Contents

Model Papers ................................................................................... a

10. Gaseous Exchange ......................................................................... 01
10.1 Gaseous Exchange in Plants ...................................................................................... 02
10.2 Gaseous Exchange in Humans ................................................................................. 05
10.2.3 The Mechanism of Breathing ................................................................................ 10
10.3 Respiratory Disorders ............................................................................................... 14
10.3.1 Bad Effects of Smoking .......................................................................................... 21
Review Questions ............................................................................................................. 24
KIPS Assignment................................................................................................................ 26
11. Homeostasis .................................................................................. 29
11.1 Homeostasis in Plants .............................................................................................. 30
11.2 Homeostasis in Humans ........................................................................................... 35
11.3 Urinary System of Humans ...................................................................................... 37
11.4 Disorders of Kidney .................................................................................................. 44
Review Questions ............................................................................................................. 51
KIPS Assignment ............................................................................................................... 53
12. Coordination and Control .............................................................. 56
12.1 Types of Coordination ............................................................................................... 57
12.2 Human Nervous System............................................................................................ 61
12.3 Receptors in Humans ................................................................................................ 71
12.4 Endocrine System...................................................................................................... 79
12.5 Disorder of Nervous System ..................................................................................... 88
Review Questions ............................................................................................................. 92
KIPS Assignment................................................................................................................ 96
13. Support and Movement ............................................................... 100
13.1 Human Skeleton ...................................................................................................... 101
13.2 Types of Joints ......................................................................................................... 109
13.3 Muscles and Movement ........................................................................................ 112
13.4 Disorders of Skeletal System .................................................................................. 114
Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 118
KIPS Assignment.............................................................................................................. 120
14. Reproduction .............................................................................. 122
14.1 Reproduction .......................................................................................................... 123
14.2 Methods of Asexual Reproduction ......................................................................... 123
14.3 Sexual Reproduction in Plants ................................................................................ 135
14.4 Sexual Reproduction in Animals ............................................................................. 148
 Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 158
KIPS Assignment.............................................................................................................. 162
15. Inheritance ................................................................................. 167
15.1 Introduction to Genetics ........................................................................................ 168
15.2 Chromosomes and Genes ....................................................................................... 168
15.3 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance ................................................................................. 175
15.4 Co-Dominance and Incomplete Dominance ........................................................... 181
15.5 Variations and Evolution ......................................................................................... 185
Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 194
KIPS Assignment.............................................................................................................. 196
16. Man and His Environment ........................................................... 198
16.1 Levels of Ecological Organization............................................................................ 199
16.2 Flow of Materials and Energy in Ecosystems.......................................................... 203
16.3 Interactions in Ecosystems ..................................................................................... 211
16.4 Ecosystem Balance and Human Impact ................................................................. 217
16.5 Pollution Its Consequences and Control ................................................................. 223
16.6 Conservation of Nature........................................................................................... 230
Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 236
KIPS Assignment.............................................................................................................. 239
17. Biotechnology ............................................................................. 242
17.1 Introduction of Biotechnology ................................................................................ 243
17.2 Fermentation .......................................................................................................... 247
17.3 Genetic Engineering ................................................................................................ 254
17.4 Single-Cell Protein ................................................................................................... 259
Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 263
KIPS Assignment.............................................................................................................. 265
18. Transport .................................................................................... 267
18.1 Medicinal Drugs ...................................................................................................... 268
18.2 Addictive Drugs ....................................................................................................... 275
18.3 Antibiotics and Vaccines ......................................................................................... 279
Review Questions ........................................................................................................... 285
Self-Test .......................................................................................................................... 289