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SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION (LIGHT SYSTEM)

Technical Report · August 2021

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30797.77286

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 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS (UniMAP)
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY (FMET)

ENT 461 RENEWABLE ENERGY

SERVICE-LEARNING MALAYSIA
UNIVERSITY FOR SOCIETY
(SULAM)
2020/2021

PREPARED TO
DR. MD. TASYRIF BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
TITLE
SOLAR PANEL INSTALLATION (LIGHT SYSTEM)

PROGRAM : RK08 – MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GROUP :4

NAME : MOHAMED SABRI BIN MOHAMED KUTHUBUDIN 171110670

HAJA SYED HUSSAIN BIN NOOR AL KARIM 171110654
MUHAMMAD SYAMIM BIN SHURAIMI 171110704
MUHAMMAD FAIZ SAFUAN BIN KAMARUDDIN 171111404
MD ASHEQUL ISLAM 171110100-5
AHMED ALI RABEA MUFLEH 171110107-5
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................... I

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................. III
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................IV
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Background of Study ............................................................................................................ 2

1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................................................ 5

1.3 Objective ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.4 Study Location ...................................................................................................................... 6

1.5 Project Scope ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.6 Preliminary Design ............................................................................................................... 8

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................. 9

2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Theoretical Review.............................................................................................................. 11

2.3 Renewable Energy .............................................................................................................. 13

2.3.1 Geothermal Energy ..................................................................................................... 13

2.3.2 Wind Energy................................................................................................................ 13
2.3.3 Tidal Power.................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.4 Hydroelectric Power (HEP) ....................................................................................... 14
2.3.5 Solar Energy ................................................................................................................ 15
2.4 Non-Renewable Energy ...................................................................................................... 16

2.4.1 Coal............................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.2 Oil & Natural Gas ....................................................................................................... 18
2.5 Determination Which Form of Affordable Solar Panel Could Provide Household in Abi,
Perlis with a Continuous & Reliable Energy Supply .......................................................... 19

2.6 Reviewing the Long-Term Viability of Solar Systems Purchased for use as Aa Source of
Electricity in a Household in Abi, Perlis .............................................................................. 21

I
 2.7 Factors That Limit the Performance & Long-Term Viability of a Solar System
Purchased & their Solutions in A Household in Abi, Perlis............................................... 23

2.8 Does the Renewable Energy Infrastructures Ruin the Environment?........................... 27

2.9 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 30

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 31

3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 31

3.2 Flow Chart ........................................................................................................................... 31

3.3 Design of Solar Photovoltaic System ................................................................................. 33

3.4 Identification of the components needed for the Solar Photovoltaic System ................. 34

CHAPTER 4: DESIGN DETAIL AND PROTOTYPING......................................................... 35

4.1 Schematic Drawing ............................................................................................................. 35

4.2 House Plan Layout .............................................................................................................. 36

4.3 Fabrication Process ............................................................................................................. 38

4.3 User Manual ........................................................................................................................ 41

4.4 Calculation of Energy Requirement .................................................................................. 44

4.5 Cost Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 46

5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 46

5.2 Recommendation for Future Project ................................................................................ 47

REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................... 48
APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................... 51
APPENDIX B ........................................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX C ........................................................................................................................... 55
APPENDIX D ........................................................................................................................... 56

II
 LIST OF TABLES

PAGE
Table 2.1 How Green Energy Infrastructure Affects the Environment 28
Negatively
Table 3.1 The components to be purchased 36
Table 4.1 List of Cost Estimation of this project 45

III
 LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE
Figure 1.1 Location of Kampung Abi Atas Paip in Google Maps 5
Figure 1.2 Solar Powered Home Lighting 7
Figure 1.3 System Workflow 7
Figure 2.1 Solar PV Lighting System 13
Figure 2.2 The link between the economy and renewable energy 30
Figure 3.1 The flowchart of the project 33
Figure 4.1 The circuit design for Solar Panel Installation Lighting System 37
Figure 4.2 Floor plan layout for Solar Panel Installation Project 38
Figure 4.3 Isometric view for Solar Panel Installation Project 39
Figure 4.4 Solar Panel placement 39
Figure 4.5 Measurement process 40
Figure 4.6 Installation of position Solar Panel 41
Figure 4.7 Wiring installation process 42

IV
 ABSTRACT

This project aims to reduce the usage of non-renewable energy for household usage. A

design of renewable energy sources is proposed. The study location is No. 979, Kampung Abi

Batas Paip, 01000 Kangar, Perlis. The owner of the house is Azirin Bin Ibrahim. The proposed

model is targeted for terrace housing in a normal countryside area. The methodologies used in

this project were research, survey, and calculations. Research is done on which type of design

is suitable to be used as a convenient solar photovoltaic system in housing areas. The proposed

model also undergoes cost analysis by listing the components and the quantity of them needed

to be purchased. The proposed model is profitable for the owner for 2 years and if maintained

carefully and replace with the parts necessary it should be in working condition for at least 25

years. The proposed model can produce sufficient electrical energy to light up the areas which

are darker at night hours.

1
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study

Electricity is, undoubtedly, one of the greatest of humankind's inventions, and it has

impacted our daily lives in many ways. However, despite its benefits for humanity, about 1.1

billion people lack electricity supply, according to reports by International Energy Agency

(IEA) [4]. A more significant percentage of this population resides in the rural areas in South

Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the UNECE survey on poverty measurement [1],

Malaysia, being a developing country, has 3.8 percent of its population size living below the

poverty line, and most of them reside within the rural areas.

