Chinese Journal of Physics 89 (2024) 628–648

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Chinese Journal of Physics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cjph

A study on matter accretion onto charged black hole solution in

metric-affine gravity
G. Mustafa a , A. Ditta b , Faisal Javed a ,∗, S.K. Maurya c ,∗, Himanshu Chaudhary d,e,f ,
Farruh Atamurotov g,h,i
a
Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, People’s Republic of China
b
Department of Mathematics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
c
Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
d Department of Applied Mathematics, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
e Pacif Institute of Cosmology and Selfology (PICS), Sagara, Sambalpur 768224, Odisha, India
f Department of Mathematics, Shyamlal College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110032, India
g
New Uzbekistan University, Movarounnahr street 1, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
h
University of Tashkent for Applied Sciences, Str. Gavhar 1, Tashkent 100149, Uzbekistan
i
Institute of Theoretical Physics, National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent 100174, Uzbekistan

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This study deals with astrophysical accretion onto the charged black hole solution, which is
Black hole sourced by the dilation, spin, and shear charge of matter in metric affine gravity. The metric
Hamiltonian approach affine gravity defines the link between torsion and nonmetricity in space–time geometry. In
Accretion
the current analysis, we study the accretion process of various perfect fluids that are accreting
Metric affine gravity
near the charged black hole in the framework of metric affine gravity. Within the domain
of accretion, multiple fluids have been examined depending on the value of 𝑓1 . The ultra-
stiff, ultra-relativistic, and sub-relativistic fluids are considered in the discussion of accretion.
In the framework of equations of state, we consider isothermal fluids for this investigation.
Further, we explore the effect of polytropic test fluid on accretion disks, and it is presented in
phase diagrams. Some important aspects of the accretion process are investigated. Analyzing the
accretion rate close to a charged black hole solution, typical behavior is created and discussed
graphically.

1. Introduction

Modified Einstein gravity refers to theories that modify or extend Einstein’s general relativity (GR). These modifications are
introduced to address certain shortcomings or limitations of the original theory, such as the inability to explain the accelerated
expansion of the universe or the existence of dark matter and dark energy. These modifications often involve introducing additional
fields, modifying the equations of motion, or considering higher-dimensional spacetimes. The non-metricity of spacetime is explained
by extra components introduced in modified Einstein field equations, such as metric affine gravity (MAG) [1]. The purpose of these
changes is to provide a more complete account of gravity beyond GR by including the effects of torsion and non-metricity in the
gravitational field equations. Metric affine gravity sheds light on the underlying characteristics of gravity and its interactions with
matter and energy by taking into account geometric features of spacetime other than curvature.

∗ Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: gmustafa3828@gmail.com (G. Mustafa), adsmeerkhan@gmail.com (A. Ditta), faisaljaved.math@gmail.com (F. Javed),
sunil@unizwa.edu.om (S.K. Maurya), himanshuch1729@gmail.com (H. Chaudhary), atamurotov@yahoo.com (F. Atamurotov).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjph.2024.03.034
Received 1 March 2024; Received in revised form 21 March 2024; Accepted 25 March 2024
Available online 27 March 2024
0577-9073/© 2024 The Physical Society of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
G. Mustafa et al. Chinese Journal of Physics 89 (2024) 628–648

