Resonance Ee2a

Resonance Circuits
SERIES RESONANCE
➢ Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in magnitude,
thereby resulting in purely resistive impedance.
➢ The features of series resonance:

The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R;
• The supply voltage Vs and the current I are in phase (cosq = 1)
• The magnitude of the transfer function H(ω) = Z(ω) is minimum;
• The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much more
than the source voltage.
SERIES RESONANCE
Vs ( ) 1  1 
Z ( ) = H ( ) = = R + j L + = R + j L −
I ( ) jC  C 
Resonance occurs when circuit is purely resistive
1 1
Im( Z ) =  L − = 0  o L =
C oC
1
o = Resonance Frequency
LC
1 1
o = , fo =
LC 2 LC
SERIES RESONANCE
➢ VR, VL, VC, and I versus frequency for a series
resonant circuit.
SERIES RESONANCE
Inductive reactance versus frequency.

Capacitive reactance versus frequency.
Placing the frequency response of the ZT (total impedance) versus frequency for the
inductive and capacitive reactance of a series resonant circuit.
series R-L-C circuit on the same set of
axes.
PHASE OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
f  f o : Network Capacitive
f  fo : Network Inductive
f =fofo : Network Resistive
Phase plot for the series resonant circuit.

SERIES RESONANCE
➢ Resonance occurs when the circuit has a complex conjugate pair of poles.
➢ Resonance allows frequency discrimination in circuits.
➢ Resonance occurs in a circuit that has at least one inductor and one capacitor.
At Resonance:
1) Impedance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) The transfer function H()= Z() is Minimum
4) Inductor and capacitor voltages can be much more than (Q times)
source voltage.
Vm
VL = o L = QVm
R
V 1 o L 1
VC = m = QVm Q= =
R oC R oCR
BANDWIDTH of SERIES RESONANCE
➢ Current versus frequency for the series resonant circuit.
Vm
I=I=
R 2 + ( L − 1 )2
C
Half Power Frequencies

Dissipated power is half of
the maximum value.
• The half-power frequencies 1 and 2 can be obtained by setting,

Z (1 ) = Z (2 ) = R 2 + ( L − 1 )2 = 2 R
C
2
 Vm 
 
P(1 ) = P(2 ) =  2
2R
2 2
R  R  1 R  R  1
1 = − +   + , 2 = + +   +
2L  2 L  LC 2L  2 L  LC
Selectivity
➢The frequencies corresponding to 0.707 of the maximum current are called the band
frequencies, cutoff frequencies, or half-power frequencies (ƒ1, ƒ2).
➢ Half-power frequencies are those frequencies at which the power delivered is one-
half that delivered at resonant frequency.
➢The range of frequencies between the two are referred to as bandwidth (abbreviated
BW) of the resonant circuit.
➢Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies it is called a

selectivity curve.
➢The shape of the curve depends on each element of the series R-L-C circuit.
➢If resistance is made smaller with a fixed inductance and capacitance, the
bandwidth decreases and the selectivity increases.
➢If the ratio L/C increases with fixed resistance, the bandwidth again decreases with
an increase in selectivity.
BANDWIDTH OF SERIES RESONANCE
➢ The width of the response is measured by the BANDWIDTH.
➢ BANDWIDTH is the difference between the half-power frequencies.
B = 2 − 1
➢ Resonance frequency can be obtained from the half-power frequencies.
➢ The SHARPNESS of the resonance is measured by the QUALITY FACTOR.

➢ QUALITY FACTOR is the ratio of the resonance frequency to the bandwidth. The higher
o = 12 , B = 2 − 1
the Q the smaller is the bandwidth.
o
Q=
B
QUALITY FACTOR OF SERIES RESONANCE
o
Q=
B
Peak Energy Stored

Q = 2
Energy Dissipated in one Period at Resonance
L 1
Q= o =
R o RC
o L 1
Q= =
R o RC
R o
B= =
L Q
B B
1  o − ,  2  o +
2 2
Effect on Selectivity of R, L, C for Series Resonance
Effect of R on selectivity
Effect of L and C on selectivity

PARALLEL RESONANCE
➢ Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude, resulting in a purely resistive impedance.
➢ Parallel resonance circuit behaves similarly but in opposite fashion compared
to series resonant circuit.
➢ The admitance is minimum at resonance or impedance is maximum.
1
o =
LC
Parallel resonant circuit.
I 1 1 1  1 
Y = H ( ) = = + jC + = + j  C −
V R j L R   L 
Resonance occurs when admitance is purely resistive
1 1 1
Im(Y ) =  L − = 0  o L = o = rad/sec
C oC LC
PARALLEL RESONANCE
➢ At Resonance frequency:
1) Admitance is purely resistive.
2) The voltage and current are in phase.
3) The transfer function H()= Y() is Minimum.
4) Inductor and capacitor currents can be much more than the source
current.
Im R
IL = = QI m I C = oCI m R = QVm
o L
PARALLEL RESONANCE
Im
V=V=
2
1
  + ( C − 1 )2
L
 R
Voltage versus frequency for the parallel resonant circuit.

➢ The half-power frequencies can be obtained as:
2
1  1  1
1 = − +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
2
1  1  1
2 = + +   +
2 RC  2 RC  LC
1
o = 12 , B = 2 − 1 =
RC
Summary of series and parallel resonance circuits:
Characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
ωo 1 1
LC LC
Q ωo L 1 R
or or o RC
R ωo RC o L
B o o
Q Q
ω1, ω2 1 2 o 1 2 
o 1 + ( )  o 1 + ( )  o
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q
Q ≥ 10, ω1, ω2 B B
o  o 
2 2
The equalizer changes
Dual-channel 15-band the contribution of the
“Constant Q” Graphic
different frequency
components of the music
Equalizer signal according to the
listeners’s wish.
Gains given to
different frequency
components of the
music signal.

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Resonance Circuits

➢ The features of series resonance:

Inductive reactance versus frequency.

Phase plot for the series resonant circuit.

Half Power Frequencies

• The half-power frequencies 1 and 2 can be obtained by setting,

➢Since the resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies it is called a

➢ The SHARPNESS of the resonance is measured by the QUALITY FACTOR.

Peak Energy Stored

Effect of L and C on selectivity

Parallel resonant circuit.

Voltage versus frequency for the parallel resonant circuit.

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