wjUb †gv¯ÍvwdR

weG Abvm© GgG evsjv, weGW dv÷© K¬vm

GgGW XvKv wek^we`¨vjq, Ggwdj M‡elK
cÖavb cixÿK, XvKv †evW© I GbwUAviwmG
cÖfvlK, evsjv
exi‡kÖô b~i †gvnv¤§` cvewjK K‡jR wcjLvbv, XvKv
017111 35 922 | 01818651542 | litonmostafizdu@gmail.com

†mvbvi Zix iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi [1861-1941

†Zvgiv hv wkL‡e
►gvbeRxe‡bi wPišÍb mZ¨ g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zv m¤•‡K© aviYv|
►m„wókxj gvbemËvi ¯^iƒc I cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv|
►gnr m„wóK‡g©i Awebk¦iZv m¤ú‡K© aviYv|
►el©vKvjxb MÖvgxY cÖK…wZi we‡kl iƒ‡ci cwiPq|
►cÖZxKvkÖqx KweZv wn‡m‡e Ô†mvbvi ZixÕi wkí-¯^vZš¿¨ we‡kølY|

†jLK-cwiwPwZ
Rš§ ZvwiL : 1861 wLªóv‡ãi 7B †g (1268 e½v‡ãi 25†k ˆekvL)
Rš§ cwiPq
Rš§¯’vb : KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzi cwiev‡i Rš§MÖnY K‡ib|
wcZv, wcZvgn wcZv gnwl© †`‡e›`ªbv_ VvKzi Ges wcZvgn wcÖÝ ØviKvbv_ VvKzi|
cov‡kvbvi Rb¨ iex›`ªbv_‡K Iwi‡q›Uvj †mwgbvwi, bg©vj ¯‹zj, †e½j GKv‡WwgÑ Gme
wk¶vRxeb wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b fwZ© Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj; e¨vwi÷vwi covi Rb¨ we‡j‡ZI cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj|
wKš‘ †Kv‡bvUvB †kl K‡ibwb wZwb|
iex›`ªbv_ wQ‡jb eûgyLx cÖwZfvai e¨w³| wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, `vk©wbK,
wewea cwiPq
wk¶vwe`, myiKvi, wPÎKi, Awf‡bZv, bvU¨ cÖ‡hvRK BZ¨vw` bvbv cwiP‡q cwiwPZ|
mvwn‡Z¨i wewPÎ †¶Î Zuvi wQj we¯§qKi c`PviYv| KweZv, †Qv‡UvMí, cÖeÜ, Dcb¨vm, bvUK, cÎmvwnZ¨,
mvwnZ¨Kg© ågYmvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw` mvwn‡Z¨i mKj kvLv Ges msMxZ, wPÎKjv BZ¨vw` wkígva¨g Zuvi Ae`v‡b mg„× n‡q‡Q| wZwb
evsjv †Qv‡UvM‡íi RbK|
QÙbvg fvbywmsn VvKzi|
Kve¨ : ÔgvbmxÕ, Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ, ÔwPÎvÕ, ÔKíbvÕ, ÔK_vÕ, ÔKvwnwbÕ, Ô¶wYKvÕ, Ôˆb‡e`¨Õ, Ô†LqvÕ, ÔMxZvÄwjÕ, ÔejvKvÕ,
ÔcybðÕ, ÔcÎcyUÕ, Ôk¨vgjxÕ, Ô†muRywZÕ| †Qv‡UvMí : ÔMíMy”QÕ (Pvi LÐ) | Dcb¨vm : Ô†Pv‡Li evwjÕ, Ô†MvivÕ, ÔN‡i-
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ iPbv evB‡iÕ, ÔPvi Aa¨vqÕ, Ô†hvMv‡hvMÕ, Ô†k‡li KweZvÕ| bvUK : ÔwemR©bÕ, ÔWvKNiÕ, Ôi³KiexÕ, ÔivRvÕ, ÔAPjvqZbÕ|
cÖeÜ : ÔwewPÎ cÖeÜÕ, ÔKvjvšÍiÕ| ågYmvwnZ¨ : Ôcvi‡m¨Õ, Ôivwkqvi wPwVÕ|
Mv‡bi msKjb : ÔMxZweZvbÕ|
wek¦Kwe, KweMyiæ|GQvov weªwUk miKvi Zuv‡K ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa †`q| RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` G Dcvwa
Dcvwa
wZwb eR©b K‡ib|
cyi¯‹vi iex›`ªbv_ 1913 mv‡j ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
wZwb 1941 wLªóv‡ãi 7B AvM÷ (1348 e½v‡ãi 22†k kÖveY) KjKvZvi †Rvovmuv‡Kvi VvKzievwo‡Z g„Zz¨eiY
g„Zz¨
K‡ib|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi cwiwPwZ  Q›`Ñ gvÎve„Ë Q›`|

 fvlvixwZÑ mvay I PwjZ fvlv|
 iPwqZvÑ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
 welqe¯‘Ñ gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q gvby‡li wPivqZ AmnvqZ¡ I
 DrmMÖš’Ñ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖš’|
Kg©d‡ji MyiæZ¡|
 bvgKiYÑ fvee¯‘‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i|
 iƒc‡kÖwYÑ KweZv|
 KweZvwUi welqe¯‘i LyuwUbvwU
 Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU †bIqv n‡q‡QÑ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K; GwU G Kve¨MÖ‡š’iÑ bvg ÔKweZvÕ|
 G KweZvi †cÖ¶vcUÑ weiƒc cwi‡e‡k GK K…l‡Ki AmnvqZ¡, dmj †Zvjvi AwbðqZv|
 KweZvwU we‡kl Zvrch©gq n‡q D‡V‡QÑ wecyj Av‡jvPbvq, AmsL¨ bvbvgyLx e¨vL¨vq|
 KweZvwU‡Z Dc¯’vwcZ mgqÑ el©vKvj, mKvj‡ejv; el©YgyLi w`‡b †gN MR©b Ki‡QÑ AvKv‡k|
 K…lK K‚‡j e‡m Av‡QbÑ avb KvUvi ci, †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Z GKv|
 fimv †bB ZuviÑ cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z, dmj N‡i †Zvjvi|
 KvUv avb ivLv n‡q‡QÑ AmsL¨ fvivq; G mgq AvMgb N‡UÑ el©vi|
 b`xwU cwic~Y©Ñ R‡j; Gi avivÑ ¶ziaviv; euvKv Rj †Ljv K‡iÑ fiv b`xi PvicvkRy‡o|
 KweZvwU‡Z ÔeuvKv RjÕ kãeÜ e¨eüZ n‡q‡QÑ cÖZxKx A‡_©; GLv‡b euvKv RjÑ Kvj‡mªv‡Zi cÖZxK|
 b`xi Icv‡ii MÖvgÑ †g‡N XvKv, Ziæ ev Mv‡Qi Qvqvi g‡Zv Kv‡jv I A¯úó|
 A‡Pbv gvwS GwM‡q hvqÑ Zix †e‡q, Mvb †M‡q, †Nvi el©vq; Zv‡K †Pbv g‡b nqÑ K…l‡Ki|
 gvwS P‡j hvqÑ cvj Zz‡j, †Kv‡bv w`‡K bv ZvwK‡q|
 Amnvq K…lK nuv‡KbÑ gvwS‡K D‡Ïk K‡i, Zix K‚‡j †fov‡bvi Rb¨| GLv‡b gvwS g~jZÑ gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK|
 K…lK AvwR© RvbvbÑ nvwmgy‡L, †mvbvi avb wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨| G As‡k Ô†mvbvi avbÕ kãeÜ e¨eüZ n‡q‡QÑ gvby‡li Kg©dj‡K †evSv‡Z|
 K…lK †bŠKvq Zz‡j †`bÑ †mvbvi dmj; Zuvi wgbwZÑ gvwS †hb †bŠKvq Zuv‡K ¯’vb †`q|
 †bŠKvq msKzjvb nqÑ dmjiƒcx Kg©d‡ji; VuvB nq bvÑ Amnvq K…l‡Ki|
wKPz K_v I KwVb jvB‡bi e¨vL¨v
Drm : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg ÔKweZvÕ| G Kve¨MÖ‡š’i cÖ_g KweZvI GwU| kZvwaK eQi a‡i KweZvwU
wecyj mgv‡jvPbv I bvbvgyLx e¨vL¨vq bZzb bZzb Zvrc‡h© Awfwl³ n‡q‡Q|
g–j e³e¨ : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcK KweZv| GLv‡b el©vKvjxb cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k avb KvU‡Z hvIqv GK K…l‡Ki AmnvqZ¡ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
Pvicv‡k cÖej †mªv‡Zi we¯Ívi, GgbB GKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Zi gvSLv‡b †mvbvi avb wb‡q A‡c¶vi cÖni Myb‡Qb GK wecbœ K…lK| AvKv‡ki
Nb †gN Avi fvix el©‡Y cv‡ki Li‡mªvZv b`x n‡q D‡V‡Q AviI wnsmª I w¶ß| D™¢–Z cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbtm½ K…l‡Ki g‡b `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K
ARvbv Avk¼v| Ggb mgq †mLv‡b fiv cv‡j †mvbvi Zix †e‡q Av‡m GK inm¨gq †b‡q| K…l‡Ki Zv‡K †Pbv g‡b nq| DrKwÉZ K…lK Zuvi
Drcvw`Z †mvbvi av‡bi meUzKz Zz‡j †`b †bŠKvq| AevK n‡q wZwb †`‡LbÑ †bŠKvq dmj ai‡jI Zuvi Rb¨ †mLv‡b we›`ygvÎ RvqMv †bB|
cwi‡k‡l †mvbvi avb wb‡q Zix P‡j hvq ARvbv †`‡k| k–b¨ b`xZx‡i Ac–Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q K…lK `uvwo‡q _v‡Kb GKv| Ggb wPÎK‡íi
Avov‡j GLv‡b AšÍjx©b i‡q‡Q GKwU Rxeb`k©b| Avi Zv n‡jvÑ gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Z Awbevh©fv‡eB gvbyl GKmgq nvwi‡q hvq, hw`I Zvi
KxwZ©i g„Zz¨ nq bv|
MyiæZ¡cY~ © PwiÎ : K…lK, gvwS|
bvgKiY : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Gi AšÍi `k©b‡K DcRxe¨ K‡i| G KweZvq †mvbvi Zix KvjvZxZ BwZnvm¯^iƒc| wkímªóv
wb‡R †mLv‡b ¯’vb bv †c‡jI BwZnv‡m m„wóKg© ¯’vb cvq wVKB| KweZvi GB AšÍf©vebvwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q †mvbvi Zix‡K †K›`ª K‡iB| †m we‡ePbvq
KweZvwUi bvgKiY h_v_©|
iƒc‡kÖwY : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcK KweZv| G KweZvq iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j Kwe GK `vk©wbK mZ¨‡K D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb|
fvlvixwZ : mvay I PwjZ fvlv|
Q›` : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ| Gi AwaKvsk cO&w³ 8+5 gvÎvi c~Y© c‡e© web¨¯Í|
KwVb As‡ki e¨vL¨v
1. MM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Nb eilv|
K‚‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv|
ÔMMbÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ AvKvk Avi ÔMi‡RÕ Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q MR©b Ki‡Q| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k el©v cÖK…wZi wPÎKí dz‡U D‡V‡Q, †hLv‡b
fiv el©vq AvKv‡k †gN WvK‡Q| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GK wecbœ K…lK b`xi K‚‡j GKv e‡m Av‡Q|
2. ivwk ivwk fviv fviv
avb KvUv n‡jv mviv,
fiv b`x ¶ziaviv/LicikvÑ
ÔfvivÕ n‡jv avb ivLvi cvÎwe‡kl| Ô¶ziavivÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv Avi ÔLicikvÕ Øviv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q aviv‡jv ek©vi g‡Zv|
avb KvUv m¤•bœ nIqvi ci K…lK fviv fwZ© K‡i avb mvwR‡q †i‡L‡Qb| †Nvi el©vi fiv b`xi †mªvZ †hb aviv‡jv ek©vi g‡ZvB Zx¶è
n‡q cÖevwnZ n‡”Q|
3. Pvwi w`‡K euvKv Rj Kwi‡Q †Ljv \
GLv‡b ÔeuvKv RjÕ ej‡Z g~jZ gnvKv‡ji †mªvZ‡K Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Qv‡Uv †¶ZwU b`xi Rj‡ewóZ| DÏvg R‡ji N~Y©vqgvb †mªv‡Zi
Ke‡j c‡o K…l‡Ki †¶ZwU †h‡Kv‡bv gyn~‡Z©B b`xM‡f© wejxb n‡Z cv‡i| b`xi R‡ji GB weaŸsmx Ae¯’vwU‡K †evSv‡ZB Kwe G‡K
ÔeuvKv RjÕ e‡j‡Qb|
4. ZiæQvqvgmx-gvLv
MÖvgLvwb †g‡N XvKv
Mv‡Qi Qvqvq †hgb GKUv Kvj‡P fve j¶ Kiv hvq, b`xi Icv‡ii MÖvgwUI †g‡N XvKv c‡o †ZgbB Kvj‡P eY© aviY K‡i‡Q|
5. Mvb †M‡q Zix †e‡q †K Av‡m cv‡i!
†`‡L †hb g‡b nq wPwb Dnv‡i|
ÔZixÕ k‡ãi A_©Ñ †bŠKv| Av‡jvP¨ As‡k †bŠKv †e‡q GK gvwSi GwM‡q Avmvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Kwei `„wó‡Z GB gvwS wb‡g©vn I
gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK| e¯‘Z, iex›`ªbv_ Zuvi wkífvebvq Avcb mËvi evB‡i GK gnvkw³i ¯^iƒc Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb, hv‡K wZwb Rxeb‡`eZv
e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| gnvKvjiƒcx GB gvwS ZviB cÖwZiƒc| msMZ Kvi‡YB K…lKiƒcx Kwei Zv‡K †Pbv g‡b nq|
6. ïay Zzwg wb‡q hvI
¶wYK †n‡m
Avgvi †mvbvi avb K‚‡j‡Z G‡m \
GLv‡b †mvbvi avb ej‡Z g–jZ K…lKiƒcx wkímªóv Kwei m„wóKg©‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wb‡g©vn gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q Zuvi Av‡e`b, dmjiƒcx
Zuvi Kg©dj †hb gvwSi †bŠKvq Z_v gnvKv‡ji cO&w³‡Z ¯’vb cvq| †Kbbv, G‡ZB mªóvi m„wóK‡g©i mv_©KZv wbwnZ|
7. VuvB bvB, VuvB bvBÑ †Qv‡Uv †m Zix
Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwi|
dmjiƒcx Kg©dj c~Y© K‡i †`Iqvi ci K…lKiƒcx KweI gvwSi †bŠKv Z_v gnvKv‡ji cO&w³‡Z VuvB A_©vr AvkÖq Pvb| wKš‘ K…lKiƒcx
Kwe AevK n‡q j¶ K‡ib, Zuvi dmj Z_v Kg©d‡jB gvwSi †bŠKv f‡i wM‡q‡Q| A_©vr gnvKv‡ji cO&w³‡Z Kg©dj ¯’vb †c‡jI
e¨w³Kwei †mLv‡b RvqMv nq bv|
 MyiæZ¡cY~ © Abyl½ I PwiÎ

