Familiarisation Logic Gates

Experiment -1
FAMILIARISATION OF DIGITAL ICs AND IC TRAINER KIT
Aim
To familiarize with logic gate IC packages and to verify the truth tables of the logic
gates. Also to familiarize with the digital IC trainer kit.
Components and equipments required

ICs 7400,7402,7408,7404,7432,7486 and IC trainer kit.
Theory
IC trainer kit
IC trainer kit is an equipment mainly used to test and set up digital circuits while doing
experiments. Integrated circuits can be fitted in sockets or breadboard provided in it. The
associated circuits can be set up on the breadboard. There are built-in voltage source and clock
signals in it. The frequency of clock can be selected by turning the knob into different positions.
In order to feed mono pulses manually, a de bouncer switch is also provided. A number of
select switches are provided to obtain 0 or 1 state voltages for digital inputs. Green and red
LEDs are also provided to represent low and high states respectively to visualize the digital
outputs.
Troubleshooting with digital ICS

Experiments with digital integrated circuits are rather easy compared with analog
integrated circuits. Operator must be careful about the connecting wires and pins of the IC. In
most of the logic gate ICs, pin no.7 is GND and pin no. 14 is Vcc. But this is not the case with
all digital ICs. There is a chance of the operator committing a mistake by taking for granted
that pin nos.7 and 14 are Vcc and GND respectively for all 14 pin ICs.
Logic gates
Logic gates are the basic elements that make up a digital system. A gate has one or
more inputs and an output. The input and output can have only two possible values namely 0
or 1 (low or high). Logic gates are available as integrated circuits (ICs).
a) AND gate
The AND gate performs logical multiplication, more commonly known as
AND operation. The AND gate output will be in high state only when all the inputs are
in high state. The symbol and truth table of a two input AND gates are shown in fig1.1.
The 7408 is a digital IC in the TTL family and contains four 2-input AND gates. For
this reason, it is called quad two input AND gate. The 7411 has three 3-input AND
gates and 7421 two 4-input AND gates. For standard TTL devices to work properly,
the supply voltage level must be between + 4.75 V and +5.25 V. This is why +5 V is
the nominal supply voltage specified for all TTL devices. Pin 7 is the common ground
for the chip. The other pins are inputs and outputs.
b) OR gate
It performs logical addition known as the OR operation. Output of an OR gate
become high if any of the inputs are in logic high. The output is low only when all the
inputs are low. The symbol and truth table of a 2-input OR gate are shown in fig 1.2.
The 7432 is a quad two input OR gate.
c) NOT gate
It performs a basic logic function called inversion or complementation. The
purpose of the inverter is to change one logic level to opposite level. IC 7404 is a hex
inverter. The symbol and truth table of an inverter is shown in fig 1.3.
d) NAND gate
A NOT gate following an AND gate is called NOT - AND or NAND gate. Its
output will be low if all the inputs are in high state. The NAND gate is ‘universal’ gate.
It can be used to construct an AND gate, an OR gate, an Inverter or any combination of
these function.
The symbol and truth table of a 2-input NAND gate are shown in fig 1.4. The
7400 IC is a quad two input NAND gate in the TTL family. The 7410 has tree input
NAND gates, 7420 has two 4-input NAND gates and the 7430 has one 8- input NAND
gate. The 4101 is an IC in CMOS family which contains four 2-input NAND gates.
e) NOR gate
A NOT gate following on OR gate is called NOT-OR or NOR gate. Its output
will be in low state if any of its inputs is in high state. The NOR gate, like the NAND
gate is a ‘universal’ gate. The symbol and truth table of a 2-input NOR gate are shown
in fig 1.5.
7402 is a quad two- input NOR gate in the TTL family and the 7427 is a triple
3-input NOR gate. The 4001 is a 2-input NOR gate in CMOS family.
f) XOR gate
It is widely used logic gate because of its special arithmetic property. The
output will be high if and only if one input is in high state. The symbol and truth table
are shown in fig 1.6. 7486 is a quad two input XOR gate.
Procedure
Test all the components and IC packages using a multimeter and digital IC tester.
Check the connecting wires are in good condition by testing for the continuity using a multi
meter or a trainer kit. Insert the IC in one of the IC pin provided on the trainer. Identify the pin
numbers properly. Using patch cords connect 5 V supply and Ground to corresponding IC pins.
Select one of the gates and connect logic input to the gate from the logic level switches. Monitor
both inputs and outputs using LEDs provided. When a bit is high the corresponding LED will
glow. Give the inputs to the gate according to the truth table and observe the output
corresponding to each input combination.
Result
Familiarized with logic gate IC packages and verified the truth tables of the logic gates.
Also familiarized with the digital IC trainer kit.
Questions
1. What do the literals L&S indicate in 74LSXXX?

2. Differentiate between positive logic and negative logic.
3. Compare the characteristics of TTL and CMOS gates.
4. Define propagation delay time of logic gate
5. Define the terms ‘fan-out’ and ‘fan-in’
6. What are the differences between 54-series and 74-series of TTL ICs.
Circuit Diagrams
AND Gate

Familiarisation Logic Gates

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Experiment -1

FAMILIARISATION OF DIGITAL ICs AND IC TRAINER KIT

Components and equipments required

Troubleshooting with digital ICS

1. What do the literals L&S indicate in 74LSXXX?

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