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    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Anoy Das Mahapatra
    htsys

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    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Anoy Das Mahapatra
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    htsys

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    htsys

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    6 views10 pages

    Introduction

    Uploaded by

    Anoy Das Mahapatra
    htsys

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    AIM

    Different Factors on which Internal Resistance/EMF of a Cell Depends


    INTRODUCTION
    There is a great need of batteries in our daily use electronic appliances and the
    use is increasing every day. Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful
    so that their potential can be increased greatly.
    Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis for the factors affecting
    the internal resistance of a cell.
    When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we can increase the
    potential difference across it, and hence make it more reliable.

    INTERNAL RESISTANCE
    International resistance is defined as the resistance offered by the electrolyte
    of the cell to the flow of ions.
     It’s S.I. unit is Ohm (Ω)
    For a cell of e.m.f. (E) and internal resistance (r), connected to an external
    resistance (R) such that (I) is the current flowing through the circuit.
    Internal Resistance (r)= [E-V]/I

    PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
    OBJECTIVE
    To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of a cell depends.
    APPARATUS
     Potentiometer
     Battery (or battery eliminator)
     Two one-way keys
     Rheostat
     Galvanometer
     Resistance box
     Ammeter
     Cell (Leclanche cell)
     Jockey
     Setsquare
     Connecting wires and sand paper

    THEORY
    The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by its electrolyte to the
    flow of ions. The internal resistance of a cell
     Is directly proportional to the distance between the electrodes.
     Is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the electrodes in
    electrolyte.
     Decreases with increase in temperature of electrolyte.
     Is inversely proportional to concentration of electrolyte.
    The internal resistance of a cell is given by: r= [E-V]/R
    Circuit Diagram

    PROCEDURE
     Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper and make tight
    connections according to the circuit diagram.
     Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
     Check the e.m.f. of the battery and of the cell and make sure that e.m.f.
    of the battery is more than that of the cell, otherwise null or balance
    point will not be obtained.
    To study variation of internal resistance with distance of separation
     Keep both the electrodes at a distance of 16 cm.

     Take maximum current from the battery, making rheostat resistance


    small.
     Without inserting a plug-in key , adjust the rheostat so that a null point is
    obtained on the last wire of the potentiometer.
     Determine the position of the null point accurately using a set square
    and measure the balancing length (1) between the null point and the
    end P.
     Next introduce plugs in both keys and . At the same time, take out a
    small resistance (1-5 W) from the shunt resistance box connected in
    parallel with the cell.
     Slide the jockey along a potentiometer wire and obtain the null point.
     Measure the balancing length ( L) from end P. Record these
     Now keep the electrodes 12 cm apart.
     Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2. Wait for some time and repeat
    steps 7 to 10.
     Next, keep the electrodes 9 cm apart to obtain another set of
    observations.

    To study variation of internal resistance with area of electrodes


     Keeping all other factors constant, increase the area of electrodes in the
    electrolyte by dipping them into the electrolyte at different depths for
    each observation.
     Obtain three such observations by repeating steps 7 to 10. Record your
    readings.

    To study variation of internal resistance with concentration of electrolyte


     Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the concentration of
    electrolyte by adding distilled water for different observations.
     Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your
    readings.
    To study variation of international resistance with Temperature
     Keeping all other factors constant, increase the temperature of
    electrolyte
     Obtain three such observations by repeating step 7 to 10. Record your
    readings.
    OBSERVATION

    RESULTS AND REFERENCES


     The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is equal to
    E = 0.98 Volt.
     The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the separation
    between the electrodes.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the area of
    the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
    temperature of electrolytes.
     The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
    concentration of the electrolyte
    PRECAUTIONS
     The connections should be neat, clean and tight.
     The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when the observations
    are to be taken.
     The positive polls of the battery E and cells E, and E2 should, all be
    connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.
     The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It should touch the
    wire gently.
     The ammeter reading should remain constant for a particular set of
    observation. If necessary, adjust the rheostat for this purpose.

    BIBLIOGRAPHY
     wikipedia.com
     Google search engine
     Physics NCERT book for class XII
    INDEX

    Aim
    Introduction
    Objective
    Apparatus
    Theory
    Procedure
    Observation
    Results and References
    Precautions
    Bibliography
    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all these


    individuals for mentoring and supporting me in
    completing the Physics Project.
    My teacher Kaifee Azam Sir for providing me with
    invaluable insights and direction.
    Our esteemed Principal Ma’am for fostering an
    environment of learning and creativity within our
    school.
    To my parents, their constant encouragement,
    patience, and understanding have been the pillars of
    my success.
    I am grateful to my friends who contributed ideas and
    perspectives that enriched the project.
    Thank you everyone for shaping this project and
    enhancing my learning experience.

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