1. euvKv Rj : G KweZvq ÔeuvKv RjÕ Kvj‡mªv‡Zi cÖZxK| GB Kvj‡mªvZ AeavwiZfv‡eB mewKQy‡K fvwm‡q wb‡q hvq| KweZvwU‡ZI
GKBfv‡e b`xi euvKv R‡ji DÏvgZvq †Qv‡Uv †¶ZwUi wejxqgvb Ae¯’v eY©bvi ga¨ w`‡q gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Zi cÖwZB Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. †mvbvi avb : KweZvwU‡Z Ô†mvbvi avbÕ kãeÜ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q cÖZxKx A‡_©| GLv‡b Ô†mvbvi avbÕ g~jZ wkímªóv Kwei m„wóK‡g©i m¤¢vi|
G Kvi‡YB dmjiƒcx avb‡K wZwb †mvbvi m‡½ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb|
3. kÖveYMMb : Avgv‡`i †`‡k Avlvp-kÖveY GB `yB gvm el©vKvj| G mgq fvwi e„wócvZ nq| AvKvk †gN‡g`yi _v‡K w`‡bi †ewki fvM
mgq| fiv el©vi GB mgqwU‡K †evSv‡ZB KweZvwU‡Z Kwe ÔkÖveYMMbÕ kãwU e¨envi K‡i‡Qb|
4. k–b¨ : k–b¨ ej‡Z GLv‡b K…l‡Ki wbt¯^ I wi³ Ae¯’v‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| K…lK Zuvi Drcvw`Z dm‡ji meUzKzB Zz‡j †`b gvwSi
†bŠKvq| gvwS Zuvi dmj wb‡q †M‡jI Zuv‡K MÖnY K‡i bv| d‡j wbt¯^ I wi³ Ae¯’vq e‡m _vK‡Z nq Zuv‡K|
5. K…lK : G KweZvq K…lK wkímªóv Kwei cÖZxK| GLv‡b K…l‡Ki Drcvw`Z dmj g–jZ Kwei m„wóKg©| Kwe Rv‡bb, gnvKvj Zuvi
m„wóKg©‡K MÖnY Ki‡jI †mLv‡b Zuvi VuvB †bB, †hgbwU †`Lv hvq G KweZvi K…l‡Ki †¶‡Î| K…lK Zuvi Drcvw`Z dm‡ji meUzKz gvwSi
†bŠKvq Zz‡j †`Iqvi ci †mLv‡b Zuvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ RvqMv _v‡K bv| gnvKv‡ji wbq‡gi Kv‡Q e¨w³ gvby‡li GB wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i
w`KwUB Kwe K…lK Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q dzwU‡q Zz‡j‡Qb| msMZ Kvi‡YB K…lK PwiÎwU cvVKgb‡K we‡klfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i|
6. gvwS : KweZvwU‡Z ÔgvwSÕ gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK| cÖ_g `k©‡b GB gvwS‡K K…l‡Ki †Pbv g‡b n‡jI G wel‡q wZwb wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv|
¶ziaviv Kvj‡mªvZ AwZµg K‡i gvwSi AvMgb nq K…l‡Ki dmj †Zvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨| Avi †m D‡Ïk¨ c~Y© nIqvi ci †m wd‡i hvq K…lK‡K
†d‡j †i‡LB| e¯‘Z, mg‡qi †Pviv †mªv‡Z e¨w³gvbyl GKmgq nvwi‡q hvq| wKš‘ Zvi gnr m„wóKg©‡K mevB ¯§iY K‡i| Av‡jvP¨
KweZvwU‡Z gvwS Pwi‡Îi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe G mZ¨wUB D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb|

m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi aviYvmg~n :

1. el©v-cÖK…wZi ¯^iƒc : G KweZvq MÖvgxY Ave‡n el©v-cÖK…wZi GK AmvaviY wPÎKí dz‡U D‡V‡Q| KweZvwU‡Z cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k avb KvU‡Z
hvIqv GK K…l‡Ki ev¯ÍeZv Zz‡j ai‡Z wM‡q Kwe el©vKvjxb MÖvgxY cÖK…wZi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b †`Lv hvq, weiƒc cwi‡e‡k avb
KvUvi ci GK K…lK Amnvq Ae¯’vq e‡m Av‡Qb| fvwi e„wói m‡½ AvKv‡k †g‡Ni MR©b, fiv b`xi ¶ziaviv †mªvZ I Zvi wnsmªZv,
K…l‡Ki wbtm½ e‡m _vKvÑ G mewKQy wb‡q KweZvwU‡Z el©v-cÖK…wZi wPivqZ iƒcwUB cÖwZfvZ nq| e¯‘Z GwU †Nvi el©vq Ave„Z b`xP‡ii
wbmM©wPÎ|
2. Kg©dj Z_v gnr m„wóK‡g©i Awebk¦iZv Ges m„wókxj gvby‡li Aek¨¤¢vex cwiYwZ : mg‡qi cwiµgvq e¨w³ gvby‡li g„Zz¨ nq wVKB|
wKš‘ Zvi m„wókxj K‡g©i g„Zz¨ †bB| msMZ Kvi‡YB gvby‡li g„Zz¨i ciI Zvi m„wóKg© wU‡K hvq| iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j G fvemZ¨wUB D‡š§vwPZ
n‡q‡Q Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z| †mLv‡b †`Lv hvq, weiƒc cwi‡e‡k avb KvUvi ci GK K…lK gvwS‡K Zuvi avb Zz‡j †bIqvi Rb¨ AvwR©
Rvbv‡j gvwS Zuvi Kg©djiƒcx avb †bŠKvq Zz‡j †bq, wKš‘ dmj Drcv`bKvix K…l‡Ki AvkÖq †g‡j bv| A_©vr gvby‡li gnr Kg© gnvKv‡ji
gv‡S VuvB †c‡jI e¨w³gvbyl‡K AeavwiZfv‡eB g„Zz¨i ¯^v` Av¯^v`b Ki‡Z nq|
3. cÖZxKvkÖqx KweZv wn‡m‡e Ô†mvbvi ZixÕi wkí-¯^vZš¿¨ : KweZvq cÖvqkB iƒcK I cÖZx‡Ki e¨envi j¶ Kiv hvq| G mKj iƒcK ev
cÖZx‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q Kweg‡bi M–p fve we‡kl Zvrch©gq n‡q aiv †`q| A_©vr KweZvq cÖZx‡Ki mvaviY A‡_©i Avov‡j Gi AšÍwb©wnZ
fvemZ¨B cÖavb n‡q I‡V| Av‡jvP¨ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwUI †ZgbB GK cÖZxKvkÖqx KweZv| Gi cUf‚wgÑ Pvicv‡ki cÖej †mªv‡Zi
gv‡S †R‡M _vKv Øx‡ci g‡Zv GKwU †QvÆ avb‡¶‡Z Drcbœ dmj wb‡q A‡c¶gvY GK K…l‡Ki wbtm½ Ae¯’v| wKš‘ Gi cÖZxKx Zvrch©
AZ¨šÍ Mfxi I e¨Äbvag©x| GLv‡b K…lK g~jZ m„wókxj KwemËv, Drcbœ dmj n‡jv Zuvi m„wóKg© Avi gvwS gnvKv‡ji Bw½Zevnx| Gi
ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z cÖKvwkZ fvemZ¨wU n‡jvÑ mgqcwiµgvq Awbevh©fv‡e e¨w³ gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡jI Zvi m„wóK‡g©i g„Zz¨ †bB| G
KweZvi Avi GKwU w`K n‡jv Gi eû‰iwLKZv| GQvov KweZvwU‡Z Kwe Dcgv I AjsKvi cÖ‡qv‡MI gywÝqvbvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb, hv
cvVKwPˇK Z…ß K‡i|
 m„Rbkxj

1. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|

gv`vi †Z‡imv AK…wÎg gvZ…‡¯œ‡ni Avavi wQ‡jb| Avj‡ewbqvb es‡kv™¢~Z n‡qI wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mviv c„w_ex‡Z ¯§iYxq n‡q
Av‡Qb| 1950 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvq wgkbvwiR Ae P¨vwiwU bv‡g GKwU †mev cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j GB P¨vwiwU
†nvg mgMÖ c„w_exi `wi`ª, Amy¯’, Abv_ I g„Zz¨c_hvÎx gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR K‡i| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 1979 mv‡j Zuv‡K †bv‡ej kvwšÍ
cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †mB cyi¯‹v‡ii mg¯Í A_© wZwb †mevi Kv‡R e¨q K‡ib| 1997 mv‡j wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| wKš‘ c„w_exi
gvbyl AvRI Zuvi bvg kÖ×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|
K. evsjv KZ Zvwi‡L iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? 1
L. ÔeuvKv RjÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? 2
M. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU gv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxe‡bi m‡½ msMwZc–Y©? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. Ògv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxeb cwiYwZB Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi g~j DcRxe¨ÓÑ gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
K 25†k ˆekvL iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Rš§MÖnY K‡ib|
L ÔeuvKv RjÕ ej‡Z fiv el©vq b`xi R‡ji fqsKi iƒc avi‡Yi welqwU‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
KweZvq GK wbtm½ K…lK †mvbvi avb †K‡U b`xZxieZ©x †L‡Z A‡c¶gvY| AvKv‡k Nb †g‡Ni MR©b, el©vi fiv b`xi
¶ziaviv †mªv‡Zi mv‡_ Gi RjI euvKv n‡q †Ljv Ki‡Q| †Qv‡Uv †LZUzKz‡K ax‡i ax‡i MÖvm K‡i P‡j‡Q Zv| Gfv‡e ÔeuvKv
RjÕ kãe‡Üi †fZi w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z ˆeix cÖK…wZi iæ`ªiƒ‡ci cÖwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov ÔeuvKv RjÕ KweZvwU‡Z AbšÍ
Kvj‡mªv‡Zi cÖZxK|
M Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡jI Zvi myK…wZgq Kg© †h KvjvšÍ‡iI wU‡K _v‡K, G welqwU e¨³ n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imvi
†mevag©x K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li g‡b †eu‡P _vKvi w`KwU Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi GB Rxeb`k©‡bi m‡½ msMwZc–Y©|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvqI gvby‡li myK…wZgq K‡g©i AgiZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| †mLv‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q, e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨
Awbevh© n‡jI Zvi m„wóK‡g©i g„Zz¨ †bB| DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxeb I Kg© G wel‡qiB Bw½Zevnx|

DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imv AK…wÎg gvbe‡mex wQ‡jb| 1950 mv‡j wZwb KjKvZvq ÔwgkivwiR Ae P¨vwiwUÕ bv‡g GKwU †mev
cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB cÖwZôvbwU cieZ©xKv‡j mgMÖ c„w_exi `wi`ª, Amy¯’, Abv_ I g„Zz¨c_hvÎx gvby‡li Rb¨ KvR K‡i
mybvg AR©b K‡i| Ggb †mevag©x Kg©h‡Ái Rb¨ wZwb †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Gi †P‡qI eo †h cyi¯‹vi wZwb jvf
K‡ib Zv n‡”Q gvby‡li fv‡jvevmv I AgiZ¡| gvbyl AvRI Zuv‡K kÖ×vf‡i ¯§iY K‡i|†m we‡ePbvq Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi
e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨i wecix‡Z K‡g©i AgiZvi w`KwU DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imvi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y©|

N Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zvi cvkvcvwk gnrK‡g©i AgiZvi cÖm½ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imvi g„Zz¨
Ges K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li g‡b Zuvi ¯’vb cvIqvi welqwU Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi GB AšÍjx©b fve‡KB Zz‡j a‡i|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcKag©x KweZv| G KweZvq avb †K‡U A‡c¶gvY GK K…l‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvi AšÍiv‡j KweZvi fvemZ¨‡K
D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, g„Zz¨ gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ| G‡K †KD †iva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨
n‡jI g„Zz¨ Zvi Kg©‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imv †eu‡P Av‡Qb Zuvi K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡q| mgMÖ Rxeb wZwb gvbe‡mevq e¨q K‡i †M‡Qb| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ
ÔwgkbvwiR Ae P¨vwiwUÕ AvZ©-gvbeZvi †mevq GK Abb¨ `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| mgMÖ c„w_exi `wi`ª, Abv_ I g„Zz¨c_hvÎx
gvby‡li †mevq KvR K‡i‡Q GB cÖwZôvb| gvbyl‡K fv‡jv‡e‡m wZwb †hgb gvbe‡mev‡K eªZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡ib, †Zgwb
gvbylI Zuv‡K †i‡L‡Q ü`‡qi gwY‡KvVvq| Av‡jvP¨ KweZv‡ZI GKBfv‡e gnr K‡g©i AgiZvi w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

e¯‘Z, †h-‡Kv‡bv gvbyl KxwZ©gvb wKsev eiYxq n‡q I‡V Zuvi K‡g©i DrK‡l©| DÏxc‡Ki gv`vi †Z‡imv Zvi DrK…ó D`vniY|
ˆ`wnK g„Zz¨ n‡jI wZwb Zuvi †mevg~jK Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q gvby‡li g‡b ¯’vb †c‡q‡Qb| Zuvi Rxeb I Kg© AvRI gvbyl AbymiY
K‡i| A_©vr gv`vi †Z‡imvi Rxeb cwiYwZ Z_v g„Zz¨ Ges myK…wZgq K‡g©i gva¨‡g gvby‡li g‡b †eu‡P _vKvi GB w`KwU
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi g–jfv‡ei mgvšÍivj| Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Awbevh© cwiYwZi w`KwUi cÖwZ
 Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| cvkvcvwk KweZvwU‡Z wZwb gnr K‡g©i Myiæ‡Z¡i w`KwUI Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl Zvi
eq‡mi g‡a¨ euv‡P bv, euv‡P Abb¨ K‡g©| gvbyl kZ eQi †eu‡P _vK‡jI †KD Zv‡K g‡b iv‡L bv| c¶všÍ‡i, myK…wZgq K‡g©i
gva¨‡g †m gvby‡li ü`‡q ¯’vqx Avmb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe GK Mfxi Rxeb`k©b‡K D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, gnvKvj †Kej gvby‡li m„wókxj gnr Kg©‡KB MÖnY K‡i; e¨w³gvbyl‡K bq| Avi ZvB Kvjcwiµgvq m„wóKg©
wU‡K †M‡jI gvbyl‡K Awbevh©fv‡e g„Zz¨i ¯^v` MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq K…lK PwiÎwUi Avav‡i Kwe G mZ¨wU‡KB
D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb|†m we‡ePbvq cÖ‡kœv³ gšÍe¨wU h_v_©|

2. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|

wPÎKg© : †gvbvwjmv (1503Ñ1506)

wkíx : wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfw (1452Ñ1510)
QwewU mviv we‡k¦ AvRI mgvb RbwcÖq|

K. ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? 1

L. ÔPvwiw`‡K euvKv RjÕÑ PiYwU‡Z Kx‡mi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki wPÎKg©wUi ga¨ w`‡q Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| 3
N. Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎKg©wU‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi av‡bi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv KZUv hyw³hy³? we‡kølY K‡iv| 4

K ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© kvwbZ ev aviv‡jv ek©v|

L ÔPvwiw`‡K euvKv RjÕÑ PiYwUi ga¨ w`‡q el©vi Rj‡mªvZ‡ewóZ †Qv‡Uv RwgUzKzi wejxb nIqvi Avk¼vRbK cwiw¯’wZ e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe bvbv iƒcK Ges `„‡k¨i AeZviYv NwU‡q‡Qb| D×…Z As‡ki ga¨ w`‡q †ZgbB AmvaviY GKwU
`„k¨Kí ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| KweZvq avb‡¶ZwU †Qv‡Uv Øx‡ci g‡Zv KwíZ| Zvi Pvicv‡k N~Y©vqgvb †mªv‡Zi DÏvgZv| b`xi ÔeuvKv
Rj‡mªvZÕ cwi‡ewóZ †QvÆ RwgUzKzi Avï wejxb nIqvi Bw½Z i‡q‡Q G As‡k| GLv‡b euvKv Rj Kvj‡mªv‡Zi cÖZxK|
M DÏxc‡Ki wPÎKg©wUi ga¨ w`‡q Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq cÖKvwkZ m„wóK‡g©i gnvKv‡ji cO&w³‡Z ¯’vb cvIqvi w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †mvbvi av‡bi iƒc‡K Kwe gvby‡li Kg©dj Z_v m„wóK‡g©i AgiZvi cÖm½wU‡KB Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
†mLv‡b wZwb †`wL‡q‡Qb, gnvKvj e¨w³ K…lK‡K MÖnY bv Ki‡jI Zuvi Drcvw`Z †mvbvi dmj Z_v m„wóKg©‡K wVKB ¯’vb
w`‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki wPÎKg©wU G wel‡qiB cÖvgvY¨ `wjj|

DÏxc‡K wek¦L¨vZ wPÎwkíx wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂi Agi m„wói Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎKg©wU‡K Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wkíx GwU 1503
†_‡K 1506 wLªóv‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q Gu‡KwQ‡jb| AvR †_‡K cuvPk eQi Av‡M Aw¼Z G wPÎKg©wU AvRI mviv we‡k¦i
gvby‡li Kv‡Q mgvb RbwcÖq| A_©vr mg‡qi †Pviv‡mªv‡Z e¨w³ wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂi g„Zz¨ n‡jI Zuvi m„wóKg© wn‡m‡e Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ
wPÎKg©wU nvwi‡q hvqwb| †m we‡ePbvq DÏxc‡Ki wPÎKg©wUi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvq cÖKvwkZ m„wóK‡g©i AgiZvi w`KwUB dz‡U
D‡V‡Q|
N Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq avb‡K Kwe gvby‡li K‡g©i iƒcK A‡_© e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| DÏxc‡Ki Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂi GKwU
wkíKg©, hvi Øviv wZwb Agi n‡q Av‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎKg©wU KweZvi av‡bi m‡½ h_v_©B Zzjbxq|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq m„wókxj gvby‡li K…ZKg©‡K iƒcK A‡_© avb ejv n‡q‡Q| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl Zvi m„wókxj gnr
KvR Zz‡j †`q gnvRM‡Zi Kv‡Q| Kv‡ji Ave‡Z© †mme KvR wePvi-we‡køwlZ nq gnvKv‡ji wbR¯^ gvb`‡Ð| †m cix¶vq
DËxY© KvR wU‡K _v‡K Kv‡jvËxY© n‡q|

