MPPT Control for Standalone Wind Energy

Conversion System: Integrating Hybrid P&O and

ANN with Voltage Lift-Boost Converter
Abstract— This study proposes an approach to enhance the (WECS) during the most Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
performance of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) interval, when the most available wind power is generated
through the integration of a hybrid Perturb and Observe (P&O) [5]. This controller makes sure that the WECS functions at its
and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based Maximum Power most effective level, maximizing energy output and boosting
Point Tracking (MPPT) control technique. The application of the wind power producing system's overall performance. To
this technique is explored in the context of WECS utilizing
voltage lift-based DC/DC converters. The utilization of an
run the WECS at that particular location, numerous methods
artificial neural network control method aims to optimize power for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) have been
extraction from varying wind velocities effectively. The system suggested in current literature [6-10]. The primary control
incorporates a voltage lift-boost converter to achieve stable methods that are extensively employed include power signal
voltage and a higher power rating. Additionally, a standard feedback (PSF), hill climb search (HCS), perturb and observe
boost converter is employed for comparative analysis, serving as (P&O), tip speed ratio (TSR), optimal torque control (OTC),
a benchmark to validate the proposed converter's performance. as well as sophisticated approaches rooted in soft computing,
The study systematically assesses and compares the output such as fuzzy logic control (FLC) [11], artificial neural
power, convergence time, and stability of three configurations: network (ANN) [12] etc. The most common way for tracking
the traditional P&O technique, the hybrid MPPT method with
a conventional boost converter, and the hybrid MPPT method
the ideal maximum point in a wind energy conversion system
with a voltage lift-boost converter. is power signal feedback [5]. The MPPT approach based on
tip speed ratio immediately adjusts the shaft speed to
Keywords— Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), maintain the appropriate tip speed, which is computed using
PMSG, MPPT, hybrid, artificial neural network (ANN), converter, wind speed and turbine speed [6]. The optimal torque control
voltage, power, Voltage-Lift (VL), boost strategy modifies the generator torque based on the reference
torque for the given wind speed [7]. When the optimal
I. INTRODUCTION relationship of the system is found, perturb and observe
(P&O) or hill climb search (HCS) control algorithms are
The rising cost of fossil fuels and anticipated future reserve
performed [8]. The P&O technique calculates the maximum
capacity have led to a growing emphasis on renewable energy
point by modifying the maximizing variable and measuring
generation. Solar and wind-based power generation are
the power collected. The next perturbation size and direction
among the most popular renewable energy resources among
are decided based on the obtained power fluctuations with the
power companies and researchers [1]. A wind energy
perturb operation, until the algorithm hits the maximum
conversion system (WECS) is made up of a wind turbine, a
point. A wind turbine's power-speed relationship is often
generator, and a power conversion system that transfers the
utilized as a control input for P&O-based control algorithms.
kinetic energy in the wind to electrical energy. A Permanent
However, some research has recently concentrated on
Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) is a type of
employing DC-link voltage and current as the controller input
electrical generator that generates power by using permanent
and duty cycle for power electronic converters (PEC) as the
magnets to create a magnetic field. PMSGs, as opposed to
output [9]. The MPPT algorithm reduces system cost and
conventional generators, use permanent magnets made of
increases reliability by reducing the use of speed sensors.
materials such as neodymium or ferrite to generate a
However, its reaction time with fast wind speed variations is
magnetic field. The term "synchronous" in the name denotes
its biggest drawback. Soft-computing-based MPPT
that the magnetic fields of the rotor and stator spin at the same
