Group 7 Notes + Exercise

The Group 7 elements are called the ______________.
They are placed in the vertical column,

second from the right, in the periodic table.
Chlorine, bromine and iodine are the three common Group ______________ elements. Group
7 elements form salts when they react with metals. The term ‘halogen’ means ‘salt former’.
Properties and uses of the halogens
This table summarises some of the properties and uses of three halogens:
Appearance (room
Element temperature) Properties Typical use
Toxic – kills
Chlorine Yellow-green gas bacteria Sterilising water 消毒
Toxic – kills
BromineRed-brown liquid bacteria [Not required]
Toxic – kills Antiseptic 消毒剂 used during hospital

Iodine Grey solid bacteria procedures
Iodine forms a purple vapour when it is warmed.

All of the halogens exist as ______________ molecules. This means that the elements are
made up of pairs of atoms that are chemically joined together (for example, fluorine exists as F2,
chlorine as Cl2, bromine as Br2 and iodine as I2).
Predicting properties
The halogens show trends in physical properties as you go down the group.
Melting point and boiling point
The halogens have low melting points and low boiling points. This is a typical property of non-
metals. Fluorine has the lowest melting and boiling points. The melting and boiling points then
______________ as you go down the group.
Melting and boiling points of Group 7 elements
State at room temperature
Room temperature is usually taken as being 25°C. At this temperature,
fluorine and chlorine are gases,
bromine is a liquid, and
iodine and astatine are solids.
There is therefore a trend in state from gas to liquid to solid as you go down the group.
Colour
The halogens become darker as you go down the group.
Fluorine is very pale yellow,
chlorine is yellow-green, and
bromine is red-brown.
Iodine crystals are shiny grey – but easily turn into a dark purple vapour when they are warmed
up.
Predictions
When we can see a trend in the properties of some of the elements in a group, it is possible to
predict the properties of other elements in that group. Astatine is below iodine in Group 7. The
colour of these elements gets darker as you go down the group. Iodine crystals are shiny grey
with a purple vapour, and astatine is black.
Reactivity of halogens
The non-metal elements in Group 7 – known as the halogens – get less reactive as you go
down the group. This is the opposite trend to that seen in the alkali metals in Group 1 of
the periodic table.
Fluorine is the most reactive element of all in Group 7.
You can see the trend in reactivity if you react the halogens with iron wool.
Halogen Reaction with iron wool
Reacts with almost anything instantly. Very few scientists handle fluorine because it is
Fluorine so dangerous. Produces iron(III) fluoride.
Reacts with heated iron wool very quickly, although not as quickly as fluorine does.
Chlorine Produces iron(III) chloride.
Has to be warmed and the iron wool heated. The reaction is faster than that of iodine
Bromine but slower than that of chlorine. Produces iron(III) bromide.
Has to be heated strongly and so does the iron wool. The reaction is slow. Produces
Iodine iron(III) iodide.
Chlorine reacts quickly, but not as quickly as fluorine
Iron + chlorine → iron(III) chloride
2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3
Bromine has a less vigorous reaction
Iron + bromine → iron(III) bromide
2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3

Iodine has the slowest reaction
Iron + iodine → iron(III) iodide
2Fe + 3I2 → 2FeI3

Halogen displacement reactions [Higher tier only]
The reactivity of the halogens – the Group 7 elements – decreases as you move down the
group. This can be shown by looking at displacement reactions.
Example
When chlorine (as a gas or dissolved in water) is added to sodium bromide solution, the chlorine
takes the place of the bromine. Because chlorine is more reactive than bromine,
it displaces bromine from sodium bromide.
The solution turns brown. This brown colour is the displaced bromine. The chlorine has gone to
form sodium chloride.
In this equation, the Cl and Br have swapped places:
 chlorine + sodium bromide → sodium chloride + bromine
 Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
This type of reaction happens with all the halogens.

Key fact
A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from a solution of one of its salts.
Reactivity series
If you test different combinations of the halogens and their salts, you can work out a reactivity
series for Group 7:
 the most reactive halogen displaces all of the other halogens from solutions of their
salts, and is itself displaced by none of the others
 the least reactive halogen displaces none of the others, and is itself displaced by all of
the others
It doesn’t matter whether you use sodium salts or potassium salts – it works the same for both
types.
Explaining reactivity [Higher tier only]
As we descend Group 7, the reactivity decreases. For stability, the atom needs to have a full
outer shell. Group 7 elements need to gain 1 electron to have a full shell.
As a result, a negative ion is formed:
Cl + e– → Cl–
As we descend the group:
 there are ______________ shells between the nucleus and the outer electron
 the force of ______________ between the nucleus and outer electron ______________
 it becomes ______________ to ______________ the outer electron

Group 7 halogens test questions
Where in the periodic table are the halogens found?
 On the far left

 In the middle
 Near the right-hand side
What does bromine look like?
 A green gas
 A brown liquid
 A grey solid
What happens to the melting points and boiling points as you go down Group 7?
 They increase
 They stay roughly the same
 They decrease
What is the physical state of iodine at room temperature?
 Gas
 Liquid
 Solid
What is the formula of chlorine gas?
 Cl2
 2Cl
 Cl
What is the trend in reactivity of Group 7 elements?
 Reactivity increases down Group 7

 Reactivity decrease down Group 7
 Reactivity stays the same down Group 7
7
Which halogen will displace bromine from a solution of potassium bromide?
 Chlorine
 Bromine
 Iodine

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The Group 7 elements are called the ______________.

They are placed in the vertical column,

Properties and uses of the halogens

Toxic – kills Antiseptic 消毒剂 used during hospital

Iodine forms a purple vapour when it is warmed.

Melting point and boiling point

Melting and boiling points of Group 7 elements

State at room temperature

Room temperature is usually taken as being 25°C. At this temperature,

fluorine and chlorine are gases,

bromine is a liquid, and

iodine and astatine are solids.

The halogens become darker as you go down the group.

Fluorine is very pale yellow,

chlorine is yellow-green, and

Fluorine is the most reactive element of all in Group 7.

Halogen Reaction with iron wool

Iron + chlorine → iron(III) chloride

2Fe + 3Cl2 → 2FeCl3

Bromine has a less vigorous reaction

Iron + bromine → iron(III) bromide

2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3

Iron + iodine → iron(III) iodide

2Fe + 3I2 → 2FeI3

In this equation, the Cl and Br have swapped places:

 chlorine + sodium bromide → sodium chloride + bromine

 Cl2(aq) + 2NaBr(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

This type of reaction happens with all the halogens.

Explaining reactivity [Higher tier only]

As a result, a negative ion is formed:

As we descend the group:

 it becomes ______________ to ______________ the outer electron

Where in the periodic table are the halogens found?

 On the far left

What does bromine look like?

What is the physical state of iodine at room temperature?

What is the formula of chlorine gas?

What is the trend in reactivity of Group 7 elements?

 Reactivity increases down Group 7

Which halogen will displace bromine from a solution of potassium bromide?

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 it becomes to the outer electron