DÏxc‡K cÖ`Ë QwewU wek¦weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂi Agi wPÎKg© Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ| 1503-1506 wLªóv‡ãi gvSvgvwS
mg‡q QwewU wZwb Gu‡KwQ‡jb| Avi wZwb g„Zz¨eiY K‡iwQ‡jb 1510 mv‡j| wkíxi g„Zz¨i ci GLb ch©šÍ cuvPk eQ‡iiI †ewk
 mgq †K‡U †M‡Q| A_P eû kZvãx †K‡U hvIqvi ci AvRI gvbyl G wkíKg©wU †`‡L Awff‚Z nq| A_©vr wkímªóvi g„Zz¨‡ZB
Zvi m„wóKg© nvwi‡q hvq bv| gnr wkíKg© wU‡K _v‡K hyM †_‡K hyMvšÍ‡iI|

gvbyl euv‡P Zuvi K‡g©i ga¨ w`‡qB| DÏxc‡Ki Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎwU wkíx wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂi †ZgbB GKwU m„wókxj KvR|
Kvjcwiµgvq e¨w³ wjIbv‡`©v `¨ wfw g„Zz¨eiY K‡i‡Qb wVK, Z‡e Zuvi wkíKg© Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ GL‡bv wU‡K Av‡Q| Av‡jvP¨
KweZvq D‡jøL¨ Ô†mvbvi avbÕ n‡”Q †mB Kv‡Ri iƒcKwe‡kl| G KweZvq Kwe GKwU MÖvgxY wPÎc‡Ui Avov‡j Gi fvemZ¨‡K
D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb| †mLv‡b gnvKvj gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ wejxb K‡i w`‡jI Zvi Kg©‡K †h h_vh_ g~j¨vqb K‡i Zvi cwiPq cvIqv
hvq| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z K…l‡Ki Drcvw`Z †mvbvi avbB Zvi Kg©dj| †m we‡ePbvq DÏxc‡Ki Ô†gvbvwjmvÕ wPÎKg©wU‡K
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi av‡bi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv †hŠw³K e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq|

3. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|

iex›`ªbv‡_i Ôg„Zz¨fvebvÕ Rxe‡bi Av‡iK bvg| Rš§Rš§všÍ‡ii hvÎvc‡_ cigvZ¥x‡qi g‡Zv bZzb bZzb Rxebc‡_i AbymÜvb `vb
K‡i †m| giY KL‡bv ZvB gnvKv‡ji wgjb`–Z| Kwei gvbm-m‡ive‡i Abyf‚wZi eY©”QUvq inm¨gq AveiY c‡o we‡kl‡K Qvwo‡q
n‡q D‡V‡Q wbwe©‡kl| Avevi ci¶‡YB wbwe©‡kl †_‡K we‡k‡li ¯Í‡i †b‡g G‡m e¨w³mËv wb‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q cÖYwqbx ivwaKvi
k¨vgK…ò n‡q| cvðv‡Z¨i †jLK‡`i m‡½ fvebvi wgj _vKv m‡Ë¡I Ab¨me †¶‡Î †hgb, †Zgwb g„Zz¨fvebvi †¶‡ÎI wek¦Kwei
g„Zz¨‡PZbv GKvšÍfv‡e GKK|
K. k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i †K c‡o iBj? 1
L. KweZvwU‡Z †gN XvKv MÖv‡gi wPÎK‡íi †fZi w`‡q cÖK…wZi †Kvb iƒcwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? Zz‡j a‡iv| 3
N. g„Zz¨ wb‡q DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ we‡kølY K‡iv| 4

K k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i K…lK c‡o iBj|

L KweZvwU‡Z †g‡N XvKv MÖv‡gi wPÎK‡íi †fZi w`‡q el©v cÖK…wZi iƒcwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq MÖvgxY wPÎK‡í fi K‡i KweZvwUi g~je³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Kwe| GiB avivevwnKZvq KweZvwU‡Z
wZwb `–‡ii †gNv”Qbœ MÖv‡gi wPÎcU Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| mvaviYZ el©vKv‡jB AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ _v‡K| GB †gNv”Qbœ AvKvk
g~jZ fvwi e„wócvZmn `y‡h©v‡Mi Bw½Zevnx| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq el©v-cÖK…wZi `y‡h©vMgq iƒcwU‡KB D‡š§vPb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
M Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq e¨w³ gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Kwe| DÏxc‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨ m¤•wK©Z
wPšÍvi ga¨ w`‡q G welqwUB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv‡ZI Kwe g„Zz¨‡K †`‡L‡Qb e¨w³gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, mg‡qi †mªvZavivq
gvby‡li m„wókxj I myK…wZgq Kg© wU‡K †M‡jI wkímªóv‡K g„Zz¨i Kv‡Q AvZ¥mc©Y Ki‡ZB nq| A_©vr DÏxcK I Av‡jvP¨
KweZv Dfq‡¶ÎB g„Zz¨i welqwU Myiæ‡Z¡i m‡½ D‡V G‡m‡Q|

DÏxc‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨ m¤•wK©Z fvebv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †jL‡Ki Zzjbvq g„Zz¨fvebvi w`K †_‡KI
wZwb wQ‡jb ¯^Zš¿| e¯‘Z, g„Zz¨ Zuvi Kv‡Q Rxe‡biB Av‡iK iƒc| Rš§všÍiev‡` wek¦vmx Kwei †Pv‡L GK Rš§ †_‡K Aci
R‡š§i hvÎvc_B g„Zz¨| †m we‡ePbvq DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq cÖKvwkZ g„Zz¨fvebvi w`KwUB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q| Ô†mvbvi
ZixÕ KweZvq e¨w³ gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨‡K wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Kwe| DÏxc‡K iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii g„Zz¨ m¤•wK©Z wPšÍvi
ga¨ w`‡q G welqwUB cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

N Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq g„Zz¨ gvby‡li wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i cÖZxK n‡jI DÏxc‡K Zv bZzb Rxe‡bi Øvi| g„Zz¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i DÏxc‡Ki
e³‡e¨i m‡½ Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ GLv‡bB|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcK KweZv| G KweZvq weiƒc cwi‡e‡k GK wbtm½ K…l‡Ki wech©¯Í Ae¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwUi
fvemZ¨‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Kwe| †mLv‡b wecbœ K…l‡Ki Av`‡j g~jZ g„Zz¨i Rb¨ A‡c¶gvY wkímªóvi AmnvqZ¡‡K Zz‡j
aiv n‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z, g„Zz¨ Rxe‡bi P‚ovšÍ cwiYwZ, Gi Kej †_‡K KviI †invB †bB|
 DÏxc‡K KweMyiæ iex›`ªbv‡_i g„Zz¨fvebvi welqwU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Rš§všÍ‡i wek¦vmx Kwei Kv‡Q g„Zz¨ †hb beRš§ jv‡fi
Øvi| Avi ZvB g„Zz¨ KL‡bv Zuvi Kv‡Q k¨v‡gi g‡ZvB wcÖq, Avevi KL‡bv-ev cigv—x‡qi g‡Zv| ïay ZvB bq, †¶Îwe‡k‡l
g„Zz¨‡K wZwb gnvKv‡ji mv‡_ Zuvi †hvMm–Î wn‡m‡eI Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †jL‡Ki mv‡_ GLv‡bB Zuvi cv_©K¨|
Z‡e Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq g„Zz¨i welqwU G‡m‡Q gvby‡li wPišÍb AmnvqZ¡ wn‡m‡e|

g„Zy¨ Awbevh© mZ¨| G m‡Z¨i Kv‡Q GKw`b mevB‡K nvi gvb‡Z n‡e| G KweZvq Kwe e¨w³gvby‡li wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i
w`KwU‡K D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb| Kvj m‡PZb Kwe j¶¨ K‡i‡Qb, mg‡qi †mªvZavivq e¨w³gvbyl nvwi‡q hvq, wU‡K _v‡K †Kej
Zuvi gnr AR©b| gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q e¨w³gvby‡li GB AmnvqZ¡‡KB wZwb iƒcvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z| †mvbvi ZixÕ
KweZvq g„Zz¨ gvby‡li wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i cÖZxK n‡jI DÏxc‡K Zv bZzb Rxe‡bi Øvi| g„Zz¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨i m‡½
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi `„wófw½MZ cv_©K¨ GLv‡bB|
4. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|
i. g„Zz¨ Kx mnR, Kx wbtk‡ã Av‡m A_P gvbyl wPiKvjB Rxeb wb‡q Me© K‡i hvq| Ñmg‡ik gRyg`vi
ii. g„Zz¨ wb‡q Avwg fxZ bB| wKš‘ givi Rb¨ ZvovI †bB Avgvi| Zvi Av‡M Kivi g‡Zv A‡bK wKQy Av‡Q Avgvi| Ñ w÷‡db nwKs
K. wbiæcvq †XDMy‡jv †Kv_vq fv‡O? 1
L. Òhvnv j‡q wQby fz‡jÓ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. DÏxcK i-G Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. ÒDÏxcK ii-G Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi wecixZ fve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡QÓÑ gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
K wbiæcvq †XDMywj Zixi `yÕav‡i fv‡O|
L cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wUi gva¨‡g Kwei m„wóKg© wb‡q Rxebfi gMœ _vKvi w`KwU‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
m„wókxj Kwei `„wó‡Z m„wóKg©B Zuvi a¨vb-Ávb mewKQy| wkímvabv‡ZB wZwb Zuvi mgMÖ Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wkíK‡g©
gMœ _vKvi Kvi‡Y Avi wKQy wb‡q fvevi †Zgb mgq cvbwb| A_P †kl‡ejvq gnvKv‡ji †Lqvq †mme m„wóK‡g©i ¯’vb n‡jI
wZwb wb‡R †mLv‡b ¯’vb cvbwb| msMZ Kvi‡YB mvivRxeb m„wóKg© wb‡q gMœ _vKvi K_v wZwb Av‡¶cf‡i cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ‡kœv³ K_vwUi gva¨‡g G welqwUB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|

M Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨i Aek¨¤¢vweZvi welqwU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| DÏxcK i-G DwjøwLZ mg‡ik
gRyg`v‡ii Dw³wU‡ZI GKB wel‡qi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcKag©x KweZv| G KweZvq avb †K‡U A‡c¶gvY GK K…l‡Ki ev¯ÍeZvi AšÍiv‡j KweZvi fvemZ¨‡K
D‡š§vPb K‡i‡Qb| Kwe g‡b K‡ib, g„Zz¨ gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ| G‡K †KD †iva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e e¨w³gvby‡li g„Zz¨
n‡jI g„Zz¨ Zvi Kg©‡K ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

DÏxcK i-G cÖL¨vZ †jLK mg‡ik gRyg`v‡ii GKwU Dw³‡K DcRxe¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dw³wU‡Z g„Zz¨ wb‡q Zuvi Dcjwäi K_v
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avðh© n‡q wZwb g„Zz¨i mnR I AvKw¯§K AvMgb‡K cÖZ¨¶ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb AviI AevK n‡q‡Qb wbwðZ
cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨i K_v †R‡bI gvbyl Rxeb wb‡q Me© K‡i hvq †`‡L| Gi ga¨ w`‡q g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zvi cvkvcvwk Gi
Kv‡Q gvby‡li wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i w`KwUI dz‡U D‡V‡Q| †m we‡ePbvq DÏxcK i-G Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq cÖKvwkZ g„Zz¨i
Kv‡Q gvby‡li Amnvq‡Z¡i w`KwU D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q|

N Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq g„Zz¨i Kv‡Q gvby‡li Amnvq‡Z¡i w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wKš‘ DÏxcK ii-Gi Dw³wU‡Z g„Zz¨fqnxb gvbwmKZvi
ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q| †m we‡ePbvq cÖ‡kœv³ gšÍe¨wU h_vh_|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq wbtm½ K…l‡Ki Rxe‡bi cwiYwZi ga¨ w`‡q e¨w³gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i‡Qb Kwe|
gvbyl †Kv‡bvfv‡eB g„Zz¨i GB Awbevh©Zv‡K Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Kv‡ji wbq‡gi Kv‡Q e¨w³gvby‡li wPivqZ
AmnvqZ¡ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
DÏxcK ii-G weL¨vZ c`v_©we` w÷‡db nwKs‡qi g„Zz¨ m¤•wK©Z e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| e³e¨wUi ga¨ w`‡q Zuvi Rxeb
I g„Zz¨ welqK fvebv dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Rxe‡bi P‚ovšÍ cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨i welqwU‡K wZwb mnRfv‡eB MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| g„Zz¨f‡q
fxZ bb wZwb| Avi ZvB g„Zz¨i K_v bv †f‡e wZwb eis K‡g© g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z AvMÖnx| wZwb g‡b K‡ib, GL‡bv Zuvi nv‡Z
Kivi g‡Zv cÖPzi KvR i‡q †M‡Q| g„Zz¨i Av‡M †mMy‡jv mgvav KivB †ewk Riæwi|
 gnvKv‡ji MwZ‡K †KD ¯Íä Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi ZvB gvbyl Zvi Awbevh© cwiYwZ g„Zz¨‡KI Gov‡Z cv‡i bv| wb`©‡qi g‡Zv
Qy‡U Pjv Kvj‡mªvZ †Kej gvby‡li myK…wZgq Kg©dj‡KB MÖnY K‡i, e¨w³gvbyl‡K bq| msMZ Kvi‡YB Ac~Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q
gvbyl‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Z wejxb nIqvi Rb¨|Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe GK Mfxi RxebmZ¨ m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| Avi Zv n‡jvÑ mg‡qi †mªv‡Z e¨w³gvbyl GKmgq nvwi‡q hvb; †eu‡P _v‡K †Kej Zvi myK…wZ| Avi
ZvB gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z m„wókxj Kg© VuvB †c‡jI wkímªóvi †mLv‡b RvqMv nq bv| e¯‘Z, kZ‡Póv K‡iI gvbyl Zuvi Awbevh©
cwiYwZ g„Zz¨‡K Gov‡Z cv‡ib bv| DÏxcK ii-G DwjøwLZ w÷‡db nwKs g„Zz¨fqnxb| g„Zz¨‡K AZ¨šÍ ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB wb‡q‡Qb
wZwb| G‡¶‡Î Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi g‡Zv g„Zz¨i Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K Amnvq g‡b K‡ibwb wZwb| Dciš‘ Rxe‡bi g~j¨evb mgqUzKzi
mبenvi Ki‡Z wZwb m‡Pó| DÏxcK ii-Gi GB e³e¨ Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi wcixZ|
†m we‡ePbvq cÖ‡kœv³ gšÍe¨wU h_v_© A_©en|

5. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|

ÒAvgvq b‡n †Mv, fv‡jvev‡mv ïay fv‡jvev‡mvi †gvi Mvb
e‡bi cvwL‡i †K wP‡b iv‡L Mvb n‡j Aemgvb
Puv‡`‡i †K Pvq, †RvQbv mevB hv‡P
MxZ-†k‡l exYv c‡o _v‡K a~wj-gv‡S|Ó
K. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K Kx †Ljv Ki‡Q? 1
L. †mvbvi Zix‡Z K…l‡Ki VuvB n‡jv bv †Kb? 2
M. DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb welqwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| 3
N. DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi AšÍf©vebv KZUzKz cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q? we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K euvKv Rj †Ljv Ki‡Q|
L †mvbvi Zix K…l‡Ki Drcvw`Z av‡b f‡i wM‡qwQj e‡j †mLv‡b K…l‡Ki VuvB nqwb|
Kg©dj¯^iƒc ivwk ivwk †mvbvi avb †K‡U wbtm½ K…lK b`xZx‡i A‡c¶gvY wQ‡jb| G mgq fiv cv‡j Zix †e‡q GKRb
A‡Pbv gvwSi AvMgb N‡U| K…l‡Ki Aby‡iv‡a gvwS Zuvi mg¯Í avb †bŠKvq Zz‡j wb‡j †bŠKv cwic~Y© n‡q hvq| d‡j †mLv‡b
K…l‡Ki ¯’vb msKzjvb nq bv| cÖK…Zc‡¶, gnvKvj-iƒc †mvbvi Zix‡Z Kg©dj RvqMv †c‡jI †mLv‡b e¨w³gvbyl ¯’vb cvq
bv| GB A‡gvN ev¯ÍeZvi Kvi‡YB dm‡j cwic~Y© †mvbvi Zix‡Z K…lK VuvB cvbwb|
M Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †mvbvi dmjiƒcx m„wóKg© wU‡K hvIqvi wecix‡Z wkímªóv we¯§„Z nIqvi cÖm½M Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki
KweZvs‡k e‡bi MvqK cvwL‡K g‡b bv ivLvi K_v ejvi ga¨ w`‡q G wel‡qiB cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|