controllers like fuzzy logic controller [11] and neural network
pace. This synchronization is required for effective electricity
[12] have been developed to address these shortcomings.
generation. Because of its gear-less operation, compact size,
Soft-computing-based MPPT algorithms offer high accuracy
low maintenance cost, and simple control, the permanent
in all wind speed scenarios, while FLC-based controllers
magnet synchronous generator is the most popular wind
require prior system knowledge and are complex. Back-
generator [2]. Currently, the bulk of wind turbines produced
propagation and radial basis function-based neural networks
in wind farms are on a big size. Small-WECS, on the other
improve stability. They feature a simplified network topology
hand, can be deployed in metropolitan regions and rural
and faster convergence [13-15]. The power electronic
localities for residential applications where power hookups
converter in WECS is crucial in optimizing and enhancing
are problematic [3]. To be an efficient alternative power
output voltage and power [16]. The DC-DC converter
source, a wind energy system should capture the greatest
architecture is utilized in the WECS to provide the necessary
power from available wind speed. The power characteristic
voltage level. The researchers extensively utilized topologies
of a wind turbine is determined by the wind system's
such as boost [17], buck-boost [18], single ended primary
aerodynamic profile [4]. The power characteristic says that
inductance converter (SEPIC) [19], and Cuk converter [20].
for each wind speed, there is a specified optimal turbine speed
Because they are simple and affordable, traditional boost and
where the maximum power is collected. A particular MPPT
buck-boost converters are commonly exploited in the
controller must be designed in order to acquire the most
literature. Apart from those, there are advanced high gain
amount of energy out of the Wind Energy Conversion System
boost converters such as voltage-multiplier cell, linked Parameter Value
inductor, and switch capacitor cascaded topology and Nominal Mechanical Output 12.3 kW Base
voltage-lift technology. However, because WECS is a high Power
voltage application, it elevates the switching voltage and Wind Speed 12 m/s
stress across the switch, reducing efficiency and threatening Air Density ρ 1.225kg/m3
switching conversion process failure [21]. Due to the
constraints of the boost converter, great performance is Tables 1 and 2 summarize the parameters of the wind turbine
required. The findings of the comparison in an article shows and the PMSG generator used in this study, where the
that the voltage-lift-based boost-converter structure beats the nominal output power is 12.3 kw and the base wind speed is
alternatives [22]. This article's main contribution is the design 12m/s. For PMSG, number of pole pairs are 5, stator phase
and development of a voltage lift-based boost converter resistance is 0.425Ω and armature inductance is 0.000835 H
employing a soft-computing-based hybrid P&O and artificial
neural network (ANN) MPPT controller. In this work, TABLE 2: PARAMETERS OF PMSG GENERATOR
stability of voltage and power output is investigated both in Parameter Value
fixed wind speed and variable wind speed.
Number of Pole Pairs 5
II. WECS CONFIGURATION Stator Phase Resistance 0.425 Ω
Figure 1 represents the WECS schematic to which the MPPT Armature Inductance 0.000835 H
algorithm will be applied. The wind turbine is connected Friction Factor 0.001189 Nms
directly to the wind generator. In this research, a permanent Inertia constant 0.01197 kg.m2
magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is employed. The
PMSG has the benefit of being gearless and being linked III. MPPT TECHNIQUE
directly to the turbine, which decreases the system's size and By tracking the peak point, the MPPT approach is used to
complexity. For a grid integration system, the load linked to obtain the most power from the given wind speed. As
the power converter can be replaced by a unity power factor illustrated in Figure 2, the DC-link voltage is employed in this
inverter. A resistor load is employed in this study for a work to track the maximum power point and create the proper
standalone system application. The wind turbine and duty cycle for the switch in the DC-DC converter. The MPPT
generator specifications are chosen as the 12.3 kW system. algorithm used in this study is discussed further below.