Peninsular Malaysia, which as of the year 2011, accounted for 92 percent of the

population in Malaysia, has about 99.6 percent electricity coverage, while the electricity

coverage in the poor states was slightly low at 79 percent [2]. The increase in economic

development in Malaysia has resulted in high demand for electricity. The maximum demand

and energy consumption rose from more than 1000MW in 2003 to above 150000MW in 2013

over the last decade [3]. In rural areas with rugged terrain due to the thick forest cover, it may

be difficult for grid extension. Hence, renewable energy is considered a better option for a

source of power in rural areas.

For example, Sabah state in Malaysia is the top producer of crude oil in the country,

but still, it lags in terms of economic development. It is ironically Malaysia's most

impoverished state. The progress of electrification programs is comparatively slow despite the

federal government injecting funds each year for the past decades [6].

2
 For a long time through the last decades, residents of Tanjung Batu Durat were largely

dependent on diesel generators, kerosene lanterns, and candles. The diesel generators were

owned by few individuals who could afford to buy the setups. It was unfair for the residents to

see electric lights lighting the Sandakan town about twenty minutes away using a boat ride [6].

Consequently, owing to the difficulty faced in transportation and the high costs of transporting

fuel to remote areas, diesel generators are economically inefficient. The generators are also

only operational between six to eight hours and were mainly used in the evenings and could

not sustain the demand.

Due to the mentioned limitations, solar energy is best suited for sufficient electricity

generation in rural areas. The state of Sabah in Malaysia typically receives large amounts of

solar radiation, with a maximum solar radiation potential of about 6.027 kW/m2 per day [6].

This large amount of solar radiation makes it potential for applying solar energy to provide

electricity in absolute abundance. The demand for power in Sabah by 2020 stands at 1331MW.

On the other hand, Perlis receives about half a day of solar radiation on averages

throughout the year, despite reflectivity. Perlis is the northernmost state in Peninsular Malaysia

and is recognized as the hottest state in the country, receiving an average of 12 hours of sunlight

a day. According to [7], the annual total solar radiation in Perlis is 1831.45 kWh/m2, which will

produce total electric energy of 237.7 kW/m2 per year of Photovoltaic panels. If all of Perlis'

land were filled with horizontal PV panels, roughly 189,29 GWh of electricity could have been

generated annually.

3
 Many studies support solar Photovoltaic PVs for supplying electricity in rural areas

because they can be easily installed, have less weight, and are modular. Solar PVs reduce costs

making the project more straightforward. Studies show that solar PV is sustainable in providing

electricity in rural areas due to its life cycle costs, protection of the environment, and net energy

ratio. Solar PV has several positive impacts on the environment, including reducing the

emission of CO2 in the air. They do not generate noise and reduce the likelihood of the

household members getting affected by air pollution as they eliminate the need to use kerosene

lights.

4
1.2 Problem Statement

We are living in an era where technology has been rapidly improving without

concerning the effects of exploitation on earth.[8] We are constantly evolving concerning

technology but, sadly, we are less concerned about the environment.[8] Even though renewable

energies are not cheap, still we have to take initiative to protect our planet.

Upon doing some research on our target area, which is Kampung Abi Atas Paip located

in Perlis, we have found out some issues that have been bothering the people to live in harmony.

Some of the problems are including poor lighting systems around the house. This leads to

compromise in the overall security of the house. This is because darker areas are the most

welcoming territory for thieves and burglars.[9]

Then, the people of Kampung Abi Atas Paip finding it harder to add lights in their

houses since it will raise their electric bill to the extent where they cannot afford them. This

forces them to live with a limited amount of light at night. The worst part is, some streets are

not equipped with streetlights which makes the situation in the house even worse.

1.3 Objective

The main objective of this project is:

1. To provide proper lighting system around the house using solar energy system.

2. To generate new energy resources by using a solar photovoltaic system that can

reduce the usage of electricity and electricity bills.

5
1.4 Study Location

In this project, we will be focusing on a particular place which is known as Kampung

Abi Atas Paip. We have chosen this place to conduct our project since this village has faced a

certain number of problems as compared to the town areas of Perlis. Moreover, this place is

strategic to most of our teammates as they can visit the place physically without any issue as

they are currently staying in the nearby hostel. In addition, the village people also require help

from other than government bodies to cultivate their ability to be sustainable. Figure 1.1 shows

the map which locates Kampung Abi Atas Paip.

Figure 1.1:Location of Kampung Abi Atas Paip in Google Maps [10]

As can be seen in Figure 1.1, Kampung Abi Atas Paip is surrounded by many other

villages. Another thing that can be noticed is that Kampung Abi Atas Paip is neither the biggest

village nor it is filled with job opportunities. This leads to economic instability in the village

and causing the people to compromise and adjust according to a rather bad lifestyle when

compared with the well-developed cities. This proves that Kampung Abi Atas Paip needs

special care compared to other villages.

6
1.5 Project Scope

The scope of this project is:

1. Renewable energy is subjected to a solar photovoltaic panel.

2. The study location was focused at Abi, Perlis (Kampung Abi).

3. The type of controller that is using for a switch between the solar panels and the battery
is PWM (pulse width modulation).

4. The selected solar panel is a SIEMENS SM100 with a rated power of 50 W.

5. This project will be able to implement a home lighting system for people in the
community (Kampung Abi) who are experiencing difficulties with their house
electricity.
6. community feedback takes to make outdoor areas efficient, safe, secure, and
comfortable.