DÏxc‡Ki MxwZKwe wb‡Ri m„ó Mv‡bi gv‡SB †eu‡P _vK‡Z Pvb| †Kbbv, e‡b cvZvi Avov‡j e‡m Mvb Ki‡jI Avgiv MvqK
cvwLi †LuvR Kwi bv, eis Zvi wgwó MvbB Avgv‡`i Kv‡b ev‡R| Avevi †h exYvi my‡ijv SsKvi-mn‡hv‡M Mvb cwi‡ewkZ
nq, Avm‡ii †k‡l †m-B exYvB Avevi a–wj‡Z MovMwo Lvq| gy» †kÖvZviv †Kej wgwó my‡ii MxZUv‡KB ü`‡q aviY K‡i,
cvwL ev exYvi K`i Zviv K‡i bv|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv‡ZI GB A‡gvN mZ¨wUB D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q| gnvKv‡ji `viæY †mªv‡Z gnr m„wóKg© wU‡K _vK‡jI
wkímªóv‡K AeavwiZfv‡eB Kv‡ji †Pviv‡¯ªv‡Z nvwi‡q †h‡Z nq| Zv‡K †KD g‡b iv‡L bv| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi GB fvebvB
DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡k wfbœ †cÖ¶vc‡U D‡V G‡m‡Q|
N DÏxc‡Ki Kwe g‡b K‡ib, gvbyl wkíK‡g©i K`i Ki‡jI wkímªóvi K`i †Zgb nq bv| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi †mvbvi dmjiƒcx
Kg©d‡ji Myiæ‡Z¡i w`KwU D‡V G‡jI e¨w³gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZi K_v †mLv‡b Dc¯’vwcZ nqwb|

Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq GK Mfxi Rxeb`k©b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Avi Zv n‡jvÑ gvby‡li Kg©B c„w_ex‡Z wU‡K _v‡K, e¨w³gvbyl
bq| A_©vr gnr m„wóKg© Kv‡ji †Lqv‡Z ¯’vb †c‡jI mªóv‡K AZ…wßi †e`bv wb‡q A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq Awbevh©fv‡e gnvKv‡ji
k~b¨Zvq wejxb nIqvi Rb¨|

DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡k wb‡Ri m„wóKg©‡K wN‡i Kwei cÖZ¨vkvi w`KwU D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q| gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Z Kwe nvwi‡q †M‡jI
Zvi m„ó Mvb †hb mevi g‡b †R‡M _v‡K, GUvB Kwei PvIqv| wZwb j¶ K‡i‡Qb, †RvQbvi †mŠ›`h© mevB Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z
 PvB‡jI †RvQbv wewKiYKvix Puv`‡K Zviv Kvgbv K‡i bv| Avevi Mv‡bi my‡i mevB †gvwnZ nq; wKš‘ ev`¨h‡š¿i w`‡K Zv‡`i
bRi c‡o bv| Avi ZvB Kwe wb‡Ri cwie‡Z© Zuvi m„ó wkíK‡g©i AgiZvB cÖv_©bv K‡i‡Qb|

Kv‡ji KivjMÖv‡m gvbyl Zvi kvixwiK Aw¯ÍZ¡ nvivq; wKš‘ Zvi K…ZKg©‡K g„Zz¨ ¯úk© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq
wPÎag©x iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j Rxe‡bi GB A‡gvN mZ¨wUB Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| DÏxc‡Ki KweZvs‡k Kwe Zuv‡K bv evm‡jI Zuvi
Mvb Z_v m„wóKg©‡K fv‡jvevmvi Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q‡Qb| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z cÖKvwkZ gnvKv‡ji Kvj‡mªv‡Z
m„wóK‡g©i wU‡K _vKvi cÖm½wU dz‡U D‡V‡Q| Z‡e KweZvwU‡Z e¨w³gvby‡li Awbevh© cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© †h Mfxi `k©b cÖKvwkZ
n‡q‡Q, DÏxc‡K Zv cÖwZdwjZ nqwb|
m„Rbkxj : wb‡R K‡iv
6.wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|
Avjg mv‡n‡ei †ckv K…wlKvR| K…wlKvR K‡i wZwb `yB †Q‡j‡g‡q‡K D”Pwkw¶Z K‡i Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuvi `yB †Q‡j‡g‡qB GLb fv‡jv
PvKwi K‡ib| Zuviv evev-gv‡K †ek my‡LB †i‡L‡Qb| Avjg mv‡ne g‡b K‡ib, G myL `yw`‡bi| Zuv‡K G my›`i fzeb †Q‡o GKw`b
P‡j †h‡Z n‡e| Zvi Av‡M †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i my‡Li e¨e¯’v K‡i †h‡Z †c‡i‡Qb, Zv‡ZB Zuvi kvwšÍ|
K. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? 1
L. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Ô†mvbvi avbÕ cÖZx‡K Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki Avjg mv‡ne I Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ wbiƒcY K‡iv| 3
N. ÔgnvKv‡ji wbôzi KivjMÖvm gvbyl‡K wb‡¶c K‡i we¯§„wZi AZj M‡f©ÕÑ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv I DÏxc‡Ki
Av‡jv‡K Dw³wUi Zvrch© we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
7. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|
R‰bK `wi`ª †jvKKwe nwicÖmbœ Rxe‡b A‡bK †jLv‡jwL K‡i‡Qb; wKš‘ Zuvi GKUv eBI Qvcvi A¶‡i cÖKvk cvqwb, hv g„Zz¨i
cÖni Myb‡Z _vKv AkxwZci nwicÖm‡bœi me‡P‡q e‡ov AZ…wß Avi `yt‡Li KviY| GKw`b G Kó eyS‡Z †c‡i Zuvi Aa¨vcK †Q‡j
nwicÖm‡bœi †jLv ÔMxwZKweZvÕi GKwU gyw`ªZ msKjb MÖš’ †ei K‡i wcZvi nv‡Z †`q| eBwU †c‡q e„× nwicÖm‡bœi Avb‡›`i mxgv
_v‡K bv|
K. ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? 1
L. ZixwU‡K †Kb Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ ejv n‡q‡Q? 2
M. †jvKKwe nwicÖm‡bœi ÔMxwZKweZvÕ MÖš’ Avi K…l‡Ki Ô†mvbvi avbÕ-Gi wgj †Kv_vq? 3
N. Ôe„× gviv hv‡e, wKš‘ Zvi eBwU †_‡K hv‡e Kv‡ji Zix‡Z|ÕÑ gšÍe¨wU we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
8. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co Ges cÖkœMy‡jvi DËi `vI|
Kzms¯‹viv”Qbœ mgv‡R evOvwj bvix‡`i whwb AÜKv‡ii e–¨n †f` K‡i Av‡jvi c‡_ D`vË AvnŸvb Rvbvb, wZwb n‡jb evOvwj gymwjg
bvix RvMi‡Yi cw_K…r †iv‡Kqv mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb| mgvR ms¯‹v‡ii D‡Ï‡kB wZwb Kjg a‡iwQ‡jb| ms¯‹v‡ii †m †PóvB Zuv‡K
cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q Zx¶è FRy M`¨ †jLK Ges mgvR m‡PZb mvnmx mvwnwZ¨K wn‡m‡e| wZwb AvR Avgv‡`i g‡a¨ †bB, wKš‘ Zuvi
K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ AvRI Avgiv Zuv‡K ¯§iY Kwi|
K. Ô_‡i we_‡iÕ kãMy‡”Qi A_© Kx? 1
L. Òhvnv wQj wb‡q †Mj †mvbvi ZixÓÑ K_vwUi gva¨‡g Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? 2
M. DÏxc‡Ki †Kvb w`KwUi m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| 3
N. Ò†iv‡Kqv‡K ¯§iY Kwi Zuvi K…ZK‡g©i Rb¨ÓÑ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi Av‡jv‡K Dw³wUi Zvrch© we‡kølY K‡iv| 4
  m„Rbkxj mnvqK Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi    
 Kwe-cwiwPwZ 21. Kv‡K †`‡L Kwei cwiwPZ g‡b n‡q‡Q?
1. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? DËi : gvwS‡K †`‡L Kwei cwiwPZ g‡b n‡q‡Q|
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1861 mv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib| 22. ÔI‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡k?ÕÑ Kv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv
2. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi e½v‡ãi †Kvb Zvwi‡L Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? n‡q‡Q?
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1268 e½v‡ãi 25†k ˆekvL Rš§MÖnY DËi : ÔI‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡k?ÕÑ †mvbvi Zixi
K‡ib| gvwS‡K D‡Ïk K‡i ejv n‡q‡Q|
3. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii KweZvi g–jmyi Kx? 23. K…lK Kv‡K ÔI‡MvÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb?
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii KweZvi g–jm–i n‡jv gvbea‡g©i Rq DËi : K…lK gvwS‡K ÔI‡MvÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb|
I †mŠ›`h©Z…òv| 24. K…lK gvwS‡K †Kv_vq Zix †fov‡bvi K_v e‡j‡Qb?
4. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †Kvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvZv? DËi : K…lK gvwS‡K b`xK‚‡j Zix †fov‡bvi K_v e‡j‡Qb|
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wek¦fviZx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvZv| 25. Kwe Zuvi †mvbvi dmj †Kv_vq Zz‡j w`‡q‡Qb?
5. iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ nq KZ eQi eq‡m? DËi : Kwe Zuvi †mvbvi dmj †mvbvi Zix‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q‡Qb|
DËi : iex›`ªbv‡_i cÖ_g Kve¨ cÖKvwkZ nq 15 eQi eq‡m| 26. kÖveYMMb wN‡i Kx Ny‡i †d‡i?
6. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ †KvbwU? DËi : kÖveYMMb wN‡i Nb †gN Ny‡i †d‡i|
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖ_g Kve¨MÖš’ ÔebdzjÕ| 27. Ôk~b¨ b`xi Zx‡iÕÑ gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` KZ gvÎv?
7. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi †Kvb Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib? DËi : Ôk~b¨ b`xi Zx‡iÕÑgvÎve„Ë Q‡›` 8 gvÎv|
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Kv‡e¨i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi 28. k–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i †K c‡o iBj?
jvf K‡ib| DËi : k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i K…lK c‡o iBj|
8. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb?
 kãv_© I UxKv
DËi : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi 1913 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
29. Ô¶ziavivÕ Kx?
9. Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cvb †K?
DËi : Ô¶ziavivÕ n‡jv ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv cÖevn ev †mªvZ|
DËi : Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ me©cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cvb iex›`ªbv_
30. ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx?
VvKzi|
DËi : ÔLicikvÕ k‡ãi A_© kvwbZ ev aviv‡jv ek©v|
10. evsjv †QvUM‡íi cw_K…r †K?
31. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq D‡jøwLZ euvKv Rj Kx‡mi cÖZxK?
DËi : evsjv †QvUM‡íi cw_K…r iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
DËi : KweZvq DwjøwLZ euvKv Rj Kvj‡mªv‡Zi cÖZxK|
 g–jcvV 32. Ô_‡i we_‡iÕ kãMy‡”Qi A_© Kx?
11. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †Kvb FZzi K_v Av‡Q? DËi : Ô_‡i we_‡iÕ kãMy‡”Qi A_©Ñ ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i|
DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq el©v FZzi K_v Av‡Q| 33. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq DwjøwLZ gvwS Kx‡mi cÖZxK?
12. avb KvUvi mgq †¶‡Z KZRb †jvK wQj? DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq DwjøwLZ gvwS gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK|
DËi : avb KvUvi mgq †¶‡Z GKRb †jvK wQj| 34. Ô†bŠKvÕ Ges ÔgvwSÕ Kx‡mi cÖZxK?
13. fiv b`xi †mªvZ †`L‡Z †Kgb? DËi : Ô†bŠKvÕ Ges ÔgvwSÕ gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK|
DËi : fiv b`xi †mªvZ †`L‡Z ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv|
14. avb KvUvi mgq Kx G‡jv?  cvV-cwiwPwZ
DËi : avb KvUvi mgq el©v G‡jv| 35. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi iPwqZv †K?
15. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq KÕLvwb †¶Z wQj? DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi iPwqZv iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq GKLvwb †¶Z wQj| 36. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍfz©³?
16. avb‡¶ZwUi AvK…wZ Kx‡mi g‡Zv? DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖ‡š’i AšÍfz©³|
DËi : avb‡¶ZwUi AvK…wZ †Qv‡Uv Øx‡ci g‡Zv wQj| 37. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kx wg‡k i‡q‡Q?
17. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K Kx †Ljv DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwei Rxeb`k©b wg‡k i‡q‡Q|
Ki‡Q? 38. gnvKv‡ji wPišÍb †mªv‡Z Kx wU‡K _v‡K?
DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K DËi : gnvKv‡ji wPišÍb †mªv‡Z gvby‡li m„ó †mvbvi dmj wU‡K
euvKv Rj †Ljv Ki‡Q| _v‡K|
18. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kx †g‡N XvKv wQj? 39. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq iƒcKv‡_© Kvi `ytL cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q?
DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq MÖvgLvwb †g‡N XvKv wQj| DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq iƒcKv‡_© Kwei `ytL cÖKvwkZ
19. KweZvq `~ieZ©x MÖvgwUi †Kvb mg‡qi `„k¨cU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q? n‡q‡Q|
DËi : KweZvq `–ieZ©x MÖvgwUi mKvj‡ejvi `„k¨cU Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| 40. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ?
20. wbiæcvq †XDMy‡jv †Kv_vq fv‡O? DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
DËi : wbiæcvq †XDMy‡jv Zixi `yÕav‡i fv‡O| 41. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi c~Y© ce© KZ gvÎvi?
 DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi c~Y© ce© 8 gvÎvi|