Figure 1. Block Diagram of proposed standalone WECS system

Figure 2. Proposed topology of maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
A. Wind Turbine Modeling and DC/DC converter
The mechanical power Pm generated by the turbine is given
by, A. Perturb & Observe Algorithm:
Pm= 0.5*ρ*S*Cp(λ, β)*Vw3 (1) The P&O algorithm is a traditional sensorless MPPT control
Where Cp is the turbine power coefficient, which is affected approach, affecting the efficiency and convergence speed of
by the rotor blade tip speed ratio and blade pitch angle. Vw is the system. The flowchart is shown in figure 3. Fixed step size
the wind speed (m/s), is the air density (Kg/m3), and S is the P&O algorithms are not suitable for current systems as they
turbine's swept area. degrade overall performance [23]. An adaptive step size P&O
The power coefficient Cp is as follows: method is proposed, which adjusts the step size based on
1 −𝐶𝑠 demand and the perturbation variable.
Cp (λ, β) = C1 (C2 -C3β-C4) * e +C6 λ (2)
𝜆𝑖 𝜆𝑖
Where: C1=0.5176, C2=116, C3=0.4, C4=5, C5=21,
C6=0.0068 and the parameter is defined by:
1 1 0.035
= - 3 (3)
𝜆𝑖 𝜆+0.08𝛽 𝛽 +1
The input mechanical torque Tm for the PMSG generator is
obtained by:
𝑃𝑚
Tm= (4)
𝜔𝑟
Where, ωr is the rotor speed of a wind turbine.
The tip speed ratio TSR of the wind turbine is defined as
following:
𝜔𝑟𝑅
λ= ; (5)
𝑉𝑤
Where, R is the radius of wind turbine rotor in meters (m).
Figure 3. Flowchart of P&O MPPT algorithm
TABLE 1: PARAMETERS OF WIND TURBINE
This method can achieve quicker convergence speed and great
efficiency by implementing adjustable step size. The P&O-
based MPPT algorithm uses the produced voltage and current
as control parameters. The collected numbers are used to
compute the rate of change in voltage and current using the
previous step output. If the voltage does not change, the rate
of change of current is validated. If the voltage is positive, the
duty cycle remains constant, while if it is negative, the duty
Figure 5. Configuration of Boost converter
cycle is raised or lowered based on the comparison of the
acquired current and the preceding step current. When the switch is switched on, the diode becomes reverse
biased, causing the current to increase and charge the
inductor, which is supported by a capacitor. When the switch
B. Hybrid MPPT based on P&O and Artificial neural
is switched off, the diode becomes forward biased and the
network (ANN)
inductor current begins to fall; the capacitor charge begins to
The MPPT approach is used to extract the maximum power rise: the inductor and the DC source both support the
from available wind speed by tracking the peak point in order capacitor and the load. The boost converter modeling is as
to maximize the energy efficiency of the system by following
follows:
the ideal operating point [24]. The MPPT approach suggested 1−(Vinmin∗n)
in this study is a hybrid of two techniques: neural networks D= (6)
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
and, by extension, P&O. The DC-link voltage is used to track Po
Io= (7)
the maximum power point and create the necessary duty cycle Vout
for the switch within the DC-DC boost device, as illustrated Where, D is the duty cycle, Vinmin in the minimum input
in Figure. 1. Figure 4 shows the flowchart for the hybrid voltage, Vout is the desired output voltage, Io is the output
technique. current and Po is the output power.
Vout
ΔI= Ioripple*Io* ; (8)
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑖𝑛
0.5
ΔV= Vout* ; (9)
100
Where, Ioripple is the input current ripple,
Vinmin∗(Vout−Vinmin)
L= ; (10)
ΔI∗fs∗Vout
Io∗D
C= ; (11)
fs∗ΔV
where, L defines inductor value, C defines the capacitor value
and fs is the switching frequency. Table 3 displays the values
for the various boost converter component parts.
TABLE 3: PARAMETERS OF BOOST CONVERTER
Parameter Value
Vmin 50
Vout 400
Figure 4. Flow chart of hybrid MPPT based on P&O and neural network Capacitor 6.694 µF