7
1.6 Preliminary Design

The solar panels absorb solar radiation throughout the day and transform it into

electrical energy through the charge and discharge controller, which is then deposited in the

battery, according to the photovoltaic effect theorem. When the light intensity drops to around

10 lx at night and the open-circuit voltage of the solar panels reaches a certain value, the

controller detects the voltage value and then acts, offering energy to the LED light to power

the LED emitting visible light in a certain direction. After a certain amount of time has passed,

the charge and discharge controller will operate again to stop the discharge of the battery to

allow for the next charging or discharging. If we can make the function of each part in

Figure.1.2 abstractly, we can get the system workflow (Figure. 1.3)

Figure 1.2: Solar Powered Home Lighting

Figure 1.3: System Workflow

8
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Malaysia is a developing country just like any other developing country; it faces related

and crucial problems regarding the energy sector in rural areas. It is such that there is inefficient

production and prevalence use of traditional sources of energy such as agricultural residue and

fuelwood that in turn poses threats to human health, environmental, and economic [11]. Also,

the use of energy sources such as liquefied natural gas and electricity are highly unequal in

distribution, and they pose significant problems of equity and quality of life. Traditional energy

sources have the danger of increasing indoor smoke exposure when used for cooking and

heating purposes. Statistics show that yearly developing countries record over a 2.5million

deaths from traditional fuel use [12].

Electrical appliances and renewable fuels allow households to lower their exposures to

smoke from heaters and cookers of biomass, and for this reason, renewable sources of energy

have been produced for use in many households. Renewable sources of energy such as solar

energy are useful such that they are naturally replenished on a human timescale and are

sustainable. There have been historical developments in energy, especially due to the several

advances that have been witnessed in civilizations that have affected both the availability and

exploitation of energy.

9
 In industrialized countries, some of the most used energy sources include fossil fuels

such as oils, natural gas, and coal supplying close to 80% of the total energy supply in the

world. Fossil fuels were formed million years ago from accumulating the organic molecules

formed by organisms due to photosynthesis. The two types of energy sources include

renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources are those that are

continuously present or replace themselves. Renewable energy sources provide up to 12% of

the world’s energy. They mostly come from firewood and hydroelectric power. On the other

hand, non-renewable energy sources fossil fuels used faster than they are produced, making the

materials finite. Thus, fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas will disappear with time.

10
2.2 Theoretical Review

The location of Malaysia in the equatorial region makes it have average solar radiations

of around 4k to 5kWhr/ m2 for 4 to 8 hours daily. In a year, the country experiences 170rainy

days with ambient temperature ranging between 26℃ to 32℃ and relative humidity, not below

60 percent. The amount of solar radiation received determines the optimum solar energy system

for solar PV and solar thermal. Solar energy has been mainly used for drying agricultural

produce until the late 1990s when electrical power using solar photovoltaic began. Solar

Thermal electric generation systems collect and concentrate sunlight to produce the high-

temperature heat required to generate electricity. The components of solar thermal systems are

reflectors and receivers. The solar thermal system has a tracking system that assists in focusing

or keeping sunlight focused onto the receiver throughout the day as the sun changes positions.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is the rooftop solar used in homes and businesses, and it generates

electricity directly from solar energy [13].

Solar PV has been considered a smart technology for electricity production from

sunlight. The working principle of photovoltaic cells is that sunlight detaches electrons from

silicon atoms, capturing photons (tiny packets of light energy). Photons have the potential of

striking electrons free of their host atom [13]. The upper surface of solar PV cells has a PN-

junction formed by diffusing tiny quantities of phosphorous to form a wafer of silicon. As the

electrons cross the PN-junction, they create negative voltage on the surface facing the sun and

positive voltage on the rear side. Therefore, connecting the front and backside of the cell using

an external circuit allows current, voltage, and power to be extracted from the solar cell. A

photovoltaic module is formed by packaging solar cells behind glasses.

11
 The life of a solar cell is between 20 to 40 years. The amount of electricity produced

by a solar cell depends on its collector areas and solar radiation. Most markets are dominated

by photovoltaic solar cells or crystalline silicon solar cells used as consumer electronics, remote

area power supplies, and satellites. Solar panels are available in sizes ranging from small to

large, and consumers purchase based on their power consumption ratings in households. Solar

PV electricity is less expensive both commercially and domestically [14]. The advantages of

solar energy are it is a renewable source of energy, reduces electricity bills, diverse

applications, low maintenance costs, and technology development. However, solar PV is

associated with pollution because the cells contain toxic materials, solar energy dependent on

weather patterns, and expensive solar energy storage. A typical solar system for light a house

requires a solar panel, solar controller, battery, and light bulb, as shown in the figure below.

Figure 2.1 Solar PV Lighting System

12
2.3 Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is provided by the process that is continuously present due to solar

or those that replenish themselves. The major source results from the photosynthesis process,

producing plant biomass. Therefore, biomass is massively dependent on solar energy. Some of

the major types of renewable energy sources include biomass, geothermal energy, solar energy,

tidal energy, wind turbines, and hydroelectric power, which supplies about 15% of the world’s

energy [15].

2.3.1 Geothermal Energy

This type of energy can be extracted in two ways. The water can be heated on the

surface by the hot magma near the surface. Through steam turbine, the heated water is used to

electricity or the heated water can be used directly in buildings. In geologically inactive areas,

geothermal energy can be extracted using heat pumps. Some of the notable countries producing

geothermal energy are the US, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Italy, Iceland, and New Zealand [15].

The environmental concerns of geothermal energy include the corrosion of the pipes by the

minerals in the steam, and the hydrogen sulphide, which causes air pollution and the odour

smell of rotten eggs.

2.3.2 Wind Energy

The US has dedicated a huge part of its resources to ensure that they generate more

energy. Some areas tend to have stronger winds than others. For instance, Dakotas have

stronger winds; hence more wind turbines have been installed to generate electricity. However,

the electricity generated from the wind turbines is unreliable; hence it should be backed up by

another source. Some of the major countries that have significantly installed wind turbines

include Germany, the US, and China. The environmental concern of the turbines is that the

blades in the turbines are dangerous to the moving bats and birds.

