Ch. 7 Ionic Bonding

CH.7.
IONIC BONDING
CHEMICAL BOND:- “The attractive force present between molecules or compounds to keep them together is called
chemical bond”.
WHY DO ATOMS FORM A BOND?:- Atoms form bonds because of two reasons.
i. To get stability
ii. To lower their energy
NOBLE GASES AND STABILITY:- It is a universal rule that everything in this universe tends to become more stable.
They do so by completing their outermost shell by having eight electrons. The noble gases have ns2np6 electronic
configuration in the outermost shell (except helium). Their outermost shell are complete so they do not react with other
elements hence they are stable. They are also called noble gases.
Atoms other than noble gases have a tendency to react with other elements. They gain stability by gaining, losing or
sharing electrons.
OCTET RULE:- “ The tendency of atoms to acquire eight electron configuration in their outermost shell, when
bonding is called octet rule”.
Except helium, all other noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost shell. Their octet is complete so they are
stable.
DUPLET RULE:- “The tendency of some atoms to acquire two electron configuration in their outermost shell, when
bonding is called duplet rule”.
Helium has two electrons in its valence shell and it is chemically inert. Some other elements like hydrogen, lithium, and
beryllium tend to achieve two electron configuration in the valence shell and thus they become stable.
IONIC BOND:- In 1916, W. Kossal and G.N. Lewis gave the idea of ionic bond formation.
“A bond which is formed by gaining or losing the electrons is called ionic bond”.
This bond is formed between a metal and a non-metal.
Metal loses the electron and non-metal gains the electron.
CATION:- The atom that loses the electrons acquires a positive charge and it is called cation. For example, sodium
loses one electron and acquires a positive charge. Thus it becomes a cation.
Similarly, magnesium also forms a cation by losing two electrons.
ANION:- The atom that gains the electrons acquires a negative charge and it is called an anion. For example, oxygen
gains two electrons and becomes negatively charged. Thus it becomes an anion.
+ 2e-
Similarly, fluorine gains one electron and becomes negatively charge. Thus, it becomes a anion.
Cations and anions have opposite charges. They attract one another by electrostatic forces and an ionic bond is formed.
The compound thus obtained is called ionic compound. The total positive charge of the cation must be equal to the total
negative charge of the anion so, an ionic compound is electrically neutral as a whole.
FORMATION OF NACL:- NaCl is an ionic compound. Sodium is a metal and it has one electron in its outermost
shell. It loses one electron and forms Na+. Thus it completes its octet.
Chlorine is a non-metal and has seven electrons in its outermost shell and it requires one electron to complete its octet
so, it gains one electron from sodium and Cl- is formed.
ELECTRON DOT AND CROSS MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF MGCL2:-

Similarly, MgCl2 is also an ionic compound. Magnesium is a metal and it has two electrons in its outermost shell. It
loses two electrons and forms Mg+2. Thus it completes its octet.
Chlorine is a non-metal and has seven electrons in its outermost shell. It requires one electron to complete its octet so,
two Chlorine atoms gain two electrons from magnesium, and Cl- is formed.
LIST OF NEGATIVE RADICALS:-
Name of radical Formulae

Ammonium NH4+1
Hydroxide OH-1
Nitrate NO3-1
Nitrite NO2-1
Mano valent
Hydrogen carbonate / bicarbonate HCO3-1
Acetate CH3COO-1
Permanganate MnO4-1
Cyanide CN-1
Sulphate SO4-2
Sulphite SO3-2
Bivalent
Carbonate CO3-2
Dichromate Cr2O4-2
Trivalent Phosphate PO4-2
RULES FOR WRITING FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS: -
• Write the Symbols
• Write the charges on the top right corner
• (Upto group 4 the charge is same as the group number. After group 4 it is group number -8)
• If the charges are same cancel them
• If the charges are not same then Criss Cross
GIANT IONIC STRUCTURES:-
CRYSTAL:- Anything having definite geometric chape is called crystal.
• Ionic compounds form crystals with a giant ionic lattice structure. A giant ionic lattice structure is a structure
that has a regular arrangement. Something you should bear in mind is that giant in this case does not mean that the
structure is large. In this context, giant means that it is indefinite to say exactly how many ions are present.
• Different ionic compounds form structures with different shapes. Some ionic compounds form giant ionic
lattices that are cube shaped such as sodium chloride. However other ionic compounds form slightly different
shaped structures.
• A giant ionic lattice consists of endless repeating basic units. The reason that a giant ionic lattice has a regular
arrangement is because the units or crystals that it is made up of are exactly the same
(repeating).The diagrams, shows the crystal lattice of sodium chloride. Here the ions are
drawn in an 'exploded' view .Each sodium ion is surrounded by 6 chloride ions. In turn,
each chloride ion is surrounded by 6 sodium ions.This pattern repeats itself throughout the
structure over vast numbers of ions.
PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS:-

Conductivity of ionic compounds
• For electrical current to flow there must be freely moving charged particles such as electrons or ions present
• Ionic compounds are poor conductors in the solid state
o The ions are in fixed positions in the lattice
o They are therefore unable to move and carry a charge
• Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity in the
molten state or in solution
o When the ionic compound is melted or dissolved in
water, the ions are able to move and carry a charge
• Ionic compounds are soluble in water. Ionic compounds easily dissolve in water which means they are
highly soluble in water. This is because both ionic compounds and water molecules are partially charged
molecules (polar). This means the partial charges of water break apart the ionic lattice, pulling oppositely
charged ions apart and the ionic compound to dissolve.
• Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points. The melting and boiling points of ionic compounds
is usually quite high because the ions in the giant ionic lattices are held together by strong electrostatic forces
of attraction acting in all directions which are difficult to overcome. A large amount of energy is needed to
break these forces (ionic bonds) therefore a high temperature is required.
• Ionic compounds are brittle:- This is because any small distortion of a crystal will bring ions with the same
charge alongside each other. Like charges repel and so the crystal splits itself apart.

Ch. 7 Ionic Bonding

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CH.7.

Similarly, magnesium also forms a cation by losing two electrons.

ELECTRON DOT AND CROSS MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF MGCL2:-

LIST OF NEGATIVE RADICALS:-

Name of radical Formulae

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS:-

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