The sources of torsion in matter are specifically found to be the spin angular momentum [2,3], while the sources of nonmetricity
are found to be the so-called dilation and shear currents of matter [4,5]. The development of new models in the field of MAG that
provide precise solutions with torsion and nonmetricity beyond GR is especially important since there is currently a need for a better
understanding and empirical evidence for the existence of these variables. Unfortunately, the main obstacle to finding such models is
the computational complexity resulting from the simultaneous inclusion of curvature, torsion, and nonmetricity in the computations.
Furthermore, the order of the corresponding field strength tensors in the gravitational action determines the dynamics of these post-
Riemannian quantities. For material sources with inherent hypermomentum [6], the torsion and nonmetricity tensors are connected
to non-propagating linear combinations of the curvature tensor. Conversely, the introduction of dynamics to these fields through
higher-order curvature corrections results in a notable rise in theoretical complexity [7]. Despite these difficulties, from the beginning
of MAG, a great deal of work has been done to comprehend the physical effects of the field equations and to identify and examine
different kinds of solutions [8–16]. Notably, recent research has investigated the use of MAG in gravitational waves, black hole
(BH) physics, and cosmology [17–27]. The impact of a cosmological constant on the test-particle motion in BH backgrounds was
examined by Stuchlík [28]. Stuchlík computed the circular orbits and the characteristics of purely radial trajectories around the
charged black hole while accounting for the cosmological constant in the same study. In a different study, Schwarzschild-de Sitter
(dS) and Schwarzschild-anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetime properties were examined by Stuchlík and his collaborator Hledík [29]. They
used the embedding diagrams, photon escape cones, and effective potential for the motion of test particles and photons. They
demonstrate that in the Schwarzschild–dS spacetimes, coincidence does not hold. Faraoni et al. [30] used the Hawking–Hayward
BH solution to precisely measure the turnaround radius of cosmic objects in GR, consequently creating a quasi-local energy. By
separating the estimated quasi-local mass into local and cosmological components, they explained the interplay between cosmic
expansion and local attraction. In a recent review article, Stuchlík and his collaborators [31] examined the effects of cosmic repulsion
and external magnetic fields on jets connected to rotating BHs and accretion disks rotating around them against the background of
the cosmological constant.
The first BH solutions with torsion and nonmetricity were found by looking at a basic Lagrangian form and applying mathematical
restrictions to these tensors. These limitations significantly simplify the field equations, including the triplet ansatz and other limits
produced via prolongation techniques [32,33]. These simplifications, however, lead to BH configurations that need to adequately
display the dynamic link among the coframe, the metric, and the independent post-Riemannian structures found in the connection.
A novel model was recently developed in the context of Weyl–Cartan geometry, integrating nonmetricity and dynamical torsion
and establishing a relationship between these components [34]. Investigating the dynamic role of the traceless component of the
nonmetricity tensor and its relation to shears is the main focus of study by Bahamonde and others [35]. They have created a model
that takes this dynamic into account, leading to a novel BH solution with shear charges. This extension is shown to provide, upon
the introduction of dynamical torsion and a Weyl vector, the largest known set of static and spherically symmetric BH solutions
with spin, dilation, and shear charges in Metric-Affine Gravity [35]. Recently, the dynamical configurations of thin-shell developed
from BHs in MAG filled with massless and massive scalar fields were studied in [36]. Also, the thermodynamics and Joule–Thomson
expansion of charged anti-de Sitter (AdS) BHs in MAG are studied in [37]. A. Ditta et al. investigated testing BH in MAG with its
parameters using particle dynamics and photon motion in detail [38].
A BH accretion disk is a swirling disk of gas and dust that forms around a BH as it pulls in surrounding matter through its
strong gravitational pull. This disk is often made up of hot, ionized gas that emits intense radiation as it spirals inward towards
the BH’s event horizon. The accretion disk plays a crucial role in understanding the dynamics and energy release mechanisms
associated with BHs. Exploration of accurate and analytical answers has led to continuous advancements in accretion theory [39].
These answers provide a framework to define different astrophysical circumstances, which is essential to understanding the events
under study. Moreover, because they act as benchmark tests for numerical codes, analytical solutions are useful tools in the
area [40]. The Bondi model provides an explanation of the uniform flow of a spherically symmetric fluid falling onto a BH in
the context of Newtonian gravity [39]. This model was expanded by Michel to the relativistic regime using a Schwarzschild BH as
a framework [41]. Furthermore, Tejeda and Aguayortiz produced analytic solutions for a Schwarzschild BH [42], while Bondi and
Hoyle created analytic solutions for wind accretion situations in the Newtonian theory [43]. Many studies using both analytical and
numerical methods have improved our understanding of spherical and wind accretion [44–49]. The studies of various BH spacetimes
are explored in [50–64].
Researchers have investigated phantom accretion inside a certain type of BHs [65–68]. Furthermore, utilizing massless and
massive scalar fields, a number of research publications have examined the dynamic configurations of particles at the boundary
of different BH geometries [69–72]. In [73–75], Ditta and Abbas have additionally demonstrated efficacious outcomes concerning
accretion while taking into account various kinds of BHs. In the setting of nonlinear electrodynamics BHs, Ditta et al. recently
examined circular orbits and accretion disks [76]. Furthermore, researchers have investigated modified theories of gravity, including
noncommutative theory [77], quantum gravity corrections [78], and accretion flows onto scalar–tensor–vector gravity [79]. It has
also been explored [80,81] for heteroclinic and cyclic accretion processes onto 𝑓 (𝑅) and 𝑓 (𝑇 ) BHs. Furthermore, studies have been
conducted [82–88] utilizing dynamical systems and BH thermodynamics to analyze accretion flows onto static BHs. Researchers have
also carried out fascinating research on alternative BH geometries, including [89–99]. Quasi-periodic oscillations were computed
and tested by Liu and colleagues [86,100] with observational data from various compact objects.
The settlement of this paper is as follows: Section 2 is devoted to presenting the BH solution in MAG. In Section 3, we determine
the generic expressions of accretion of BH solutions in MAG. The speed of sound at the sonic points is evaluated in Section 4
by considering the Hamiltonian system for the accretion by the equation of state (EoS). Moreover, in Section 5, we observe the
physical configurations of accretion flow near a considered BH in MAG for numerous cases of fluids such as ultra-stiff fluid (USF),