13
2.3.3 Tidal Power

The moon and the sun exert a gravitational force, which causes tides. Since the moon

is closer to the sun, it exerts a large gravitational force on the Earth. The force causes oceans

to bulge towards the moon. During this bulge, the Earth’s rotation causes the tides to be formed,

causing the rise and fall in ocean water levels. In a day, there are two high tides and two low

tides. The highest is generated when the sun, moon, and Earth are in one line. To convert this

tidal energy into electricity, a dam is built. Gates and turbines are built along the ocean, and a

dam is built at the narrow point of the bay [15]. The flow of water from the high side to the

low tidal side moves the turbines and gates to produce electricity. Some of the countries that

generate tidal power include France, Russia, the East China Sea, Canada, and another built in

South Korea. Some of the environmental effects include interference in the migration and other

marine lives by the turbines and barriers. Besides, it affects recreation and navigation in the

oceans.

2.3.4 Hydroelectric Power (HEP)

Hydroelectric power use water to power the turbines. It provides about 16% of the

world’s energy. It uses a dam on a river to store water which eventually turns turbines to

generate electricity by activating a generator. In some areas, electricity may be generated even

without the reservoirs.

14
2.3.5 Solar Energy

The sun is continuously the main source of energy. The sun provides up to 600 times

the total energy provided by the other sources of energy. The only problem making solar energy

to be minimally used is that it is diffused and intermittent. It is available during the day when

there is sunlight and gradually spreads worldwide depending on the side facing the sun. Solar

energy can be consumed in a passive heating system where the solar energy is directly

converted to heat at the site [16]. On the other hand, is an active heating system, the heat is

transferred to another place. Finally, solar energy can generate electricity by photovoltaic cells

or turning turbines with heated water. Solar energy has a limited effect on the environment

except for the massive lands required for the photovoltaic power plants.

Solar energy is renewable energy hence can be replenished. This factor alone makes it

sustainable since it is inexhaustible. It is also non-polluting and infinite; hence the energy from

the sun will be there for the longest time. Electricity production by photovoltaic solar panels is

more sustainable than electricity powered by non-renewable sources.

15
2.4 Non-Renewable Energy

Since Non-Renewable energy is finite, some important aspects include deposits of

fossil fuels, Uranium, and Iron cores. Resources are naturally occurring substances useful to

human beings that can be extracted, while Reserves are deposits where the materials can be

extracted under economic situations with advanced technology [17]. Thus, reserves can largely

increase with advanced technology regardless of the decrease in resources.

2.4.1 Coal

Coal was once formed from the materials from plants under heat and pressure. Due to

the large areas covered by freshwater swaps millions of years ago, the growth of plants was

rapid, causing the large accumulation of these materials. With decay, there was a huge organic

mass formed [17]. The deposits were later submerged by the oceans and seas and covered by

sediments. With the pressure from the sediments above, these materials were compressed, and

heat caused the water and volatile compounds to evaporate, transforming these materials into

coal.

Coal supplies up to about 30 % of the energy used globally. It is classified into 4

categories of lignite, subbituminous, bituminous and anthracite. The categories depend on the

moisture and energy content, with lignite the least desired with higher moisture content and

anthracite the most desired. Since coal is formed from the remains of plants, it can be extracted

through surface and underground mining. Whereas surface mining involves removing

materials on top of the coal, underground mining involves removing the coal through a vertical

shaft in flat areas and a drift-mine opening in hilly areas through the side of the hill.

16
 However, mining coal may result in several health and safety issues. For instance,

several deaths have resulted from accidents and explosions of methane gas. Moreover, some

miners have complained of black lung cancer from the coal dust present in the miner’s lungs.

Most of these health issues are addressed by the federal government, a cost that indirectly

affects the taxpayers through the taxes they pay to the federal government.

Also, several environmental issues are related to the mining and extraction of coal.

There is a lot of disruption and disturbance of the landscape when mining coal since the topsoil

and overburden are removed from the surface to reach the source. The plant materials that

formed the coal contained proteins from sulphur. Consequently, sulphur may cause both air

pollution and acid mining drainage. Furthermore, the extraction releases carbon monoxide and

mercury into the atmosphere.

17
2.4.2 Oil & Natural Gas

These are also formed from the past. They were formed from the microscopic marine

organisms that died and got buried in the ocean bottom. They were then covered by sediments

releasing oil droplets. Shale, formed from muddy sediments, with unconcentrated oil droplets

making it difficult to extract. Concentrations are formed when there is a porous sandstone or a

semi-permeable rock on top of the oil-containing shale.

Oil supplies close to a third of the world’s energy. People prefer to use oil over oil due

to the lower effects on our environment. Whenever a potential oil source is identified and

confirmed, the oil is extracted by drilling a well into the spot and pumping in gas or water to

drive the oil up the well. It can also be driven easily into the surface by reducing its viscosity

by pumping steam into the well. The crude oil is later refined after distillation through cracking.

Its movement is easier than the bulky coal since it can be moved through pipes. One of the

most common environmental effects of oils is spills in the oceans that affect aquatic life.

On the other hand, natural gas supplies about a fifth of the world’s energy. Like oil, it

is extracted by pumping water, steam, or gas into the wells. In some cases, both oil and natural

gas may be present in one well. Its transportation is slightly tricky but mostly done through the

pipelines. Another way to transport it is through tankers in a liquified state. Natural gas has the

least effect on the environment except for some odour and rare cases of explosions and fire.

18
2.5 Determination Which Form of Affordable Solar Panel Could Provide
Household in Abi, Perlis with a Continuous & Reliable Energy Supply

The three most common types of domestic solar panels include thin-film solar panels,

monocrystalline panels, and polycrystalline panels that produce electricity from sunlight.