 m„Rbkxj mnvqK Abyavebg~jK cÖ‡kœvËi    

1. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi K…lK avb wb‡q K‚‡j e‡m wQ‡jb †Kb? wPwýZ n‡jI Gi M~pv_© n‡jv c„w_ex A_©vr gvby‡li Kg©
DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…lK Zuvi Drcvw`Z dmj †mvbvi m¤úv`‡bi RvqMv| e¯‘Z cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ jovB K‡iB
avb cvivcv‡ii Avkvq †mMy‡jv wb‡q K‚‡j e‡m wQ‡jb| c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl‡K Kg©m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z
KweMyiæ gvby‡li Kg©‡¶Î wn‡m‡e SÅv-we¶zä GB mxgve×
 Av‡jvP¨ KweZvi K…lK †Qv‡Uv †¶‡Z Zuvi Drcvw`Z dmj †K‡U
c„w_ex‡KB ÔGKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †¶ZÕ e‡j DcwgZ K‡i‡Qb|
R‡ov K‡ib| wKš‘ avb KvUvi mgq fvwi el©‡Yi m–Pbv nq| d‡j
6. †mvbvi ZixwU †`‡L K…l‡Ki g‡b †Kgb fv‡ev`q n‡jv?
cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k wbtm½ K…lK avb wb‡q wec‡` c‡o hvb| Avi
DËi : wbwðZ wejxb nIqvi Avk¼vi gv‡S nVvr K‡i ZixwU‡K
ZvB mg¯Í avb wb‡q cvivcv‡ii Avkvq wZwb b`x K‚‡j e‡m
†`Lvi ci K…l‡Ki g‡b bZzb K‡i Rxeb wd‡i cvIqvi Avkv
wQ‡jb| Gi ga¨ w`‡q g~jZ wkímªóv Kwei †mvbvi avbiƒcx
Rv‡M|
Kg©djm‡gZ gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z ¯’vb jv‡fi evmbv e¨³ n‡q‡Q|
wecbœ cwi‡e‡k GKjv K…lK Avï msKU‡K †g‡bB wb‡qwQ‡jb|
2. KweZvwU‡Z Ôbvwn fimvÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv| wKš‘ nVvr K‡i †mLv‡b Zix †e‡q GK gvwSi AvMgb nq|
DËi : KweZvwU‡Z Ôbvwn fimvÕ ej‡Z avb wb‡q A‡c¶gvY ZixwU‡K †`Lvi ci K…l‡Ki g‡b bZzb Avkvi mÂvi nq| msKU
K…l‡Ki Avk¼vi K_v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| †_‡K DËi‡Yi bZzb m¤¢vebv Dw`Z nq Zuvi g‡b|
 ¶ziaviv el©vq fiv b`xi †mªvZ Øxcm`„k †Qv‡Uv avb‡¶ZwUi 7. ÔAvgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwiÕÑ G Dw³i Zvrch© e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
Pvicv‡k †Ljv Ki‡Q, †hb gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨B †¶ZwU‡K fvwm‡q DËi : cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wUi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe K…l‡Ki Kg©dj †mvbvi
†b‡e| GgbB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †mLv‡b ivwk ivwk †mvbvi avb †K‡U av‡b gnvKv‡ji Zix cwic–Y© nIqvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
A‡c¶v Ki‡Qb wbtm½ K…lK| †gNv”Qbœ w`‡b †mvbvi avbMy‡jv Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcK KweZv| G KweZvq K…lKiƒcx wkímªóv
wbivc‡` cvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb wK bv, †m Avk¼vq D‡Øj n‡q Kwe Zuvi m„wóKg© †mvbvi avb wb‡q gnvKvjiƒcx Zixi cÖZx¶vq
c‡owQ‡jb K…lK| Ôbvwn fimvÕ Dw³wUi gva¨‡g Zuvi †m Avk¼vi wQ‡jb| Zix Avmvi ci avbiƒcx Zuvi mg¯Í Kg© †mLv‡b Zz‡j
K_vB e¨³ n‡q‡Q| †`b| G mgq wZwb Dcjwä K‡ib ZuviB K‡g©i fv‡i c–Y© Zix‡Z
3. Ôavb KvUv n‡jv mvivÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? Zuv‡K wb‡q hvIqvi g‡Zv ¯’vb Aewkó †bB| A_©vr Zixiƒcx
DËi : Ôavb KvUv n‡jv mvivÕ ej‡Z c„w_ex‡Z K…lKiƒcx gvb‡ei gnvKvj ïay dmj A_©vr gvby‡li Kg©‡KB MÖnY Ki‡e, e¨w³
mg¯Í Kg© m¤•vw`Z nIqv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvbyl‡K bq| cÖ‡kœv³ Dw³wUi ga¨ w`‡q G welqwUB Zvrch©gq
 Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq cÖwZwU Abyl½B wewkó iƒcK A‡_© n‡q D‡V‡Q|
cÖKvwkZ| KweZvwU‡Z K…lK e¨w³gvby‡li cÖZxK Avi Drcvw`Z 8. ÔkÖveYMMb wN‡i/Nb †gN Ny‡i wd‡iÕÑ Dw³wU‡Z el©vi †Kvb iƒc
avb n‡jv gvby‡li Kg©dj| msMZ Kvi‡YB avb KvUv mviv nIqv aiv c‡o‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
gv‡b Kv‡Ri mgvwß| A_©vr KweZvwU‡Z Ôavb KvUv n‡jv mvivÕ DËi : D×…ZvskwU‡Z kÖve‡Yi Nb‡Nvi el©vi wPivqZ iƒcwUB aiv
ej‡Z gvby‡li m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri cwimgvw߇KB †evSv‡bv c‡o‡Q|
n‡q‡Q|  loFZzi †`k evsjv‡`k| G‡`‡k Avlvp I kÖveYÑ G `yB gvm
4. Ôfiv b`x ¶ziavivÕ K_vwU Øviv Kwe Kx eywS‡q‡Qb? el©vKvj n‡jI kÖveY gv‡mB el©vi cÖK…Z iƒcwU aiv †`q| †m
Ôfiv b`x ¶ziavivÕ ej‡Z SÅv-we¶zä cwi‡ek‡KB Kwe mgq w`‡bi †ewki fvM mgq AvKvk Kv‡jv †g‡N XvKv _v‡K|
eywS‡q‡Qb| †h‡Kv‡bv gyn–‡Z©B e„wói Avk¼v _v‡K| D×…ZvskwUi ga¨ w`‡q
Ô¶ziavivÕ n‡jv ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv †h cÖevn ev †mªvZ| evsjvi el©Kv‡ji wPivPwiZ GB iƒcwUB A¼b K‡i‡Qb Kwe|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq fiv el©vq b`xi AvMÖvmx †mªvZ‡K Kwe 9. KweZvwU‡Z †g‡N XvKv MÖv‡gi wPÎK‡íi †fZi w`‡q cÖK…wZi †Kvb
¶ziaviv e‡j‡Qb| GB N–Y©vqgvb †mªvZ †Qv‡Uv avb‡¶ZwUi iƒcwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
Pvicv‡k fqsKi iƒ‡c weivRgvb| e¯‘Z, c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl‡K KweZvwU‡Z †g‡N XvKv MÖv‡gi wPÎK‡íi †fZi w`‡q el©v
bvbv cÖwZK‚jZvi g‡a¨ KvR K‡i †h‡Z nq| Av‡jvP¨ cÖK…wZi iƒcwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
KweZvwU‡Z cÖ‡kœv³ K_vwU Øviv Kwe †mB me Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq MÖvgxY wPÎK‡í fi K‡i KweZvwUi
cÖwZK‚jZv‡KB eywS‡q‡Qb| g~je³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb Kwe| GiB avivevwnKZvq
5. KweZvq ÔGKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †LZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v KweZvwU‡Z wZwb `–‡ii †gNv”Qbœ MÖv‡gi wPÎcU Dc¯’vcb
K‡iv| K‡i‡Qb| mvaviYZ el©vKv‡jB AvKvk †gNv”Qbœ _v‡K| GB
DËi : KweZvq ÔGKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †LZÕ KweZvskwU Øviv gvby‡li †gNv”Qbœ AvKvk g~jZ fvwi e„wócvZmn `y‡h©v‡Mi
Kg©‡¶Î wn‡m‡e c„w_ex‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Bw½Zevnx| Gi ga¨ w`‡q Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq el©v-cÖK…wZi
`y‡h©vMgq iƒcwU‡KB D‡š§vPb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq cÖwZ Abyl½B iƒcK A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| 10. Ôk–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i iwnby cwoÕÑ Dw³wU e¨vL¨v K‡iv|
†mLv‡b DwjøwLZ †Qv‡Uv †¶ZwU K…l‡Ki Pvlvev‡`i †¶Î wn‡m‡e cÖ‡kœv³ PiYwUi ga¨ w`‡q gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q e¨w³gvby‡li
 wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i w`KwU D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q| w`KwUB cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq GK wbtm½ K…l‡Ki iƒc‡K Kwe Rxe‡bi 16. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq dz‡U IVv el©v-cÖK…wZi eY©bv `vI|
GK Mfxi mZ¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| gnvKvj K…l‡Ki Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq MÖvg-evsjvi el©v-cÖK…wZi ¯^iƒc
Kg©d‡ji cÖZxK †mvbvi avb‡K MÖnY Ki‡jI Zuv‡K MÖnY wPwÎZ n‡q‡Q|
K‡i bv| d‡j Ac~Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q Zuv‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z  G KweZvq kÖve‡Yi †gNv”Qbœ GKwU mKv‡ji `„k¨Kí Zz‡j
nq gnvKv‡ji k~b¨Zvq wejxb nIqvi Rb¨| cÖ‡kœv³ aiv n‡q‡Q| el©vi ev`‡ji mv‡_ b`xZx‡ii avb‡¶‡Zi
PiYwU‡Z k~b¨ b`xi Zx‡i K…l‡Ki c‡o _vKvi wPÎ Pvicv‡k Zx¶è †mªv‡Zi †Ljv, †hb mewKQy gyn~‡Z©B fvwm‡q
Dc¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe G welqwU‡KB Dc¯’vcb †b‡e| AvKv‡k MyiMy ¤¢xi †g‡Ni AvIqvR †kvbv hv‡”Q| Avi
K‡i‡Qb| b`xi Icv‡ii ZiyQvqvgmx-gvLv MÖvgwU‡K A‡bKUvB A¯•ó
11. Ôhvnv wQj wb‡q †Mj †mvbvi ZixÕÑ K_vwUi gva¨‡g Kwe Kx †`Lv‡”Q| me wg‡j KweZvwU‡Z el©vi GK k¼v RvMvwbqv wPÎ
eywS‡q‡Qb? Dc¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
cÖ‡kœv³ PiYwU‡Z K…l‡Ki mgMÖ AR©b wn‡m‡e †mvbvi avb 17. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvbeRxe‡bi †Kvb w`KwU wee„Z n‡q‡Q?
gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z mgc©Y Ges †mLv‡b Zuvi ¯’vb bv cvIqvi eywS‡q †j‡Lv|
†e`bv‡eva cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| DËi : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq bk¦i gvbeRxe‡bi wecix‡Z K‡g©i
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq Kwe Zuvi DcjwäRvZ GK Mfxi AgiZvi w`KwU wee„Z n‡q‡Q|
Rxeb`k©b‡K Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| gnvKvj gvby‡li Kg©dj‡K  gvby‡li Rxeb bk¦i, g„Zz¨ Zvi Awbevh© cwiYwZ| Z‡e gvby‡li
aviY K‡i, e¨w³gvbyl †mLv‡b ¯’vb cvq bv| Avi ZvB gnr K‡g©i g„Zz¨ †bB| gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z e¨w³gvbyl ¯’vb bv
gnvKvjiƒc gvwS K…l‡Ki Drcvw`Z mg¯Í dmj wb‡q hvq; †c‡jI gnvKvj Zvi Kg©‡K MÖnY K‡i wVKB| Av‡jvP¨
wKš‘ K…lK‡K MÖnY K‡i bv| d‡j Ac–Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q KweZvwU‡Z gvbeRxe‡bi GB M~p mZ¨wUB K…lK I Zuvi †mvbvi
K…lK‡K A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Z wejxb nIqvi dm‡ji cwiYwZi ga¨ w`‡q dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
Rb¨| cÖ‡kœv³ PiYwUi ga¨ w`‡q K…l‡Ki Kg©djiƒcx †mvbvi
avb gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z mgc©Y Ges A~–Y©Zvi †e`bv‡ev‡ai
w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q|
12. ZixwU‡K †Kb Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ ejv n‡q‡Q?
ZixwU gnvg~j¨evb gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK e‡jB GwU‡K †mvbvi
Zix ejv n‡q‡Q|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ GKwU iƒcK KweZv| KweZvwU‡Z cÖwZwU
Abyl½B iƒcKvwqZ| Gi cÖwZwUi Avjv`v A_© i‡q‡Q|
KweZvwU‡Z Zix ej‡Z gnvKvj‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mgq
Ag–j¨, †Kv‡bv wKQy w`‡qB Zvi g~j¨ wba©viY Kiv m¤¢e bq|
Avi ZvB KweZvwU‡Z gnvKvjiƒ‡cx ZixwU‡K Zvrch©gwÐZ
K‡i Zzj‡ZB †mwU‡K †mvbvi Zix e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
13. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki Amnvq Ae¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q Kwe Kx
†evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
Av‡jvP¨ KweZvwU‡Z K…l‡Ki Amnvq‡Z¡i ga¨ w`‡q Kwe
e¨w³ gvby‡li wPišÍb I Awbevh© wecbœ Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KB
eywS‡q‡Qb|
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq `y‡h©vMNb cwi‡e‡k GKRb K…l‡Ki
msKUvcbœ Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GwU gvby‡li
Awbevh© cwiYwZ g„Zz¨iB Ab¨ iƒc| e¯‘Z, gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z
wPiKvj †eu‡P _vK‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ Zv m¤¢e bq; Zuv‡K Awbevh©
cwiYwZ wn‡m‡e g„Zz¨eiY Ki‡ZB nq| Av‡jvP¨ KweZvq
gnvKv‡ji Zix‡Z ¯’vb bv cvIqv K…l‡Ki wecbœ Ae¯’vi ga¨
w`‡q wbqwZi Kv‡Q e¨w³ gvby‡li GB wPišÍb Amnvq‡Z¡i
 Abykxjbxi eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
1. ÔI‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡kÕÑ GLv‡b ÔZzwgÕ †K? cÖwZôvq wZwb wQ‡jb cy‡ivav e¨w³Z¡|
K K…lK L Zix R gvwS N Kwe Rqbyj Av‡ew`‡bi m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi Kx‡mi
3.
cÖ‡kœvËi m¤úwK©Z AviI Z_¨Ñ mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q?
 ÔI‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡kÕ D³wUÑ cÖ‡kœvËi m¤úwK©Z AviI Z_¨Ñ
K…l‡Ki|  DÏx‡Ki Rqbyj Av‡ew`b gvby‡li g‡b †eu‡P
 cÖ‡kœvËi Dw³i ga¨ w`‡q †Póv Kiv n‡q‡QÑwbwe©Kvi i‡q‡QbÑZuvi m„wóK‡g©i d‡j|
gvwSi m„wó AvKl©‡Yi|  gnvKv‡ji wbôzi KivjMÖv‡m wewjb nqÑgvby‡li
 cÖ‡kœvËi Dw³wU‡Z Ôwe‡`kÕÑwPivqZ wkí‡jv‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡|
cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|  gnvKv‡ji †¯ªv‡Z mewKQz †f‡m †M‡jI †eu‡P
2. Kwe Ô†Qv‡Uv †¶ZÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb? _v‡KÑgvby‡liB m„ó †mvbvi dmj|
K gvwS L fiv b`x
K AvqZ‡b †Qv‡Uv †¶Z L b`xi †Qv‡Uv Pi M Zix S K…lK
R gvby‡li Rxebcwiwa N ARvbvi †`k 4. D³ mv`„‡k¨i †cÖw¶‡Z ejv hvqÑ
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : cÖ‡kœvËi m¤úwK©Z AviI Z_¨Ñ
Rqbyj Av‡ew`b weL¨vZ wPÎwkíx| wZwb wkívPvh© bv‡g
cwiwPZ| Zuvi weL¨vZ wPÎK‡g©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `ywf©‡¶i  gvbeRxeb msw¶ß n‡jI m„wóÑAwebk¦i|
wPÎgvjv, msMÖvg, muvIZvj igYx, So Ges AviI A‡bK  mg‡qi †¯ªv‡Z †f‡m hvq gvby‡liÑRxeb †hŠeb|
Qwe| c„w_exi gvbyl GB wkíxi †cw݇ji AuvP‡o K Rxeb AwZ msw¶ß Q m„wó Awebk¦i
cÖwZdwjZ `ywf©¶ZvwoZ gvbylI †mB mgq‡K AvRI M m¤•` ¶Y¯’ v qx N mgq AbšÍ cÖevnx
Abyfe K‡i| eZ©gvb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi PviæKjv Abyl`