As stated in the algorithm, the inputs are the required current Inductor 4.557e-05
and voltage on the converter's input side. Both P&O and ANN Resistive Load 30
function independently based on the inputs, and the neural
network duty cycle output is coupled with the P&O duty cycle B. Voltage Lift Boost Converter
output. The average of the created duty cycle is then sent into The voltage lift (VL) approach was widely used on simple
the PWM generator, which generates pulses to actuate the step-up converters. Figure 6 represents the fundamental
IGBT switch in the DC-DC converter. design of the DC-DC converter with VL cells, while Figure 7
represents the VL cells that may be used in the DC-DC
IV. CONVERTER MODELING converter. This technique was developed by [26] and has
The converter is used in WECS to boost the produced shown to be an effective method for increasing the output
voltage to the desired high voltage based on the load. This voltage of a DC-DC converter. It operates by charging the
paper's DC/DC converter converts generating voltages to 400 capacitor to a specified voltage derived from the input
V, which is the common bus voltage for a DC microgrid. This voltage. The output voltage is therefore proportionate to the
section describes how to create a boost converter and voltage charged capacitor's voltage level. Repeating this technique
lift boost converter in this work. with advanced capacitors results in rebound, triple-lift, and
quadruple-lift circuits with increased output voltage.
A. Boost Converter Furthermore, [27-30] augmented the VL approach with a
The boost converter is used to provide a high continuous boost converter to accomplish high-voltage-gain conversion.
output voltage that is greater than the input voltage [16]. A In [31], the VL method is paired with a voltage doubler or
boost converter can be used to get the necessary voltage. The VMC to the quadratic boost converter to roughly quadruple
simplest traditional DC/DC converter, Boost, is controlled by the input voltage and reduce the voltage stress via the
a single switch. As shown in Figure 5, the boost converter switching devices by one-half of the output voltage. [31]
[25] operates using an inductor, capacitor, switch, and diode. presents a VL-based modified boost converter with a single
switch. Because it is simpler to grasp, this structure simplifies using hybrid P&O and ANN methods. Figure 10 depicts the
the design. The VL technique's performance is reliant on output voltage when the Boost converter is used (green) and
energy storage devices such as inductors and capacitors. DC output voltage when the Voltage lift (red) topology is
Aside from improving output voltage, another advantage is used in WECS. As a consequence of the preceding findings,
that it can function efficiently throughout a wide power range, it is clear that the Voltage lift-boost converter provides
from low-power to high-power applications [34]. The VL greater voltage gain than the Boost converter. When the
approach is easier to implement, has a better power density, hybrid control strategy is used in conjunction with the voltage
and produces less output voltage ripple than the other lift-boost converter does the WECS perform in a stable
advanced step-up techniques. As a result, the VL approach manner and deliver a constant rated voltage of 400 V in all
lends itself well to solar energy collecting devices [32, 33]. operating regions, whereas the conventional boost converter
The modellings of parameters of Voltage lift boost converters delivers 400V with oscillation, which is less stable. Figure 10
are done from [26]. depicts MPPT controllers capacity to obtain the maximum
possible power from wind speed. The results show that the
hybrid MPPT control method, combined with a voltage lift-
boost converter, provides more power than a standard boost
converter. Based on the results, it can be stated that the
combination of a voltage lift-boost converter and a hybrid
MPPT approach produces superior results.