Monocrystalline solar panels are made of one piece of silicon and are known as the most

efficient type of solar panel in the market with a sleek black appearance. During their

manufacture, the material used is single-crystal silicon that is cut into wafers to allow free flow

of electrons that result in high-efficiency rates. The advantages of monocrystalline solar panels

are that they have the highest efficiency rating at between 15 to 20%, space-efficient, and

perform better in low levels of sunlight than polycrystalline panels. However, this kind of panel

is the most expensive in the market, and performance levels suffer from a temperature rise but

smaller compared to other types of solar cells, with more waste produced during its production

[14].

Polycrystalline solar panels are produced by melting several pieces of silicon together

into square molds to form solar cells. Because there are many crystals in every solar cell, the

panel has less space for electrons to move around, resulting in a lower efficiency rate than

monocrystalline cells. However, the panel is easier and cheaper to produce and produces less

waste during production than monocrystalline. Polycrystalline panels are blue in appearance.

However, polycrystalline panels have a lower energy efficiency of between 13 to 16%, less

space-efficient than monocrystalline panels due to low energy efficiency, shorter lifespan, and

less tolerant increase in temperature. Both polycrystalline and monocrystalline solar panels are

recycled once they reach the end of their lifespan using chemical and high-thermal temperature

processes.

19
 Thin-film solar panels are easier to produce because they need less material, making

them the cheapest solar panel in the market. Thin-film solar panels are manufactured by placing

films of one or more photovoltaic materials on a substrate and produced in flexible panels.

Some thin-film cells include copper, cadmium, and silicon. The panels are less efficient, require

most space, and more tolerant to higher temperatures. Also, they have the shortest lifespan than

other types and four times less efficient than monocrystalline panels.

20
2.6 Reviewing the Long-Term Viability of Solar Systems Purchased for use as Aa

Source of Electricity in a Household in Abi, Perlis

When purchasing a solar panel, it is essential to consider panel type, warranty offers,

efficiency, and wattage. Solar panel efficiency is necessary because it described the quality of

the panel and maximization of energy that saves on energy bills. Challenges encountered in

developing renewable energy in Malaysia has been the lack of coherent renewable energy

policy framework, fuel risks due to unwillingness of suppliers to have long term partnership

with renewable energy projects, difficulty in getting financing, presence of subsidy for

conventional energy systems, and low cost of the electricity sales price [14]. Solar energy is

considered the most promising and essential renewable energy source. It has expanded with

the development of technology and science that possibly assists in generating electricity and

heating. Solar energy has been prospected to be a significant source of energy for most future

buildings. Resource potentials are regarded and analyzed as renewable energy natural potential.

It is wrong to evaluate the economic values of sustainable energies if the costs are less than

revenues since the area can stimulate the creation of new technologies. Solar energy resource

potential in the country referred to solar radiation generated in a particular geographical region.

The volume is measured in kWh and expressed as RPge = SHrTs.

Whereby RPge – referred to the theoretical natural resource potential of sustainable energy in

any area.

S – referred to the square of the area.

Hr – referred to the solar radiation intensity.

Ts – number of hours of sunshine during the year.

21
Based on the technical potential of sustainable energy, the amount of power generated by

photovoltaic technology is expressed as:

(2.1)

Whereby EA refers to annual production capacity PV system (kW.h/year)

APV: total square of the massive where placed the solar sell (м2)

HR: solar radiation volume in this massive within a year (kW.h/м2),

nP: module efficiency,

πp: loss of the module caused by various causes, including surface contamination of the PV

battery (as usual 10%),

c: losses due to cooling of PV batteries (as usual 5%).

The efficiency of using solar cells in the Malaysian region is based on economic and

market potential. There are no doubts that there are issues with the supply of conventional

energy sources in the region, such as oil, coal, and hydropower. The area has an excellent

probability of meeting significant energy parts needed through a sustainable energy supply

program [13].

22
2.7 Factors That Limit the Performance & Long-Term Viability of a Solar System

Purchased & their Solutions in A Household in Abi, Perlis

Solar power systems are an effective tool for energy supply for both present and future

generations. Various factors have promoted photovoltaic developments such as tax deductions

and incentives, environmental concerns, performance and cost regarding technology, and the

need to replacing carbon fossil energy systems with renewables to enhance compliance with

the national goal. The optimal efficiency of solar panels depends on a combination of factors

that include:

Temperature influences the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell due to the intrinsic

characteristic of semiconductor material. The efficiency of solar panels increases when the

temperature drops and declines in high temperatures due to a reduction in voltage between

cells. To allow optimal efficiency for solar panels, they must be installed in an area with low

temperatures or solar panels designed to maintain low temperatures [18].

For energy conversion efficiency, solar modules have different spectral responses based

on the kind of module change of spectral irradiance that influences solar power generation.

Energy conversion efficiency is increased by reducing the reflection of incident light. For solar

shadings, solar PV panels are very sensitive to solar shadings. Having complete or partial

shading conditions essentially influences the potential of delivering energy and result in lower

output and power losses. Solar panel cells are often connected in series to get higher voltage

and substantial production of electricity. However, when the panel is shaded at some panel tie

current, all the units in the string are determined by the unit that produces the least current.

Shading a cell makes the whole series virtually shade as well.

23
 During installation, bypass diodes are included to prevent the loss of energy in case of

shading occurs. Bypass diodes must be wired in parallel to the solar cells to avoid the current

path during shading to allow a string of connected solar cells to generate energy at a reduced

voltage. Also, it is necessary to keep the solar panel system clean and avoid shading the solar

PV [18]. The orientation, latitude, climate conditions, and inclination of the place – these

factors must be considered to allow full advantage of solar radiation for the most prolonged

time. Operation and monitoring help manage and mitigate potential hazards, which guarantees

optimal return on investment.

For maintenance, despite solar panels being very durable, it is essential to maximize

the amount of light available to return to electrical power. Therefore, the solar panel system

must be inspected regularly to allow the solar panels to absorb sufficient light effectively.