eûwbe©vPwb cÖ‡kœvËi
mvaviY eûwbe©vPwb 10. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ wLªóv‡ã †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib?
(Ávb)
Kwe-cwiwPwZ :
P 1913 wLªóv‡ã L 1914 wLªóv‡ã
5. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ mv‡j Rš§MÖnY K‡ib? (Ávb)
M 1915 wLªóv‡ã N 1916 wLªóv‡ã
K 1961 wLªóv‡ã Q 1861 wLªóv‡ã
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi ÔMxZvÄwjÕ Ges Ab¨vb¨
M 1761 wLªóv‡ã N 1661 wLªóv‡ã Kv‡e¨i KweZvi mgš^‡q ¯^-Ab–w`Z 'Song offerings'
6. mvwnZ¨K‡g©i cvkvcvwk Abb¨ wPÎwkíx wn‡m‡eI cÖwZfvi MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib|
¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb †K? (Ávb) 11. ÔejvKvÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU Kvi †jLv? (Ávb)
K gvB‡Kj gaym–`b `Ë L ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq P iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii L KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi
R iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi N kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq M Rxebvb›` `v‡ki N Awgq PµeZ©xi
7. Ôwek¦fviZxÕ Kvi Ae`vb? (Ávb) 12. wb‡Pi †KvbwU iex›`ªbv‡_i Kve¨MÖš’? (Ávb)
K kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii P cybð L †`bv-cvIbv
M ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨v‡qi N KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi M ivRwmsn N WvKNi
8. gvÎ c‡b‡iv eQi eq‡m iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ 13. ÔwemR©bÕ Kx RvZxq iPbv? (Ávb)
cÖKvwkZ nq? (Ávb) P bvUK L Dcb¨vm M †Qv‡UvMí N cÖeÜ
K †mvbvi Zix L wPÎv 14. ÔwPÎv½`vÕ bvUKwU †K iPbv K‡i‡Qb? (Ávb)
R ebdzj N Kíbv P iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi L KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
9. iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii cÖKvwkZ cÖ_g Kve¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Kx?
M Awgq PµeZ©x N ˆmq` IqvjxDjøvn
(Ávb)
15. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi KZ wLªóv‡ã g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib? (Ávb)
P ebdzj L wPÎv
P 1941 wLªóv‡ã L 1961 wLªóv‡ã
M gvbmx N †mvbvi Zix
 M 1861 wLªóv‡ã N 1841 wLªóv‡ã K c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl GKv L K…l‡Ki GKv _vKv
16. Gkxq‡`i g‡a¨ †K cÖ_g mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb? R wkímªóvi Ac–Y©Zv N gnvKv‡ji wbtm½Zv
(Ávb) 29. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †K fiv cv‡j P‡j hvq? (Ávb)
K wm wf igY Q iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi K K…lK L Kwe R gvwS N Zix
M Avãym mvjvg N AgZ©¨ †mb [Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK gvwS wbivm³| †Kv‡bv
17. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ †Qv‡UvM‡íi cw_K…r †K? (Ávb) w`‡K Zvi `„wócvZ †bB e‡j †m wbwe©Kvifv‡e P‡j hvq|
K wef‚wZf‚lY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq L ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 30. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †Kvb FZzi cÖfve j¶ Kiv hvq?
M kirP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq S iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (Abyaveb)
18. Ô†kl †jLvÕ Kvi iPbv? (Ávb) K MÖ x ®§ Q el© v M kir N †ngšÍ
P iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii L KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi 31. ˆeix cwi‡e‡k Mvb MvB‡Z MvB‡Z gvwSi GwM‡q Avmv Zvi
M cÖg_ †PŠayixi N Awgq PµeZ©xi †Kvb ˆewkó¨ wb‡`©k K‡i? (Abyaveb)
g–jcvV : †evW© eB; c„ôv 252 K kvšÍ iƒc L msMxZ †cÖg
M Avbw›`Z AvMgb S wb‡g©vn g‡bvfve
19. ÔNb eilvÕ kãwUi gva¨‡g KweZvq g–jZ Kx †evSv‡bv
32. †bŠKvi gvwS Kxfv‡e P‡j hvq? (Ávb)
n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
P Zzgyj el©v L Li‡mªvZv b`x P fiv cv‡j L cvjwenxb †bŠKvq
M el©vi `y‡h©vM N el©v cÖK…wZ M `ª“ZMwZ‡Z N wi³ Ae¯’vq
20. ÔK‚‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimvÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx 33. Ô†XDMy‡jv wbiæcvqÕ K_vwUi ga¨ w`‡q g–jZ †Kvb welqwU
eywS‡q‡Qb? (Abyaveb) †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
P AwbðqZv L AcÖvw߇eva K Li‡mªvZv b`xi Dš§ËZv L el©v cÖK…wZi iæ`ª iƒc
M nZvkv N Avk¼v M wkímªóvi Ac–Y©Zv S Kvj Avcb MwZ‡Z engvb
21. K…lK fimv bv cvIqvi KviY Kx? (Abyaveb) 34. Ôev‡iK wfovI Zix K‚ ‡ j‡Z G‡mÕ PiYwU‡Z K…l‡Ki Kxiƒc
K MÖvgxY cwi‡ek L Li‡mªvZv b`x Av‡e`b cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
R el©vi `y‡h©vM N dmj †Zvjvi Zvov K wb‡`©k Q Abybq M wb‡e`b N Av‡`k
22. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi Ôfviv fvivÕ kãMy”Q Kx †evSv‡Z 35. K…lK‡K †`‡L †mvbvi Zixi gvwSi †Kgb Abyf‚wZ nq?
e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) (Ávb)
K c–Y©Zv †evSv‡Z Q wecyjZv †evSv‡Z K †KŠZ‚njx nq Q wbwe©Kvi _v‡K
M cÖ‡qvRbxq †evSv‡Z N ¯^íZv †evSv‡Z M wei³ nq N Avbw›`Z nq
23. avb KvUv †kl nIqvi ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z Kx cÖKvk 36. gvwSi †Kv‡bv w`‡K bv ZvKv‡bvi AšÍwb©wnZ KviY Kx? (D”PZi
†c‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) `¶Zv)
P K‡g©i cwiYwZ L Kg©gq Rxeb P gnvKvj Avcb MwZ‡Z P‡j
M dm‡ji KvR m¤•bœ nIqv N dmj †Zvjvi Zvov L gvbeRxeb gvwSi g‡ZvB wb‡g©vn
24. KweZvq K…l‡Ki Kg©¯’jwU †Kgb? (Ávb) M gnvKvj K…l‡Ki cÖwZ AbvMÖnx
P †Qv‡Uv L e‡ov M †Kvjvnjc–Y© N wbR©b N cÖK…wZ-cwi‡ek gnvKvj‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i bv
25. euvKv Rj †Kv_vq †Ljv Ki‡Q? (Ávb) 37. Kwei eY©bvq wbiæcvq †XDMy‡jv Kx K‡i? (Ávb)
K cicv‡i L Li‡mªvZv b`x‡Z P fv‡O `y av‡i L †Ljv K‡i
M we‡`‡k S †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K M †bŠKv Wz w e‡q †`q N g‡b kvwšÍ †`q
26. euvKv Rj †Ljv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q b`xi R‡ji †Kvb w`KwU 38. el©v cÖK…wZi iƒc dz‡U D‡V‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb Pi‡Y?
D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) (Abyaveb)
P MM‡b Mi‡R †gN, Nb eilv|
K wnsmªZv Q DÏvgZv M kvšÍiƒc N cÖengvbZv
L fiv b`x ¶ziaviv LicikvÑ
27. cicv‡ii MÖvgLvwb Kxiƒc? (Ávb)
M kÖveYMMb wN‡i Nb †gN Ny‡i wd‡i,
P AuvKv Qwei g‡Zv L A¯•ó I Ac–Y©
N †XDMywj wbiæcvq fv‡O `y av‡iÑ
M †auvqvkvi g‡Zv N Kv‡jv I weeY©
39. avb KvUvi ci K…l‡Ki g‡b Kx‡mi D`q nq? (Abyaveb)
28. ÔAvwg G‡KjvÕ K_vwUi ga¨ w`‡q g–jZ †Kvb w`KwU
P Avk¼vi L Avb‡›`i M †e`bvi N AnsKv‡ii
D‡š§vwPZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : `y‡h©vMc–Y© AvenvIqv I Kvj‡mªvZ j¶ K‡i
 avb KvUvi ci K…l‡Ki g‡b k¼vi m„wó nq| M K‚‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv|
40. †bŠKvi gvwS‡K †`‡L cÖ_gUvq K…l‡Ki g‡b Kx aviYv nq? S I‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡k?
(Ávb) 51. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvwSi cÖwZ K…l‡Ki Abybq Kxiƒc wQj?
K ¯^ícwiwPZ Q c–e©cwiwPZ (Abyaveb)
M AcwiwPZ N mvnvh¨Kvix K wb‡g©vn L KiæY M mvaviY S mwbe©Ü
41. K…l‡Ki avb KvUvi mgq Kx G‡jv? (Ávb) 52. gvwS‡K †Kv_vq Zix †fov‡bvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
K g„Zz¨ Q eilv (Abyaveb)
M †mvbvi Zix N wb`ªv K avb‡¶‡Z Q b`xK‚‡j
42. KLb el©v ïiæ n‡q‡Q? (Ávb) M cicv‡i N `–ieZ©x MÖv‡g
K avb KvUv ïiæ n‡j L avb KvUvi g‡a¨ [Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : b`xK‚‡j K…lK dmj wb‡q A‡c¶v
R avb KvU‡Z KvU‡Z N avb KvUv †kl n‡j KiwQ‡jb| †bŠKvq dmj Zz‡j w`‡ZB K…lK gvwS‡K
43. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †mvbvi avb Avm‡j Kx? (Abyaveb) b`xK‚‡j †bŠKv †fov‡Z e‡jb|
K †mvbvi ˆZwi avb L †mvbvgyLx avb 53. Ôcicv‡iÕ iƒc‡Ki ga¨ w`‡q KweZvwU‡Z g–j Kx †evSv‡bv
M g–j¨evb iZœ S m„wóKg© n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
44. wnsmª b`xi †mªvZ †Kv_vq †Ljv KiwQj? (Ávb) K Icv‡ii MÖvg Q g„Zz¨cieZ©x RMr
K †bŠKvi cv‡k Q †¶‡Zi Pviw`‡K M Kíbvi RMr N `–ieZ©x MÖvg
M †¶‡Zi cv‡k N †bŠKvi Pviw`‡K 54. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv ewY©Z MÖv‡gi Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj?
45. ÔI‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_v hvI †Kvb we‡`‡kÕÑ GLv‡b Ôwe‡`kÕ (Ávb)
ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) P †g‡N XvKv L AÜKviv”Qbœ
P AcwiwPZ ¯’v‡b L †`‡ki evB‡i M †iŠ‡`ªv¾¡j N Kzqvkv”Qbœ
M cvðvZ¨ †`‡k N MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z 55. mvwnwZ¨K Av‡bvqviv Kwig fv‡eb wZwb c„w_ex‡Z _vKzb
46. avb‡¶‡Zi cwi‡ek †Kgb wQj? (Ávb) Avi bv-B _vKzb, Zuvi mvwnZ¨Kg© †hb gvby‡li g‡b ¯’vb
K mewKQy kvšÍ-w¯’i wQj cvq| Av‡bvqviv Kwi‡gi g‡bvfve e¨³ n‡q‡Q KweZvi
L †¶ZwU RjgMœ wQj †Kvb Pi‡Y? (cÖ‡qvM)
R Pviw`‡K euvKv Rj †Ljv KiwQj K GKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †¶Z, Avwg G‡KjvÑ
N Pvicvk †iŠ`ªK‡iv¾¡j wQj L †`‡L †hb g‡b nq wPwb Dnv‡i|
47. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…l‡Ki fimv †bB †Kb? (D”PZi R hZ PvI jI ZiYx-c‡i|
`¶Zv) N GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i \
K Kv‡R duvwK w`‡q‡Q e‡j 56. ÔMvb †M‡q Zix †e‡q †K Av‡m cv‡i!ÕÑ cÖK…Zc‡¶
L Kg©¯•„nv †bB e‡j Dw³wU‡Z Kv‡K Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q? (D”PZi `¶Zv)
R AwbwðZ cwiYwZi K_v †f‡e K g„Zz¨`–Z Q gnvKvj
N AvKv‡k †gN WvK‡Q e‡j M wbôzi mgq N AcwiwPZ gvwS
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : K…lK Zuvi dmj wbivc` ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z 57. cÖPÐ Li‡mªvZv b`xi fvO‡b †h‡Kv‡bv gyn–‡Z© wejxb n‡q
cvi‡eb wK bv GB †f‡e fimv cvb bv| †h‡Z cv‡i mvjv‡gi emZwfUv| evwoi mvg‡b mvnv‡h¨i
48. Rj‡K ÔeuvKvÕ e‡j AwfwnZ Kivi KviY Kx? (Abyaveb) cÖZ¨vkvq `uvwo‡q Av‡Q †m| wPÎKíwUi mv‡_ cvV¨m–wPi
P cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ L †mªv‡Zi eµZv †Kvb KweZvi wgj j¶ Kiv hvq? (cÖ‡qvM)
M b`xi cwiw¯’wZ N R‡ji cÖengvbZv K Rxeb e›`bv Q †mvbvi Zix
49. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq ÔeuvKv RjÕ g–jZ Kx‡mi cÖZxK? M GKwU d‡UvMÖvd N Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b
(Abyaveb) 58. gvwS‡K †`‡L K…lK DrmyK n‡q I‡Vb †Kb? (Abyaveb)
K gnvKv‡ji L Kg©d‡ji P †Pbv g‡b nIqvq L `¶ gvwS g‡b nIqvq
R Kvj‡mªv‡Zi N Avk¼vi M nVvr †`Lv cvIqvq N Mvb ïb‡Z cvIqvi Avkvq
50. K…lK wbwe©Kvi gvwSi `„wó AvKl©‡Yi †Póv K‡ib †Kvb 59. K…lK gvwS‡K ¶wYK †n‡m Kx wb‡q †h‡Z e‡j‡Q? (Ávb)
PiYwUi gva¨‡g? (Abyaveb) P `ytL-hvZbv L wb‡R‡K
K GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i \ M †mvbvi avb N A_©-m¤•`
L GKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †¶Z, Avwg G‡KjvÑ
60. Ôhvnv j‡q wQby fz‡jÕÑ G K_vUvi g‡a¨ Kx cÖ”Qbœ i‡q‡Q? K ˆR¨ô L Avlvp R kÖveY N fv`ª
(Abyaveb) 71. kÖveYMMb wN‡i Kx Ny‡i †d‡i? (Ávb)
K Aby‡kvPbv L Av‡¶c K aej eK Q Nb †gN
M AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv S AvZ¥bymÜvb M wbtm½ MvOwPj N ïå †gN
61. ÔmKwj w`jvg Zz‡jÕ PiYwU‡Z K…l‡Ki †Kgb g‡bvfve 72. k–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i Ac–Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q †K GKv `uvwo‡q _v‡K?
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) (Ávb)
K ¯’vb bv cvIqvi Av‡¶c L GKv c‡o _vKvi nZvkv K †R‡j Q K…lK M gvwS N bvweK
M AvšÍwiK wb‡e`b S Amnvq AvZ¥mgc©Y [Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : wbtm½ Ac–Y©Zvi †e`bv wb‡q Avmbœ I
62. K…lK _‡i we_‡i Kx mvwR‡q w`‡jb? (Ávb) Awbevh© g„Zz¨i cÖZx¶vq A‡c¶gvY K…lK|
P mg¯Í avb L mwÂZ Lvevi 73. Ôk–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i/iwnby cwo|ÕÑ K_vwU w`‡q Kx †evSv‡bv
M mg¯Í m¤•` N mwÂZ A_© n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
63. ÔGLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡iÕÑ ÔAvgv‡iÕ ej‡Z GLv‡b P g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zv L Kv‡ji cÖengvbZv
Kv‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) M K…l‡Ki AmnvqZv N AcÖvwßi †e`bv
P K…lK‡K L gvwS‡K 74. K…lK †Kv_vq c‡o _v‡Kb? (Ávb)
M g„Zz¨‡K N fz¯^vgx‡K K Avcb evmM„‡n Q b`xi Zx‡i
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : gnvKv‡ji †bŠKvq dmj Zz‡j †`Iqv K…lK M gvwSi †bŠKvq N avb‡¶‡Z
wb‡R ¯’vb cvIqvi Rb¨ gvwS‡K wgbwZ Rvwb‡q‡Qb| 75. ÔAvgvi mKj wb‡q e‡m AvwQ me©bv‡ki AvkvqÕÑ
64. ÔVuvB bvBÕ K_vwU‡Z gvwSi †Kgb g‡bvfve cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? D×…Zvs‡ki mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb
(Abyaveb) Pi‡Y? (cÖ‡qvM)
P AbvMÖn L nZvkv M wb‡e`b N ¯§„wZPviY P K‚‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimv|
65. KweZvq ZixwU‡K †Qv‡Uv ejvi KviY Kx? (Abyaveb) L GZKvj b`xK‚‡j/hvnv j‡q wQby fz‡j
P Zix‡Z †Kej Kg©djB VuvB cvq M GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i \
L Zix‡Z †Kej gvwSB ågY K‡i N k–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i/iwnby cwoÑ
M K…l‡Ki Av‡e`b MÖvn¨ Kivi bq 76. Ôe¨w³Rxeb AmviÕÑ G †eva KweZvi †Kvb Pi‡Yi ga¨
N `–i †_‡K ZixwU‡K †Qv‡Uv g‡b nq w`‡q cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q? (D”PZi `¶Zv)
66. †iv‡g‡ji `v`yi eqm GKk cvi n‡q †M‡jI †eu‡P _vKvi
K ïay Zzwg wb‡q hvI/¶wYK †n‡m
Zxeª evmbv Zuvi| †iv‡g‡ji `v`yi GB evmbv cÖwZaŸwbZ
L mKwj w`jvg Zz‡j/_‡i we_‡iÑ