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ultra-relativistic fluid (URF), radiation fluid (RF) and sub-relativistic fluid (SRF). The polytropic test fluid accretion has been analyzed
in Section 6. The accretion rate for polytropic fluid and mass accretion rate for different fluid distributions are presented in 7 and
8, respectively. The last section presents the outcomes of our manuscript.

2. Metric-Affine Gravity and black hole solution with spin, dilation and shear charges

The MAG is a gravitational theory that expands beyond GR by accommodating non-zero torsion and nonmetricity. The literature
around a non-holonomic connection 𝑤𝜖 ∈ 𝑔[(4, R)] explains the concepts of the spin, dilation and shear currents of matter and
fulfills via a vector bundle isomorphism, or coframe field, which is further defined by the following relation 𝑒𝑎𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑛 . The relation of
an affine-exhibiting metric spacetime is expressed as [35]:

𝑤𝑎 𝑏𝜖 = 𝑒𝑎 𝜆 𝑒𝑏 𝜌 𝛤̃𝜌𝜖
𝜆
+ 𝑒𝑎 𝜆 𝜕𝜖 𝑒𝑏 𝜆 , (1)

which is fully quantified by the torsion and nonmetricity tensors as [35]

𝜆 𝜆
𝑇𝜖𝜓 = 2𝛤̃[𝜖𝜓] , ̃ 𝜆 𝑔𝜖𝜓.
𝑄𝜆𝜖𝜓 = ∇

Let us start from the modified action in the form of a dynamical nonmetricity tensor, which is provided as: [35]
√ { 1 [ ( )( )]}
𝑆= 𝑑 4 𝑥 −𝑔 m + −𝑅 + 2𝑓1 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 + 2𝑓2 𝑅̃ (𝜖𝜓) − 𝑅̂ (𝜖𝜓) 𝑅̃ (𝜖𝜓) − 𝑅̂ (𝜖𝜓) , (2)
∫ 16𝜋
where m represents the matter Lagrangian. The nonmetricity field in the action within the scope of symmetric part of the curvature
tensor and its contraction is defined as [35]
̃ [𝜓 𝑄𝜖] 𝜆𝜌 + 1 𝑇 𝜎 𝑄𝜆𝜌 ,
𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌) 𝜖𝜓 = ∇
2 𝜖𝜓 𝜎
𝑅(𝜖𝜓) − 𝑅(𝜖𝜓) = ∇(𝜖 𝑄𝜓)𝜆 − ∇𝜆 𝑄(𝜖𝜓) 𝜆 − 𝑄𝜆𝜌 𝜆 𝑄(𝜖𝜓)𝜌 + 𝑄𝜆𝜌(𝜖 𝑄𝜓) 𝜆𝜌 + 𝑇𝜆𝜌(𝜖 𝑄𝜆𝜌
̃ ̂ ̃ 𝜆 ̃
𝜓)𝜌
. (3)

Now, by varying the action by Eq. (2) with respect to the anholonomic connection and co-frame field, one can find the following
set of equations, which can be found in detail in the appendix part of Ref. [35]

𝑌 1𝜓𝜖 = 8𝜋𝜃𝜖 𝜓 , (4)

𝜆𝜖𝜓 𝜆𝜖𝜓
𝑌2 = 4𝜋𝛥 , (5)

where 𝑌 1𝜖 𝜓 and 𝑌 2𝜆𝜖𝜓 provides the tensor quantities. Also, 𝛥𝜆𝜖𝜓 and 𝜃𝜖 𝜓 express hyper-momentum density tensor and the canonical
energy–momentum tensor as
( √ )
𝑒𝑎 𝛿 𝑚 −𝑔
𝜃𝜖 𝜓 = √ 𝜖 ,
−𝑔 𝛿𝑒𝑎 𝜓
( √ ) (6)
𝑒𝑎𝜆 𝑒 𝛿 𝑚 −𝑔
𝛥𝜆𝜖𝜓 = √ 𝑏𝜖 .
−𝑔 𝛿𝑤𝑎 𝑏𝜓