Also, the efficiency and sustainability of the solar panel system will be influenced by the type

of solar battery used. Batteries are used to store electricity from solar power systems or other

sources of energy harnessed. Households use batteries for lighting houses and charging

purposes when connected with an inverter.

There are four types of batteries available for commercial and home use: lead-acid

battery, lithium-ion, flow battery, and sodium nickel chloride. Lead-acid batteries have been

tested technology and used in off-grid systems for quite some time. However, they have a

relatively short lifespan and lower DoD than other types of batteries. In the market, they cost

less in-home energy storage sector and can be a good option for an individual who intends to

install lots of energy storage [19].

24
 On the other hand, lithium-ion batteries are lighter and more compact than lead-acid

batteries with higher DoD and longer lifespan. Lithium-ion batteries are more expensive

compared to lead-acid batteries. Saltwater batteries are new in the market, and unlike other

batteries, they do not contain heavy metals as they use saltwater electrolytes. Also, the batteries

can be recycled with easy compared to their counterparts. However, this technology remains

untested [20].

The selection of batteries for energy storage depends on the amount of power it can

provide and how long it can last, round trip efficiency, warranty, and depth of discharge.

Battery capacity and power refer to the total amount of electricity that the battery can store,

and it is measured in kWh (kilowatt-hour). The design of most home-based solar batteries is

stackable to get extra capacity. However, the battery's power rating determines how much a

battery provides electricity at a particular moment, and it is measured in kW (kilowatts). A

battery with a high capacity and low power rating delivers a low amount of electricity for an

extended period and is suitable for running a few appliances. In contrast, a battery with low

capacity and a high-power rating is ideal for running more appliances but only lasts for a few

hours [21].

Considering the depth of discharge, most batteries need to always retain some charge

because of their chemical composition, as using 100% of the batter charge shortens its lifespan.

The depth of discharge of a battery is defined as the amount of capacity of a battery that has

been used. It is the manufacturer that specifies the amount of DoD for optimal battery

performance. A higher DoD implies that an individual can use more of the battery’s capacity.

The round-trip efficiency of a battery represents the amount of energy used as a percentage of

the amount of energy it took to store it. Higher round-trip efficiency implies obtaining more

economic value out of the battery. The more a battery is used, the lesser its ability to hold

charges becomes.

25
 The warranty of a battery guarantees its years of useful life because the performance of

a battery degrades over time; and depends on the brand of the battery and the capacity it loses

over time. Various organizations ranging from automotive companies to tech start-ups develop

and manufacture batteries. The selection of manufacturers for batteries by consumers depends

on their priorities because each has different setbacks that may include technology and

functionality. The lifespan of solar batteries ranges from five to fifteen years, depending on the

maintenance. The best option for use in solar panel systems is lithium-ion batteries [19].

26
2.8 Does the Renewable Energy Infrastructures Ruin the Environment?

The adoption of renewable energy is expected to have a global impact that goes beyond

environmental conservation. For instance, the increased implementation of renewable energy

systems is expected to reduce energy intensity in various countries by up to 10% by the end of

this decade [22]. This will lead to a global decrease in energy demand by up to 25%, especially

when energy efficiency matches the potential of renewable energy. This is because increased

energy production from additional sources will ensure that sufficient electricity is available

leading to lower power prices.

Despite being generally beneficial to the environment, the infrastructure of renewable

energy has some negative impacts on the environment, which are expected to increase with the

increasing adoption of the technology [23]. However, most of these factors are generally minor.

Some of them are documented below.

Table 2.1: How green energy infrastructure affects the environment negatively [24]

Renewable energy technology Environmental/social impact

Photovoltaic technology Release of toxins in the environment.

Large-scale solar infrastructure causes solar

obstruction. Reflected light may also cause

disruptions in some areas.

Wind power Rotating turbines generate a lot of noise,

primarily when not adequately maintained.

Although they are visually appealing, they

may cause obstruction when installed in

inappropriate places such as around airports.

27
 They threaten the living environment- birds

are frequently hit by the turbine.

Hydropower People get displaced when dams are being

created.

Otherwise, viable agricultural land gets

submerged.

Disruption of the river course threatens

ecosystems in the area.

Geothermal power Pressure release from underground reservoirs

is associated with seismic activity.

Hydrogen sulfide gets released, causing the

odor in the surroundings. This is a form of

localized air pollution.

There is a lot of noise pollution.

The economic contribution of renewable energy ranges from the creation of jobs at the

new energy facilities to the reduction of energy costs due to increased supply [25]. The

following energy-economy model shows how renewable energy would impact the demand and

supply balance in the energy sector.

28
 DEMAND SUPPLY

MACROECONOMIC
GROWTH MODEL

PRODUCTS/SERVICES PRODUCTS/SERVICES
INTEGRATING MECHANISM

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS

Source: Samouilidis & Mitropoulos (1982)

Figure 2.2: The link between the economy and renewable energy [26]

The deployment of renewable energy systems is projected to improve global GDP in

the long run due to its positive impact on welfare and job creation. Local economies would be

revitalized, and cost reductions would be stimulated due to the availability of sufficient energy.

The economic impact would be most felt in the manufacturing sector since the availability of

power would mean explosive industrial growth.

According to [27], employ multivariate analysis to illustrate the role of renewable

energy in economic growth. Data from 20 developed and developing countries from the period

between 1995 and 2016 are analyzed using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square

regression model and it is shown that increased use of renewable energy leads to improved

economic output (0.07% in developed countries and 0.05% in developing countries). This is

proof of the economic benefits of renewable energy.

