Physics

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my

journey. Firstly, I extend my sincere thanks to our respected principal, for the leadership and
guidance that shaped my path and the school's nurturing environment. Your unwavering
dedication to excellence has been a constant source of inspiration. To my teachers, thank you
for your patience, encouragement, and for imparting knowledge with passion and
commitment. You have played an instrumental role in my academic growth and personal
development, and I will always be grateful for the lessons, both in and out of the classroom. A
special thanks to my parents for their endless love, support, and encouragement. Your belief
in me has been my greatest strength, and I am forever indebted for the sacrifices you've made
to ensure my success. Lastly, to my friends, thank you for the laughter, companionship, and
support along the way. You've made the journey more memorable, and I am so fortunate to
have shared these moments with you.
INTERNAL RESISTANCE
Internal resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte of the cell to the
flow of ions.
Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω).
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the use is
For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an external resistance
(R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit,
E = V + Ir
Internal
increasing Resistance
every r = (E-V)/I
day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so that their
potential can be increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting the internal
Page: 1
resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the potential
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
APPARATUS:
A potentiometer, a battery (or battery eliminator), two one way keys, a rheostat, a
galvanometer, a resistance box, an ammeter, a cell (Leclanche cell), a jockey, a setsquare,
connecting wires and sand paper.
THEORY:
The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the flow of ions.
The internal resistance of a cell
• is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
• is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.
• decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
• is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is given by:
r = (E-V)/I
Page: 2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Page: 3
PROCEDURE
1. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight connections
according to the circuit diagram.
2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
3. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f. of the battery is
more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance point will not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation
4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 ст.
5. Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance small.
6. Without inserting a plug in key K2, adjust the rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the
last wire of the potentiometer.
7. Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square and measure the
balancing length (11) between the null point and the end P.
8. Next introduce plugs in both keys K, and K2. At the same time, take out a small resistance (1-
5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in parallel with the cell.
9. Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
10. Measure the balancing length (12) from end P. Record these observations.
11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
12. Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for some time and repeat steps 7 to 10.
13. Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of observations.
Page: 4
To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes
14. Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the electrolyte by
dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for each observation.
15. Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your readings.
To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte
16. Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of electrolyte by adding
distilled water for different observations.
17. Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your readings.
Page: 5
OBSERVATIONS
TABLE 1: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH TEMPERATURE OF ELECTROLYTE
TABLE 2: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF ELECTRODES (A1>A2>A3)
TABLE 3: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE

(C1>C2>C3)
Page: 6
CONCLUSION
1. As the temperature of the electrolyte increases the internal resistance decreases,

showing r decreases with increase in temperature.
2. As the area of electrodes decreases, internal resistance increases, showing r is inversely
proportional to area of electrodes.
3. As the concentration of electrolytes decreases the internal resistance increases, showing
that r is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolytes.
Area of Conc. Of
Electrodes Electrolytes
Inversely Inversely
Proportional Temperature Proportional
of Electrolytes
Inversely
Proportional
Page: 7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.documents.mx
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.docfoc.com
• www.slideshare.net
Page: 8
Page: 8
INDEX
. S. No. Topics Page No.

Page No.
1. Introduction 1
• Internal Resistance
2. 2
Practical Analysis
• Objective
• Apparatus
• Theory
3. Circuit Diagram 3
4. Procedure 4-5
5. Observation 6
6. Conclusion 7
7. Bibliography 8

Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout my

Its S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω).

• is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.

• is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in electrolyte.

• decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.

• is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by:

2. Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.

To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation

4. Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 ст.

11. Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.

To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte

TABLE 1: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH TEMPERATURE OF ELECTROLYTE

TABLE 2: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH AREA OF ELECTRODES (A1>A2>A3)

TABLE 3: VARIATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE WITH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTROLYTE

1. As the temperature of the electrolyte increases the internal resistance decreases,

. S. No. Topics Page No.

You might also like