For MAG, the anholonomic connection by Eq. (1) in the Lie-algebra of the linear group 𝐺𝐿(4, ) separated into hyper-momentum
showing its formal decay into spin, dilation, and shear currents [1]. The necessary presence of shear gives rise to a dynamical
traceless nonmetricity tensor within the composition of the special linear group 𝑆𝐿(4, ) ⊂ 𝐺𝐿(4, ) [101]. Finally, the effective
gravitational action for these above quantities has the following form [35]:
1 √ [
𝑆= 𝑑 4 𝑥 −𝑔 −4𝑅 − 6𝑑1 𝑅̄ 𝜆[𝜌𝜖𝜓] 𝑅̄ 𝜆[𝜌𝜖𝜓] − 9𝑑1 𝑅̄ 𝜆[𝜌𝜖𝜓] 𝑅̄ 𝜖[𝜆𝜓𝜌] + 8𝑑1 𝑅̄ [𝜖𝜓] 𝑅̄ [𝜖𝜓] + 4𝑒1 𝑅̃ 𝜆 𝜆𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ 𝜌 𝜌 𝜖𝜓
64𝜋 ∫
( )( )
+ 8𝑓1 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 − 2𝑓1 𝑅̃ (𝜖𝜓) − 𝑅̂ (𝜖𝜓) 𝑅̃ (𝜖𝜓) − 𝑅̂ (𝜖𝜓) + 18𝑑1 𝑅̄ 𝜖[𝜆𝜌𝜓] 𝑅̃ (𝜖𝜓)𝜆𝜌 − 6𝑑1 𝑅̄ [𝜖𝜓] 𝑅̄ 𝜖𝜓
( ) ]
9
−3𝑑1 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 + 6𝑑1 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜌)𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ (𝜆𝜖)𝜌𝜓 + 𝑑1 𝑅̃ 𝜖𝜓 𝑅̃ 𝜖𝜓 + 3 1 − 2𝑎2 𝑇[𝜆𝜖𝜓] 𝑇 [𝜆𝜖𝜓] , (7)
2
which provides the following independent field equations (the main calculations can be seen in appendix of Ref. [35]):

𝑋1𝜓𝜖 = 0, (8)
𝜆𝜖𝜓
𝑋2 = 0, (9)

where 𝑋2𝜆𝜖𝜓and 𝑋1𝜓𝜖

express the tensor quantities [35]. As a result, the tetrad field Eqs. (8)–(9) help us to define the Reissner–
Nordström-like BH geometry with spin, dilation, and shear charges. Finally, we have the following lapse function, i.e., 𝑔𝑡𝑡 metric
component for Reissner–Nordström-like BH geometry as [35,36],
2 2 2
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝜅s − 4𝑒1 𝜅d − 2𝑓1 𝜅sh
𝑓 (𝑟) = 1 − + . (10)
𝑟 𝑟 2

In the metric function 𝑓 (𝑟), the parametric representation is as follows: 𝑑1 and 𝑓1 denote the Lagrangian coefficients; 𝑒1 is a constant
whereas 𝑘𝑠ℎ , 𝑘𝑠 and 𝑘𝑑 are the shear, spin and dilation charges, respectively. In this setup, one can produce three kinds of solutions,
namely: (i) 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 , (ii) 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 and (iii) 𝑑1 ≠ 8𝑓1 for which 𝑓1 ≤ 0. This geometric framework may derive the conventional

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Fig. 1. Horizon display using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) = 0 with the variation in 𝑓1 . The right plot is for
𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) = 0 with the variation in 𝑓1 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7. The bottom plots
are for the mass of MAGBH with the conditions 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 and 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 .