Figure 6. Configuration of Voltage lift Boost Converter.

Figure 7. Configuration of Voltage Lift Cell

V. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The WECS is implemented with hybrid P&O and artificial
neural network (ANN) MPPT method for two separate power Figure 9. Voltage output of the WECS for Boost converter (yellow) &
Voltage lift boost Converter (Blue)
converters, Boost and voltage lift boost converter, and
simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software (R2019a) in this
part. For quick and inconsistent wind speed, the performance
of the hybrid MPPT approach with different DC/DC
converters is confirmed in two cases.
A. Case 1: Fixed Wind Speed
The MPPT control approach used in this work is estimated in
order to extract the highest possible power at the given wind
speed. The wind speed pattern employed in this research
work is very intermittent, and Figure 8 depicts an important
parameter for the MPPT management approach. For this
article, the constant wind speed of 12 m/s is used, which is Figure 10. Power output of the WECS for Boost converter (yellow) &
Voltage lift boost Converter (Blue)
also the base wind speed. To assess the accuracy distinct
MPPT control schemes, hybrid P&O and ANN, simulation B. Case 2: Variable Wind Speed
studies for constant wind speed are undertaken for Boost and In this part, we put the hybrid MPPT approach based on ANN
Voltage Lift-Boost converters. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the and P&O to the test with varying wind speed. The suggested
outcomes of various DC/DC converters with the hybrid control's performance is evaluated while the wind speed
MPPT control technique. varies step by step during the operation duration. Figure 11
depicts the step change in wind speed for the first scenario,
WECS is evaluated for this study with variable wind speed,
passes from 12m/s at t=0, 16m/s at t=1,8m/s at t=3, 12m/s at
t=5, to 16m/s at t=6, then to 12 m/s from t=8 to t=10. Figure
12 displays the voltage output for changeable wind speed,
which is achieved by hybrid MPPT algorithm with boost
converter (green) and voltage lift-boost converter(red). From
the result it can be claimed that traditional boost converter
Figure 8. Fixed wind speed tracks the wind speed properly but oscillates, whereas the
Figure 9 depicts a comparison of DC voltage output for the suggested boost converter is accurately tracking the wind
previously discussed DC/DC converter, which is controlled speed along with retaining higher stability.
 Figure 11. Variable wind speed
Figure 15. Voltage output of P&O (yellow), Hybrid MPPT Boost converter
(blue) & Hybrid MPPT Voltage lift boost Converter (green) [Fixed WS]

Figure 16. Power output of P&O (yellow), Hybrid MPPT Boost converter
(blue) & Hybrid MPPT Voltage lift boost Converter (green) [Variable WS]
Figure 12. Voltage output of the WECS for Boost converter (yellow) &
Voltage lift boost Converter (Blue)

Figure 17. Voltage output of P&O (yellow), Hybrid MPPT Boost converter
Figure 13. Power output of the WECS for Boost converter (yellow) & (blue) & Hybrid MPPT Voltage lift boost Converter (green) [Variable WS]
Voltage lift boost Converter (Blue)
Figure 13 illustrates the output power for both the system It can be stated that the convergence time, maximum power
where it can be observed that the output power achieved is far output & stability is better in proposed hybrid P&O and ANN
higher than typical boost converter. Based on the results, it based MPPT with VL-boost converter than the conventional
can be claimed that the combination of a voltage lift-boost one.
converter with a hybrid MPPT technique delivers superior
outcomes. It may optimize and stabilize output power when TABLE 4. OUTPUT VOLTAGE & POWER
wind speed exceeds the rated amount as well. MPPT Converter Voltage Power Load
C. Comparison of Conventional and Proposed MPPT Perturb & Boost 400V 2.968 54
Method: Observe KW
Hybrid P&O & Boost 400V 5.618 30
Figure 14 & 15 shows the power and voltage output for fixed ANN KW
wind speed respectively for P&O, Hybrid P&O and ANN Hybrid P&O & Voltage- 400V 6.791 23.5
with both boost and VL-boost converter. ANN lift KW

At 12m/s base wind speed, Table 4 displays the output power

and voltage for both the dc-dc boost converters mentioned
here. By sustaining 400V in three conditions, the suggested
technique outperformed the standard MPPT method and
conventional boost converter. The loads were changed in
order to keep the voltage at 400V. According to the data,
loads are inversely related to the achieved output power.
Figure 14. Power output of P&O (yellow), Hybrid MPPT Boost converter VI. CONCLUSION
(blue) & Hybrid MPPT Voltage lift boost Converter (green) [Fixed WS]
Similarly Figure 16 & 17 shows the output for variable wind A particular configuration of combining Voltage lift-boost
speed. converter with hybrid P&O and ANN based MPPT control
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