29
2.9 Summary

In conclusion, an energy source is regarded as sustainable if it fulfils three demands of

energy. The energy can be naturally replenished, the technology used to improve energy

efficiency, and has long-term availability to always meet its demand. Therefore, sustainable

energy is defined as meeting the growing demand of people without compromising the

available resources for future use. It is posited that all renewable energy sources such as

hydropower, wind, solar, and geothermal are sustainable forms of energy since they cannot be

depleted, have a low environmental impact, and are naturally and widely available.

30
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes all processes involved in planning and assembling the solar panel

system. However, we did not design the solar panel, but we identify which component in the

market will give us a high value for money and assemble them to form a working solar

harvesting panel.

3.2 Flow Chart

Figure 3.1: The flowchart of the project

31
 Figure 3.1 shows the overall flowchart of the project. Based on Figure 3.1, we can

observe that the project is starting with a literature review to know more about the solar

photovoltaic system and the ability to replace conventional electricity. Then, the project’s

approach is divided by two as we have two objectives to be completed. One part (left side) is

focusing on the first objective and the other part (right side) is focusing on the second objective.

Choosing the cost-saving solar photovoltaic system contributes to finding the cheaper

alternative of the current source for the lighting system around the house.

On the other side, a comparison between conventional electric current and the

electricity produced by the solar photovoltaic system is under comparison to find which system

does benefit us in terms of cost in long-term usage. When both the solar photovoltaic design

and the comparison between conventional electricity and solar energy result in a decreased

amount of electricity bills, the objectives for this project will be achieved successfully.

32
3.3 Design of Solar Photovoltaic System

We must consider some properties before selecting a suitable design for the Solar

Photovoltaic System. The design of the solar photovoltaic system should be easy to assemble.

When the parts involved are minimal, we can easily figure out where is the problem if the

product did not function properly. So, the cost can be reduced greatly. Thus, the design element

should be minimalistic as it helps to reduce the overall cost of the product.

Furthermore, the chosen design must aim for ease of assembly. This will assist the

assembly teams in the assembly of products that will transition to productions at a minimum

cost, focusing on the number of parts, handling, and ease of assembly.[28] In a nutshell, the

design must be focused on reducing product assembly costs by minimizing the number of

assembly operations.

Moreover, the design to be chosen must include techniques used to integrate

environmental components into products and services before they enter the production phase.

The design also should seek to discover product innovations that will meet cost and

performance objectives while reducing pollution and waste throughout the life cycle.[29] In

short, keep in mind that the design should eco-friendly and at the same time, it should be cost-

efficient in long-term usage.

33
3.4 Identification of the components needed for the Solar Photovoltaic System

The first phase is identifying the components of the proposed Solar Photovoltaic

System model. The components were selected by using criteria that are needed for the Solar

Photovoltaic System in the housing area so that the performance of the system can meet the

requirements of the house owner. These selection criteria are based on the research in the

literature review. Similar products are found in the market with detailed product specifications

and used as the components of the proposed Solar Photovoltaic System.

The components for the proposed Solar Photovoltaic System are arranged in Table 3.1.

The quantity for each of the components is also has been listed in Table 1. This will make it

easier for purchasing the components and not to miss out on any of the components. In short,

we will have an idea of how many of the components need to be purchased altogether.

Table 3.1: The components to be purchased.

No Item Quantity
1. 50w Mono-Crystalline Cell Monocrystalline Solar Panel 18Vmp 1
12V System
2. Dual USB LCD Display PWM Solar Panel Controller Battery 1
Charger Charge Solar Controller Regulator 10A
3. LED DC12V Tube Light Lamp 2ft (60cm) / 4ft (120cm) White 4

4. Switch Socket Outlet & Switches (1-G-1-way-311) 4

5. BATERI KERETA NS60RS OTOPOWER (42AH 12DC) 1

6. 2.5MM PURE COPPER 100% PVC CABLE (Black) 1

7. PVC Wiring Casing/Electrical Casing/ Trunking Wire/ Casing 10
Elektrik
8. 3M Double Side Tape Exterior Waterproof Heavy Duty 2
Outdoor Tape 20mm
9. 600g Concrete Nails / Paku Simen / Paku Concrete 1
10. 00pcs Cable Tie Nylon Wire 100mm 1

34
 CHAPTER 4: DESIGN DETAIL AND PROTOTYPING

4.1 Schematic Drawing

In this project, the basic circuit design diagram for an electronic and electrical

component that is used to operate the system is shown in Figure 4.1. The main component For

Solar Panel Installation Project is pulse width modulation (PWM) or frequently called a

regulator were used to regulate the current/voltage flow from solar panel to battery and battery

to load. This component is safety equipment that can avoid overcharging or undercharging

where can cause permanent damage and reduce the lifetime of batteries.

The parallel configuration design circuit was applied were consist of multiple current

paths moving along in a single wire. This type of configuration is independent of the current

flow. When the circuit is broken such as switch, wire, or load, the current can continuously

flow to other paths without harm or caused multifunction to the systems.

Figure 4.1: The circuit design for Solar Panel Installation Lighting System

35
4.2 House Plan Layout

This section will represent the house plan layout with dimensions in feet (ft). Figure 4.2

shown the floor plan layout including detailed design and electrical layout for Solar Panel

Installation project. As shown in Figure 4.2, the solar charge controller (PWM) is located at

the center of the houses for homogeneously distributed power sources to the load. The

dimension of the main rooms is 8 feet width by 9.6 feet length from side to side. Figure 4.3

shown the isometric view. While Figure 4.4 shows the solar panel location for Solar Panel

Installation Project.

Figure 4.2: Floor plan layout for Solar Panel Installation Project

36
Figure 4.3: Isometric view for Solar Panel Installation Project

Figure 4.4 Solar Panel placement

37
4.3 Fabrication Process

The fabrication process for Solar Panel Installation Project was applied at Kampung

Abi Perlis. Material and components are brought from the online and nearby hardware shop.