n‡q‡Q Ô†mvbvi ZixÕi †Kvb cO&w³‡Z? (cÖ‡qvM)
R k–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i/iwnby cwoÑ
K hZ PvI ZZ jI ZiYxÑ c‡i|
N Gcv‡i‡Z †Qv‡Uv †¶Z, Avwg G‡Kjv \
Q GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i \
77. K…l‡Ki dmj †K wb‡q hvq? (Ávb)
M I‡Mv, Zzwg †Kv_vI hvI †Kvb we‡`‡k?
P †mvbvi Zix L K…l‡Ki ¯^Rb
N ïay Zzwg wb‡q hvI/¶wYK †n‡m
M K…lK wb‡R N Rwgi gvwjK
67. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwe ÔAvgviÕ ej‡Z g–jZ Kv‡K
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : K…l‡Ki dmj Z_v m„wóm¤¢vi gnvKv‡ji
eywS‡q‡Qb? (Abyaveb)
†bŠKvq ¯’vb jvf K‡i‡Q|
P wb‡R‡K L gvwS‡K
78. K…l‡Ki AZ…wßi †e`bvi KviY Kx? (Abyaveb)
M mgq‡K N Zix‡K
P †mvbvi Zix‡Z VuvB bv nIqv
68. gvwSi Zix‡Z K…lK ¯’vb †c‡jb bv †Kb? (Ávb)
L Avkvbyiƒc dmj bv nIqv
K ZixwU †QvU wQj e‡j L gvwSi g‡b a‡iwb e‡j
M gvwS Zuv‡K wPb‡Z bv cviv
R av‡b Zix c–Y© e‡j N mgq wQj bv e‡j
N gvwS Zuvi dmj bv †bIqv
69. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq dm‡ji iƒc‡K Kx †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q?
79. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU‡Z wbtm½ K…lK ej‡Z g–jZ Kv‡K
(Abyaveb)
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
P m„wóKg©‡K L Kg©‡¶Î‡K
K gvwS‡K Q Kwe‡K M wkíx‡K N MvqK‡K
M K…l‡Ki mvabv‡K N gvby‡li Rxeb‡K
80. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kvi `ytL cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q?
70. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq K…lK †Kvb gv‡m avb †K‡UwQ‡jb?
(Abyaveb)
(Abyaveb)
P K…l‡Ki L gvwSi
 M gvby‡li N cÖK…wZi R Kg©d‡ji MyiæZ¡ N mvsmvwiK †PZbv
81. el©vi wP‡Îi Avov‡j Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †Kvb wPÎ dz‡U 91. AvR mvivw`b e„wó n‡”Q| e„wói Q‡›` †hb gb D`vm n‡q
D‡V‡Q? (D”PZi `¶Zv) hvq| Ae¯’vwU Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU‡K
K gvbegyw³i wPÎ L gvby‡li Kg©gqZvi wPÎ wb‡`©k K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM)
R gvbeRxe‡bi `vk©wbKZv N gvbeg„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zv P el©v cÖK…wZ L Li‡mªvZv b`x
82. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq MVbMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i wgj i‡q‡Q M el©vi `y‡h©vM N dmj †Zvjvi Zvov
wb‡Pi †KvbwUi mv‡_? (D”PZi `¶Zv) 92. meyR wgqv GKRb KvVwgw¯¿| Zvi ˆZwi Avmeve †µZviv eûg–
K ms‡KZawg©Zv Q iƒcKawg©Zv ‡j¨ µq Ki‡jI Zv‡K †KD g–j¨vqb K‡i bv| †µZv‡`i
M ev¯Íeawg©Zv N MxwZawg©Zv gvbwmKZv Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb welq‡K Bw½Z K‡i?
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU‡Z iƒc‡Ki Avov‡j (cÖ‡qvM)
gvbeRxe‡bi Pig mZ¨ D”PvwiZ n‡q‡Q| K cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k K…l‡Ki `yie¯’v
83. Ôm„wóKg©‡K †mvbvi dmj ejv n‡q‡Q †Kb? (Abyaveb) L RvMwZK wel‡q gvwSi wbwe©KviZ¡
K m„wóK‡g© DrK…ó e‡j L m„wóKg© kÖ‡gi dj e‡j M e¨w³ gvby‡li g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zv
M m„wóKg© weL¨vZ e‡j S m„wóKg© Awebk¦i e‡j S K…l‡Ki cÖwZ gnvKv‡ji AbvMÖn
84. ÔK‚‡j GKv e‡m AvwQ, bvwn fimvÕÑ GLv‡b ÔK‚‡jÕ kãwU 93. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq e¨w³mËv‡K wemR©‡bi Bw½Z cvIqv
Kx‡mi cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) hvq †KvbwU‡Z? (Abyaveb)
P BnRMr L b`xi K‚j M avb‡¶Z N cicvi K gvwSi wb‡g©vn AvPi‡Y Q K…l‡Ki Amnvq Av—
85. mMxi wgqv eû Kó †mvbvi dmj djvq| Zvi mv‡_ Ô†mvbvi mgc©‡Y
ZixÕ KweZvi Kvi wgj i‡q‡Q? (cÖ‡qvM) M K…l‡Ki cÖZx¶vq N †bŠKv dmjc–Y© Kivq
K gvwS L gnvKvj 94. †Kvb D×…wZi ev D×…wZMy‡”Qi gva¨‡g Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ
R K…lK N †mvbvi Zix KweZvi K…l‡Ki AmnvqZ¡ e¨³ Kiv hvq? (D”PZi
86. b`x cvivcvi KivB gZje wgqvi KvR| gZje wgqv `¶Zv)
Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi Kvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) K Avwg Acvi n‡q e‡m AvwQ I‡n `qvgq
P gvwS L gnvKvj Q Avgvi mv¤•vb hvÎx bv jq, fvOv Avgvi Zix
M K…lK N †mvbvi Zix M GB Avmv-hvIqvi †Lqvi K‚‡j Avgvi evwo
87. e„× iBm †PŠayixi mewKQy _vKv m‡Ë¡I g‡b myL †bB| N mgq †M‡j mvab n‡e bv
†KejB g‡b nq G mewKQyB c‡o _vK‡e, †Kej wZwb kãv_© I UxKv : †evW© eB; c„ôv 253
_vK‡eb bv| Zvi gvbwmKZvq Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb 95. ÔVuvBÕ kãwU ey¨rcwËMZfv‡e †KvbwUi m‡½ mv`„k¨c–Y©?
w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q? (cÖ‡qvM) (Ávb)
K RvMwZK fvebv L cvigvw_©K fvebv K Ae¯’vb Q ¯’vb M evm¯’vb N cÖ¯’vb
R g„Zz¨‡PZbv N mvsmvwiK †PZbv 96. ÔM‡R©Õ kãwUi iƒcvšÍwiZ iƒc †KvbwU? (Ávb)
88. c„w_exi GB me Mí †eu‡P i‡e wPiKvj; K MwR©Z L MiR R Mi‡R N MwR©
Gwkwiqv ay‡jv AvRÑ †ewejb QvB n‡q Av‡Q| 97. Ôel©vÕ k‡ãi iƒcvšÍwiZ iƒc †KvbwU? (Ávb)
D³ KweZvs‡ki fve †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb KweZv‡K wb‡`©k P eilv L eikv M ek©v N eimv
K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) 98. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq dm‡ji Rwgi Pviw`‡K †ewóZ
K m–‡PZbv L we‡`ªvnx M cÙv S †mvbvi Zix Rjivwk Kx‡mi cÖZxK? (Abyaveb)
89. cÙvi fvO‡b me©¯^ nvwi‡q w`kvnviv kwdK wgqv| kwdK P Kvj‡mªv‡Zi L wbtm½Zvi
wgqvi ev¯ÍeZv Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`K‡K wb‡`©k M wbwe©Kvi‡Z¡i N Amnvq‡Z¡i
K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) 99. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq †bŠKv Kx‡mi cÖZxK? (Abyaveb)
P K…l‡Ki `yie¯’v L gvwSi wbwe©KviZ¡ P gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK L Rxe‡bi cÖZxK
M g„Zz¨‡PZbv N mvsmvwiK †PZbv M PjgvbZvi cÖZxK N Avb‡›`i cÖZxK
90. wkívPvh© Rqbyj †eu‡P †bB| wKš‘ Zuvi Qwe GL‡bv gvbyl‡K 100. Ô_‡i we_‡iÕ K_vwUi A_© Kx? (Ávb)
†cÖiYv †`q| Rqby‡ji Qwe Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb K wKQy wKQy Q ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i
w`K‡K D‡š§vPb K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) M µgk Ic‡i N G‡Ki ci GK
K dm‡ji MyiæZ¡ L gvwSi wbwe©KviZ¡ 101. Ôev‡iKÕ k‡ãi A_© Kx? (Ávb)
 K evievi L cybivq 112. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU †Kvb Q‡›` iwPZ? (Ávb)
M AbygwZµ‡g S GKevi K ¯^ie„Ë Q gvÎve„Ë M A¶ie„Ë N M`¨Q›`
102. ÔZiæQvqvÕ A_© Kx? (Ávb) 113. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU KZ gvÎvi gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ
P Mv‡Qi Qvqv L b`xi Qvqv n‡q‡Q? (Ávb)
M evwoi Qvqv N cÖvYxi Qvqv K 6 gvÎvi Q 8 gvÎvi
103. Ô¶ziavivÕ KweZvq Kx A‡_© e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) M 5 gvÎvi N 4 gvÎvi
K ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv ek©v L ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv A¯¿ 114. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq c–Y© c‡e© gvÎvmsL¨v KZ? (Ávb)
M ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv b`x S ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv †mªvZ K4 L6 M7 S8
104. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq ÔAvwgÕ kãwUi cÖZxKx A_© Kx? 115. Ôk–b¨ b`xi Zx‡iÕ Kq gvÎvi ce©? (cÖ‡qvM)
(Abyaveb) K 5 gvÎvi L 6 gvÎvi
K K…lK Q Kwe wb‡R M 7 gvÎvi S 8 gvÎvi
M gvwS N †mvbvi avb 116. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU Ac–Y© ce© Kq gvÎvi? (Ávb)
105. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq ÔLicikvÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv K 8 gvÎvi L 7 gvÎvi
n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) M 6 gvÎvi S 5 gvÎvi
K Z‡jvqv‡ii g‡Zv Q aviv‡jv ek©vi g‡Zv
eûc`x mgvwßm–PK
M euvKv Qywii g‡Zv N aviv‡jv PvKzi g‡Zv
117 b¤^i‡K d‡jv K‡iv| †ivgb msL¨v¸‡jv Gfv‡e n‡e|
106. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU‡Z †KvbwUi gva¨‡g MvQcvjvi
117. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq ewY©Z b`xwUi †mªvZÑ (Abyaveb)
Kvj‡P isgvLv Ae¯’v †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb)
K cicv‡i †`wL AuvKv Q ZiæQvqvgmx-gvLv i. ek©vi g‡Zv aviv‡jv
M Pvwiw`‡K euvKv Rj N MÖvgLvwb †g‡N XvKv ii. ¶z‡ii g‡Zv aviv‡jv
107. ÔZiæQvqvgmx-gvLvÕ †Kb ejv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) iii. we`y¨‡Zi g‡Zv ¶xcÖ
K Qvqv mywbweo cwi‡ek‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
L †gNbv AvenvIqv‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
R MvQcvjvi Qvqvi Kvj‡P is gvLv‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ 118. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq ewY©Z avb‡¶ZwUÑ (Abyaveb)
N cjøweZ e„¶‡K wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ i. †`L‡Z Øx‡ci g‡Zv
108. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖš’wUi iPwqZv †K? (Ávb) ii. AvKv‡i †Qv‡Uv
K KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg L Awgq PµeZ©x iii. b`xi †mªv‡Z wejxqgvb
M ‰mq` Avjx Avnmvb S iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
109. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwU Kwei †Kvb Kve¨MÖš’ †_‡K †bIqv K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
n‡q‡Q? (Ávb) 119. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvwSÑ (Abyaveb)
K wPÎv L ejvKv i. fiv cv‡j P‡j hvq
R †mvbvi Zix N gvbmx
ii. K…l‡Ki Abyb‡q mvov †`q
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ Kve¨MÖš’wU 1894 wLªóv‡ã
iii. Mvb †M‡q Zix evq
cÖKvwkZ nq|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
110. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kwei m„wóKg©‡K Kx wn‡m‡e Kíbv
Kiv n‡q‡Q? (Abyaveb) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
K m¤•` Q dmj M b`xi †mªvZ N Zix [Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : gvwS wb‡g©vn gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK| ZvB †m
111. Zix †e‡q Avmv gvwSwU‡K †Pbv g‡b nIqvq K…l‡Ki g‡b fvebvnxb| †Kv‡bv w`‡K Zvi `„wócvZ †bB|
Kxiƒc fv‡ei D`q nq? (Abyaveb) 120. K…lK Zuvi †mvbvi avb gvwS‡K w`jÑ (Abyaveb)
K f‡q AvZw¼Z nq Q Avkvi Av‡jv Lyu‡R cvq i. myweb¨¯Í K‡i mvwR‡q
M m‡›`‡ni `„wó‡Z †`‡L N Av‡e‡M Kvbœv P‡j Av‡m ii. m¤•–Y©iƒ‡c
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : `y‡h©vMc–Y© AvenvIqvq Drcbœ dm‡ji iii. AvswkK
fwel¨r wb‡q K…lK `ywðšÍvMÖ¯Í wQ‡jb| G mgq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e gvwS‡K †`‡L K…l‡Ki `ywðšÍv `–ixf‚Z P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
nq|
121. ÒVuvB bvB, VuvB bvBÑ †Qv‡Uv †m Zix|Ó Dw³wUi gva¨‡g wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
†evSv‡bv n‡q‡QÑ (Abyaveb) P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. K…l‡Ki dm‡j ZixwU wQj cwic–Y© 128. KweZvwU‡Z cicv‡ii MÖvgwU wb‡`©k K‡iÑ (Abyaveb)
ii. Zix‡Z dmj e¨ZxZ Ab¨ wKQyi RvqMv †bB i. †jvKvj‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡
iii. gnvKvj e¨w³ gvbyl‡K MÖnY K‡i bv ii. MÖvgxY cwi‡ek‡K
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. g„Zz¨i Icv‡ii RMr‡K
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
122. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvwSÑ (Abyaveb) K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
i. gnvKv‡ji cÖZxK 129. †bŠKvi gvwSi †Kv‡bv w`‡K bv ZvKv‡bv wb‡`©k K‡iÑ
ii. e¨w³ gvby‡li cÖwZ AbvMÖnx (Abyaveb)
iii. †Kej Kg©dj‡KB MÖnY K‡i i. cvwicvwk¦©K NUbv wel‡q †m wbiv‡eM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. K…l‡Ki wecbœ Ae¯’v‡K †m MyiæZ¡ †`qwb
iii. e¯‘RM‡Zi NUbvµg gnvKvj‡K Qyu‡Z cv‡i bv
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
123. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq el©v cÖK…wZÑ (Abyaveb)
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
i. `y‡h©v‡Mi Bw½Zevnx
130. Ôhvnv wQj wb‡q †Mj †mvbvi ZixÕ PiYwU wb‡`©k K‡iÑ
ii. K…l‡Ki wecbœ Ae¯’v wb‡`©kK (Abyaveb)
iii. evsjvi wmœ» iƒc‡K cÖKvk K‡i i. K…l‡Ki AmnvqZ¡
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. g„Zz¨ Acwinvh©Zv
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. gnvKv‡ji Kv‡Q e¨w³ gvbyl g–j¨nxb
124. KweZvwU‡Z Ô†Qv‡Uv †¶ZÕ Bw½Z K‡iÑ (Abyaveb) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. c„w_ex‡K K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. K…l‡Ki `wi`ª Ae¯’v‡K 131. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv‡ZÑ (Abyaveb)
iii. gvby‡li Kg©RMr‡K i. Mfxi Rxeb `k©b ewY©Z Av‡Q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. iƒc‡Ki AvkÖq †bIqv n‡q‡Q
K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. wewfbœ wPÎK‡í cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q
125. †mvbvi Zix‡Z K…l‡Ki ¯’vb bv nIqvi KviYÑ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(Abyaveb) K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
i. †bŠKv dmjc–Y© nIqv 132. †h D×…wZ ev DׄwZ¸”Q wec‡`i Ae¯’v‡K †evSvqÑ
ii. gnvKvj e¨w³ gvbyl‡K MÖnY bv Kiv (D”PZi `¶Zv)
iii. †mvbvi Zixi MšÍe¨ wfbœ nIqv i. fiv b`x ¶ziaviv Licikv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. Pvwiw`‡K euvKv Rj Kwi‡Q †Ljv
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii iii. Gcv‡i‡Z †Qv‡Uv †¶Z, Avwg G‡Kjv
