p,
(i) an expression for , [1]

(ii) the value of . [2]
(c) (i) Given also that is perpendicular to , find the value of . [2]
(ii) Hence, or otherwise, obtain the shortest distance from to the line . [2]
The position vectors of points and with respect to the origin O, are given by
Show that . [2]
Hence, or otherwise, find the position vector of the point on such that
is perpendicular to . [4]
In the diagram above, is a square. The position vector of relative to an origin, , is
given by and the displacement vectors and
(a) Find

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(i) ,
(ii) the position vectors of and . [7]
(b) Calculate the area of the square . [2]
The points and form a parallelogram, where is the origin. The position vectors of
and are and respectively; where is a positive constant.
The angle is a right angle.
Find
(a) the value of , [3]

(b) the position vector of , [1]
(c) the exact area of the parallelogram . [3]
The diagram shows a cube of length units. The unit vectors and are parallel to ,
and respectively. is the point of intersection of and . is the midpoint of .
Find

Page 51
(i) a unit vector parallel to , [4]
(ii) angle . [4]
The points and have position vectors ; and

respectively.
(a) Calculate the

(i) unit vector parallel to ,
(ii) positive value of such that is perpendicular to . [7]
(b) Hence or otherwise, find the area of triangle for the value of in (a)(i). [3]
The position vectors of points and relative to the origin are ;
and respectively.
(a) Find the unit vector parallel to ,

Find the value of such that and are collinear. [5]
(b) Calculate the angle . [3]
The position vectors of relative to the origin are
and respectively.
Find the values of when
i. , [3]
ii. . [3]

Page 52
The diagram shows a triangular prism with units. is the midpoint

of .
The unit vectors and are taken along and respectively, and is taken parallel to
.
Given that ,
find
(i) the unit vector in the direction , [3]

(ii) the angle . [3]
The points and have position vectors ; and
respectively.

Page 53
(i) Find the exact value of if
1. is parallel to ,
2. is perpendicular to ,
. [5]
(ii) 1. Find the unit vector in the direction of ,

2. Hence write down a vector parallel to with modulus .
[3]
(a) Relative to the origin , the position vectors of and are , and
respectively, Find . [4]
(b) The vector
(i) If is a unit vector, find the possible values of . [2]
(ii) The vector .
If is normal to , find possible values of . [4]
(iii)The vector .
Given that is parallel to , find the values of and . [4]

Page 54
Relative to the origin the position vectors of and are
(i) Find the unit vector in the direction of [2]

(ii) Find the value of , if . [2]
(iii) Write down an expression for . [3]
(iv) Hence find the value of if and is minimum. [3]
ZIMSEC 2017 JUNE PAPER 1
The coordinates of and are , and respectively.
(a) is a point such that is a parallelogram.

Find the coordinates of . [3]
(b) The points ad are the midpoints of and respectively.
Find the unit vector in the direction of . [3]
The position vectors of points and relative to the origin are ;
and respectively.
Find
(a) a unit vector parallel to , [3]

(b) the angle between and , [3]
(c) the value of for which is perpendicular to . [2]

Page 55
Relative to the origin , the position vectors of points and are
; and respectively.
Find
(a) Calculate angle . [3]

(b) Determine the exact value of the area of triangle . [3]
The diagram shows a plan of a building whose floor is a rectangle and whose roof is in
the form of a pyramid , with , , and . is
the midpoint where the diagonals and intersect. Taking as the origin and and
are unit vectors in the directions , and respectively,
(i) write position vectors of and , [2]

(ii) find the exact value of the angle between and . [4]

Page 56
is a perfect cube of edge units. The unit vectors and are along
and , respectively. and are the midpoints on and respectively.
Find
(i) in terms of and , [1]

(ii) a unit vector parallel to . [2]
(iii) . [4]

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ASANTE SANA

Page 58
*******THERE IS A LIGHT AT THE END OF EVERY TUNNEL *******
CONSTRUCTIVE COMMENTS ON THE FORM

OF THE PRESENTATION, INCLUDING ANY
OMISSIONS OR ERRORS, ARE WELCOME.
***ENJOY***
Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)
+263772978155/+263717267175
ntarakino@gmail.com

Page 59

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Compiled by: Nyasha P. Tarakino (Trockers)

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

 define position and free vector

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o Any position vector in can be written as a linear combination of , and

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

unit vector along direction

unit vector along direction

unit vector along direction

o represents the displacement vector

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

From the diagram above:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

If and are points in a plane, write down the position vectors of

Hence find the displacement

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Write down the following position vectors as points

NB: Write down the coefficients of , and

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

If and then is the negative of .

o If then the magnitude of is calculated as follows:

Given that and , find size of the magnitude of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

and . Calculate the size of magnitudes of vectors

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Types of Free Vectors

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o A vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e. ) is called a unit vector.

o Illustration: Any point with coordinates can be written a s a vector with

respect to the origin as

Given that and , find the unit vectors in the

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

and . Find unit vectors in the direction of

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

and are equal vectors

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Show that vectors and are parallel.

Since and are scalar multiples they are parallel

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

If and are parallel, find the values of and .

Now to find let’s compare components first to get the ratio:

Now comparing components:

Now comparing components:

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

o The angle between these vectors is or .

Given that , and

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

NB: and are sufficient to prove for co-linearity

Given that , and show that and are not

Since and are not multiples and are not collinear

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

Find and such that and are collinear.

Now two vectors are collinear if

Tarakino N.P. (Trockers) ~ 0772978155/ 0717267175

, and . Show that and are collinear.

Find such that and are collinear

Given that , and show that and are collinear