The component brought online are solar panel 50watt, solar charge controller 10Amp, battery

DC12V, LED lamp 10watt, PVC cable, concrete nail 1’, wiring casing, and switch socket.

Besides, the equipment for completion of this project that obtains from hardware is a battery

clamping holder and terminal socket.

Figure 4.5: Measurement process

Figure 4.5 shown the survey measurement and mapping process for Solar Panel

Installation Project. This is an important criterion before the installation process of solar

systems were determining the suitable position of the main switch, lighting system, distance,

angle, and elevation of the wall for the wiring process. From the measurement process, the

layout size of the main room is 8 feet in width by 9.6 lengths with 6.7 feet height. The position

of the lamp was determined by using the mapping process through measure the total quantity

of lighting that can be emitted by the sources of light per unit time. The standard weight

reference point for human sensitivity to a wavelength of light about 1500 ~ 1700 lumens.

38
 Figure 4.6: Installation of position Solar Panel

Figure 4.6 shown the installation work of a solar panel at the rooftop of the house. The

placement and orientation of solar panels toward the sun direction to obtains the optimum angle

of sunlight. The optimum angle of slope hit perpendicularly to the surface of the solar panel

can produce the highest energy intensity, maximize absorbed solar radiation, and maximum

power output. Generally, countries located in the northern hemisphere will be facing solar

panels true the south toward the South Pole where it’s the most optimum direction solar panel

will receive direct sunlight. From the previous studies, the optimum slope that can be applied

in Malaysia is around 0o to 15o for maximizing the rate of absorbed solar radiation from the

sunlight [30].

39
 Figure 4.7: Wiring installation process

Figure 4.7 shows the process of wiring for the installation of the lamp. Safety

precautions should be considered during the wiring process where faulty installation techniques

can result in shock or electric fire. As follow Figure 4.1, the wiring diagram from power sources

to the load using parallel configuration setup. During the wiring process, the shortest path of

wire should be considered to avoid wastage of wire and product resistance in a wire as result

increase current usage.

40
4.3 User Manual

User’s Manual

Solar Lighting System

***Please read carefully these instructions before you start using this product.

SYSTEM CONNECTION

41
42
43
4.4 Calculation of Energy Requirement

The energy consumption of the household is depending on the application or utilities

used in the house. Each type of application is used a different power rating. Hence, a suitable

solar panel and battery is an important criterion when conduction a project related to electrical

energy.

Solar energy = 50 watt

Solar energy estimate efficiency = 80%

Solar output = 40 watt

Led light lamp = 9 watt

Total energy consumption = 36 watt

Power =IxV

Current = 36/12

= 3 Amp

= 42 AH / 3A

= 14 Hour

The battery with 42AH can sustain 14 hours/day

44
4.5 Cost Analysis

Table 4.1: List of cost estimation of this project

No Item Quantity Cost

1 50w Mono-Crystalline Cell Monocrystalline 1 RM 148.00

Solar Panel 18Vmp 12V System

2 Dual USB LCD Display PWM Solar Panel 1 RM 14.90

Controller Battery Charger Charge Solar
Controller Regulator 10A

3 LED DC12V Tube Light Lamp 2ft (60cm) / 4ft 4 RM42.00

(120cm) White

4 Switch Socket Outlet & Switches (1-G-1-way- 4 RM12.00

311)

5 BATERI KERETA NS60RS OTOPOWER 1 RM149.78

(42AH 12DC)

6 2.5MM PURE COPPER 100% PVC CABLE 1 RM45.00

(Black)

7 PVC Wiring Casing/Electrical Casing/ Trunking 10 RM32.00

Wire/ Casing Elektik

8 3M Double Side Tape Exterior Waterproof 2 RM15.80

Heavy Duty Outdoor Tape 20mm

9 600g Concrete Nails / Paku Simen / Paku 1 RM5.60

Concrete

10 00pcs Cable Tie Nylon Wire 100mm 1 RM5.99

Shipping RM55.57

Total RM526.64

45
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

The Service University Learning For Society (SULAM) project was conducted on Solar

Photovoltaic System in helping the community that deserves electricity but did not obtain any

due to poverty. This project helped out one of the residents to fulfill his requirement through a

clean energy system. The first objective is to provide a proper lighting system around the house

using a solar energy system. This objective is reached by providing a working Solar

Photovoltaic System that lights up 4 tube lights in the owner’s backyard to make it brighter

during night hours. The second objective is that to generate new energy resources by using a

solar photovoltaic system that can reduce the usage of electricity and electricity bills. This

objective is reached by proving that the usage of a clean energy source, the solar photovoltaic

system is cheaper compared to conventional electricity in long-term use. The proposed model

able to power a total of 4 tube lights without any restriction or problem by using a solar

photovoltaic system. The product life of this product is 2 years with routine maintenance and

proper care. After two years the battery holding the power may lose its capacity to hold power.

After replacing the batter

46
5.2 Recommendation for Future Project

There are some limitations to be considered in this research. Firstly, the solar radiation

for every place is different. In some places, the solar radiation is not strong enough to generate

enough electric power to supply machines. Therefore, the climate condition of location needed

to be researched clearly before choosing the location. Besides, do proper data collection to

know the amount of sunlight in that particular area. To be accurate do not collect data on cloudy

days, as that may affect the reading. More solar panels with different tilt angles can be used to

reduce the data collecting time and improve the consistency of the data. Finally, if the budget

can be increased, please do so. The product life can be increased by replacing an even higher

capacity battery to hold the power harvested from the solar panel.

47
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50
 APPENDIX A

Figure A:Picture with Owner Day 1

Figure B: Picture with Owner Day 2

51
Figure C: Progress Prototype

Figure D: Progress Testing

52
Figure E: Full Setup prototype

53
APPENDIX B

54
APPENDIX C

55
 APPENDIX D

56

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