126. gvwSi Kv‡Q K…l‡Ki Abyb‡qi KviYÑ (Abyaveb) wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. wU‡K _vKvi AvKv¸¶v K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. †mvbvi avb MÖn‡Y m¤§wZ jvf 133. Ôgvbyl wbqZ gyw³wcqvmxÕÑ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †h
iii. †mvbvi Zix‡Z ¯’vb jv‡fi evmbv ˆewkó¨ wePv‡i ejv hvqÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? i. K…lK wb‡Ri gyw³i Rb¨ me©¯^ `vb Ki‡Z Pvq
ii. K…lK GKv el©vi g‡a¨ avb Kv‡U
K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
127. KweZvwU‡Z †g‡Ni MR©b Bw½Z K‡iÑ (Abyaveb) iii. gvwS‡K †`‡L K…lK Zv‡K wb‡q hvIqvi Avgš¿Y Rvbvq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
i. ˆeix AvenvIqv‡K
K i I ii Q i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
ii. K…l‡Ki wecbœ Ae¯’v‡K
134. ÔMM‡b Mi‡R †gNÕ| GLv‡b Ô†gNÕÑ (Abyaveb)
iii. el©vi w-» iƒcwU‡K
i. wec‡`i cÖZxK
 ii. cÖwZK‚jZvi cÖZxK ii. gvwSi m‡½ evK¨vjvc Kiv
iii. AÜKv‡ii cÖZxK iii. H Zix‡Z wb‡R VuvB cvIqv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
135. KweZvq ˆbmwM©K †PZbvi ewntcÖKvkÑ (Abyaveb) 141. ÔPvwiw`‡K euvKv Rj Kwi‡Q †LjvÕ| cO&w³wU‡Z cÖKvk
i. MÖvgLvwb †g‡N XvKv/cÖfvZ‡ejvÑ †c‡q‡QÑ (Abyaveb)
ii. cicv‡i †`wL AuvKv/ZiæQvqvgmx-gvLv i. Kv‡ji M‡f© mewKQy nviv‡bvi k¼v
iii. GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i| ii. el©vi cwjøcÖK…wZi †gvnbxq iƒc
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? iii. K…lKiƒcx Kwei AmnvqZ¡
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
136. KweZvq ˆeix cÖK…wZ wb‡`©kK PiYÑ (Abyaveb)
K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
i. fiv b`x ¶ziaviv/LicikvÑ
142. gnvKvj e¨w³ gvbyl‡K MÖnY K‡i bv, KviYÑ (Abyaveb)
ii. Pvwi w`‡K euvKv Rj Kwi‡Q †Ljv \
i. Kg© Qvov gvby‡li Ab¨ cwiPq g–j¨nxb
iii. cicv‡i †`wL AuvKv/Ziæ Qvqvgmx-gvLv
ii. e¨w³ gvbyl gnvKvj‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
iii. Kg©B gvby‡li wePv‡ii Avmj gvb`Ð
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : †Qv‡Uv avb‡¶ZwU N–Y©vqgvb †mªv‡Zi d‡j
wejxb nIqvi A‡c¶vq i‡q‡Q| K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
137. K…l‡Ki k–b¨ b`xZx‡i c‡o _vKv wb‡`©k K‡i ZviÑ
143. `vk©wbK wePv‡i Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvwUÑ (Abyaveb)
(Abyaveb) i. gnvRvMwZK †PZbvcÖm–Z
i. AmnvqZ¡ ii. `vk©wbK †PZbvcÖm–Z
ii. GKvwKZ¡ iii. AwZ‡jŠwKK †PZbvcÖm–Z
iii. b`x‡cÖg wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
P i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii N i, ii I iii 144. †mvbvi avb wb‡q ZixwUi ARvbv †`‡k P‡j hvIqv wb‡`©k
138. Kwei k–b¨ b`xi Zx‡i c‡o _vKvi KviYÑ (Abyaveb)
K‡iÑ (Abyaveb)
i. gvby‡li Kg©dj KL‡bv wejxb nq bv
i. †mvbvi Zix Kwe‡K ¯’vb †`qwb
ii. gvby‡li Kg©dj ARvbv‡Z nvwi‡q hvq
ii. †mvbvi Zix cwic–Y© n‡q hvIqv
iii. gvbyl bq, Zvi Kg©dj‡KB gnvKvj a‡i iv‡L
iii. gnvKvj ïay Kwei Kg©‡K ¯’vb †`q, e¨w³‡K bq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K i I ii L i I iii M ii I iii S i, ii I iii
145. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv c‡o ejv hvqÑ (Abyaveb)
[Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : gnvKv‡ji †bŠKvq m„wói RvqMv n‡jI mªóvi
i. KxwZ©gv‡bi g„Zz¨ bvB
¯’vb msKzjvb nqwb| †Kbbv, gnvKv‡ji †mªv‡Z †Kej
ii. Rwš§‡j gwi‡Z n‡e
m„wóKg©B wU‡K _v‡K|
iii. Rš§ †nvK h_v Z_v Kg© †nvK fv‡jv
139. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq hvi gva¨‡g Kwei wbtm½Zv cÖKvk
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
cvq Zv n‡jvÑ (Abyaveb)
K i I ii Q ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
i. KiæYv K‡i
ii. Avwg G‡Kjv Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK
iii. iwnby cwo  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 146 I 147 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? Avwg g‡b Kwi g„Zz¨ n‡”Q Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q AmvaviY
K i I ii L ii I iii R i I iii N i, ii I iii D™¢veb| GwU Rxeb‡K cyi‡bv I †m‡K‡j wRwbm †_‡K gy³
140. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq gvwSi cÖwZ K…l‡Ki Abyb‡qi K‡i|
†cQ‡b Av‡QÑ (Abyaveb) Ñ w÷f Rem
i. mg¯Í dmj Zix‡Z Zz‡j †`Iqv
146. DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 152 I 153 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
(cÖ‡qvM) gvbyl VwK‡q m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o‡Qb wbtmšÍvb †gvoj|
K cÖK…wZfvebv Q g„Zz¨fvebv ZeyI Zvi g‡b myL †bB| †KejB fv‡eb, wZwb gviv †M‡j
M RvMwZK fvebv N Kg©d‡ji fvebv GB m¤•‡`i Kx n‡e|
147. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi ˆecixZ¨ i‡q‡QÑ 152. DÏxc‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?
(D”PZi `¶Zv) (cÖ‡qvM)
i. e³e¨ wel‡q K `k©bwPšÍv Q g„Zz¨wPšÍv
ii. g„Zz¨i ¯^iƒc fvebvq M `y‡h©vM wPšÍv N Kg©c‡ji wPšÍv
iii. `„wó‡Kv‡Yi w`K †_‡K 153. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi ˆemv`„k¨ i‡q‡QÑ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (D”PZi `¶Zv)
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii i. g„Zz¨i fvebvq
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 148 I 149 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : ii. A_©-m¤•` wPšÍvq
ÔRwš§‡j gwi‡Z n‡e, iii. welqe¯‘MZ w`K †_‡K
Agi †K †Kv_v K‡e, wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
wPiw¯’i K‡e bxi, nvq †i Rxeb b‡`|ÕÑ gvB‡Kj K i I ii L ii I iii R i I iii N i, ii I iii
gaym`~ b `Ë  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 154 I 155 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
148. DÏxcKwU †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb KweZvi welqe¯‘‡K wb‡`©k gvby‡li g„Zz¨ n‡j ZeyI gvbe
K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) †_‡K hvq; AZx‡Zi †_‡K D‡V AvR‡Ki gvby‡li Kv‡Q|
K †deªyqvwi 1969 Q †mvbvi Zix Ñ Rxebvb›` `vk
M Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b N AvVv‡iv eQi eqm 154. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi cv_©K¨ †Kv_vq?
149. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨i m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi AšÍM©Z (cÖ‡qvM)
wgjÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv) P g„Zz¨i fvebvq L welqe¯‘‡Z
i. welqe¯‘‡Z M cvigvw_©K wPšÍvq N g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zvq
ii. g„Zz¨i Awbevh©Zvq 155. D³ cv_©‡K¨i AšÍwb©wnZ KviYÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv)
iii. wewPÎ fvebvq i. welqe¯‘
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. Kwe؇qi wfbœ `„wó‡KvY
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii iii. DÏxc‡Ki Kwei Avkvev`
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 150 I 151 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
ey×`k©‡b g„Zz¨B †kl K_v bq| g„Z e¨w³ cybR©‡š§i ga¨ K i I ii L ii I iii R i I iii N i, ii I iii
w`‡q bZzb Rxeb jvf K‡i|  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 156 I 157 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
150. DÏxc‡Ki e³‡e¨i m‡½ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb iPbvi mybvgM‡Äi nvIi A‡ji K…lK iwgR wgqv| Gevi
mv`„k¨ cwijw¶Z nq? (D”PZi `¶Zv) nvI‡ii Rwg‡Z fv‡jv avb n‡qwQj| wKš‘ avb KvU‡Z
K Avgvi c_ L gvbe-Kj¨vY KvU‡Z ev‡bi cvwb‡Z Wz‡e hvq Zvi A‡a©K dmj|
R †mvbvi Zix N Zvnv‡iB c‡o g‡b 156. DÏxc‡Ki iwgR wgqv‡K Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi Kvi m‡½
151. DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi ˆecixZ¨ i‡q‡QÑ Zzjbv Kiv hvq? (cÖ‡qvM)
(D”PZi `¶Zv) P K…lK L wkímªóv Kwe
i. e³e¨ wel‡q M gnvKvj N †mvbvi Zix
ii. g„Zz¨i ¯^iƒc fvebvq 157. GB Zzjbvi AšÍwb©wnZ KviYÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv)
iii. `„wó‡Kv‡Yi w`K †_‡K i. Zv‡`i †ckvMZ cwiPq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? ii. Zv‡`i wecbœ Ae¯’v
K i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii S i, ii I iii iii. Zv‡`i g„Zz¨fvebv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
P i I ii L ii I iii M i I iii N i, ii I iii
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 158 I 159 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
Avi KZ `–‡i wb‡q hv‡e †gv‡i †n my›`ix K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
e‡jv †Kvb cvi wfwo‡e †Zvgvi †mvbvi Zix \Ñ iex›`ªbv_  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 164 I 165 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
VvKzi mf¨Zvi A‡bK e‡ov Avwe®‹vi PvKv| PvKv Avwe®‹vi‡Ki
158. DÏxcKwU Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb fve‡K cÖKvk bvg A‡b‡K fz‡j †M‡Q| Avevi AvMyb I K…wlKvR
K‡i? (cÖ‡qvM) gvbemf¨Zvi beØvi D‡š§vPb Ki‡jI †K Avwe®‹vi
P K…l‡Ki Zix‡Z cvi nIqvi AvKv¸¶v K‡iwQj AvMyb, Avi †K Avi¤¢ K‡iwQj K…wlKvR, Zvi
L c„w_ex‡Z K…l‡Ki †_‡K hvIqvi ¯^cœ nw`m Rvb‡Z n‡j BwZnv‡mi AvkÖq wb‡Z n‡e| A_P Gi
M K…l‡Ki bv cvIqvi †e`bv Dc‡hvwMZv mgv‡R evo‡Q ˆe Kg‡Q bv|
N gvbeRxe‡bi Awbevh©Zv 164. DÏxc‡Ki ÔPvKv, AvMyb I K…wlKvRÕ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq
159. DÏxcKwUi Ô†n my›`ixÕ Ges Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi gvwSÑ Kx‡mi cÖZxK? (cÖ‡qvM)
(D”PZi `¶Zv) K †Qv‡Uv †¶Z Q †mvbvi avb
i. DfqB ÎvYKZ©v M †mvbvi Zix N wbt¯^ K…lK
ii. DfqB PvwjKv kw³ [Z_¨/e¨vL¨v : †mvbvi avb n‡jv K…l‡Ki †kÖô dmj|
iii. DfqB c_ wb‡`©kK e¨Äbv‡_© avb n‡jv wkímªóv Kwei m„wóm¤¢vi|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? 165. DÏxc‡K cÖKvwkZ KweZvi fvemZ¨ n‡jvÑ (D”PZi
K i I ii L ii I iii R i I iii N i, ii I iii `¶Zv)
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 160 I 161 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : i. e¨w³ gvbyl nvwi‡q hvq
Rvwgj mv‡ne Zvi mg¯Í mÂq w`‡q wbR MÖv‡g `vZe¨ ii. gnr Kg© wU‡K _v‡K
wPwKrmvjqmn bvbv †mevg–jK cÖwZôvb ˆZwi K‡ib| cÖvq
iii. Kg©B gvby‡li GKgvÎ j¶¨
`yB hyM Av‡M wZwb gviv †M‡jI gvbyl Zuvi K…ZK‡g©i Øviv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
AvR DcK…Z n‡”Q|
160. DÏxc‡Ki Rvwgj mv‡n‡ei KxwZ© Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi P i I ii L ii I iii
Kx‡mi cÖZxK? (cÖ‡qvM) M i I iii N i, ii I iii
K †mvbvi Zix L A‡Pbv gvwS  wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 166 I 167 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :
R †mvbvi avb N Li‡mªvZv b`x dwKi jvjb kvn& Zuvi msMx‡Zi gva¨‡g n‡q D‡V‡Qb
161. DÏxc‡Ki g–jfve cÖKvkK PiYÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv) gvby‡li g‡bi gvbyl| ZvB wZwb g‡iI †eu‡P Av‡Qb
i. GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i \ gvby‡li ü`‡q|
ii. mKwj w`jvg Zz‡j/_‡i we_‡iÑ 166. DÏxc‡Ki jvjb kvni Kg©KvЇK Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi
iii. Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwi †KvbwUi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq? (cÖ‡qvM)
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K †bŠKvi gvwS Q †mvbvi avb
K i I ii L i I iii R ii I iii N i, ii I iii M b`xi †mªvZ N †mvbvi Zix
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 162 I 163 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : 167. DÏxcK I Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi fveMZ HK¨ cwijw¶Z
Ôgvbyl Zvi K‡g©i g‡a¨ euv‡P, eq‡mi g‡a¨ bq|Õ nq Kx‡m? (D”PZi `¶Zv)
162. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ wb‡Pi †Kvb cO&w³i wgj i‡q‡Q? i. AZ…wßi †e`bv cÖKv‡k
(cÖ‡qvM) ii. Kg©d‡ji gwngvq
K GZKvj b`xK‚‡j/hvnv j‡q wQby fz‡j iii. e¨w³ gvby‡li cwiYwZ‡Z
L GLb Avgv‡i j‡nv KiæYv K‡i\ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
M †`‡L †hb g‡b nq wPwb Dnv‡i\ K i I ii L i I iii
S Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwi| R ii I iii N i, ii I iii
163. DÏxcK I Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZv Abymv‡i gvbyl †eu‡P _v‡K
ZviÑ (D”PZi `¶Zv)
i. A_©we‡Ë
ii. m„wókxj K‡g©
iii. gnr K‡g©
 wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 168 I 169bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI : Q Avgvwi †mvbvi av‡b wM‡q‡Q fwi|
gvbeZv, mvg¨, wecøe I gyw³i c‡¶ GKvZ¥ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q M hvnv wQj wb‡q †Mj †mvbvi Zix\
KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi evYx| gvÎ †ZZvwjøk eQi eq‡m N GKLvwb †Qv‡Uv †¶Z, Avwg G‡KjvÑ
Zuvi Ôm„Rbx cÖwZfvÕ ¯Íä n‡q †M‡jI Zuvi Kg©djB evOvwji 169. DÏxc‡Ki Ôm„Rbx cÖwZfvÕ Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvq Kx‡mi
†PZbvq Zuv‡K Agi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| cÖZxK? (cÖ‡qvM)
168. Ô†mvbvi ZixÕ KweZvi †Kvb PiY DÏxc‡Ki KvRx bRiæj K gnvKvj L Awebk¦iZv
Bmjv‡gi K‡g©i Bw½Z enbKvix? (cÖ‡qvM) M Rxeb`k©b S wejxqgvbZv
K Avi Av‡QÑ Avi bvB, w`‡qwQ f‡i\
†jLK :
cÖwgZ evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ, 6ô-gv÷vm©
nvqvr gvgy`, wjUb †gv¯ÍvwdR
cyw_wbjq cÖKvkbx
fvlv`c©Y evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ, 6ô-gv÷vm©
Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK, wjUb †gv¯ÍvwdR
†Mv‡ìb UvP& cvewj‡KkÝ
m„Rbkxj cÖkœc×wZ : fv‡jv Kivi wbqg-Kvbyb*
Avãyjøvn Avey mvC`, wjUb †gv¯ÍvwdR
cÖ_gv cÖKvkbx
mnR evsjv e¨vKiY I wbwg©wZ
†e÷ cvewj‡KkÝ