Reissner–Nordström solution of General Relativity. Instead of assuming an electromagnetic component, the solution is constructed
using a traceless nonmetricity field in the given context. To study the accretion properties of BHs, we consider two cases of solutions,
that is, 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 and 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 . The horizon radii for the metric function (2) can be found as
√
𝑟± = 𝑀 − 4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 − 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 + 2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ + 𝑀 2 . (11)
For the horizon analysis of the metric-affine gravity black hole (MAGBH), we plot 𝑓 (𝑟) = 0 by varying the values of 𝑓1 for both
cases 𝑑1 = ±8𝑓1 in Fig. 1, which behaves differently. The effect of 𝑓1 is important and constantly contributes to the horizon analysis.
Therefore, the MAGBH horizon has the following structure: As seen in Fig. 1 (left plot),

• We observe that an event horizon is formed by the affected parameter 𝑓1 of MAGBH at 𝑓1 = 0.25 (red dots).
• Two horizons are formed at the initial value of the MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 = 0.2 (black dots).
• The other two curves have no horizon.
• Subsequently, the curves go away from the BH as the parameter 𝑓1 increases.

As seen in Fig. 1, the right plot exhibits different behavior than the left plot while varying the values of 𝑓1 . The maximum portion
of the curve is negative. In this portion, the radius increased by increasing 𝑓1 and vice versa. The bottom plots are significant because
they support our observation of the light emitted by accreting MAGBH. This understanding can characterize the nature of accretion
and constrain the parameters of BH.

3. Steady-state, spherical solutions of accretion and some Fundamental equations

In this section, we aim to find the general solutions of accretion onto MAGBH, which explain the motion of particles around the
horizon. The steady-state model is considered to provide a dependable and simplified framework for understanding the system’s
long-term behavior. The steady-state model suggests the disk is in an equilibrium state when the rate of matter entering the disk
from its outer regions and the rate at which matter is accreting onto the core object are equal. This model aims to explain the
general behavior of the disk across extended epochs without accounting for time-dependent fluctuations or transitory events. To do
this, we are assuming the basic conservation laws in the context of the spherically symmetric metric. During the accretion process,
there is no mass annihilation, and creation leads to the law of mass conservation, which is expressed as

∇𝜂 𝐽 𝜂 = 0. (12)

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𝑑𝑥𝜂
As, 𝐽 𝜂 = 𝜀𝑢𝜂 in which 𝜀 denotes the number of particles and 𝑢𝜂 = 𝑑𝜏
is the velocity of the fluid. Now, by introducing the energy–
𝑑𝑥𝜂
momentum tensor 𝑇 𝜂𝜁 = (𝜌 + 𝑝)𝑢𝜂 𝑢𝜁 + 𝑝𝑔 𝜂𝜁 , we can setup the current problem. Further, the expression 𝑢𝜂 = 𝑑𝜏
= (𝑢𝑡 , 𝑢𝑟 , 0, 0), is the
four-velocity of the particle used in the conservation of energy, which is provided as

∇𝜂 𝑇 𝜂𝜁 = 0. (13)

By applying the normalization condition 𝑢𝜇 𝑢 𝜇 = −1, it is easy to find a required relation, which is defined as
[ ]2 [ ]
1
𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢2 + 𝑓 (𝑟) , (14)
2
𝑓 (𝑟)
also
[ ]2
𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢2 − 𝑓 (𝑟). (15)

For equatorial plane, we assume (𝜃 = 𝜋∕2), the mass conservation law by Eq. (12) can be rewritten as
[ ]2 [ ]
1 𝑑
𝜀𝑢𝑟2 = 0. (16)
𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Now, by integrating, we get the following expression

𝜀𝑢𝑟2 = 𝐴1 , (17)

𝑢𝑟
where 𝐴1 is the integration constant. Since accretion belongs to the fluid velocity = 𝑢 < 0, we define the enthalpy, which is the
ratio between the density of the fluid and the total energy of its structure at constant pressure (as ℎ(𝜌, 𝑝, 𝜀) = 𝜌+𝑝
𝜀
). Since the flow
of fluid is smooth, therefore Eq. (9) yields

𝜀𝑢𝜂 ∇𝜂 (ℎ𝑢𝜁 ) + 𝑔 𝜂𝜁 𝜕𝜂 𝑝 = 0. (18)

Next, if the entropy of a moving fluid along a streamline is constant, then the fluid flow must be isotropic [46]. The above equation
gives the following relationship:

𝑢𝜂 ∇𝜂 (ℎ𝑢𝜂 ) + 𝜕𝜁 ℎ = 0. (19)

Now, by putting the zeroth component, we obtain

𝜕𝑟 (ℎ𝑢𝑡 ) = 0. (20)

On integrating, one can get the following expression

[ ]1∕2
ℎ2 (𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 ) = 𝐴2 , (21)

where 𝐴2 is the integration constant. These fundamental relations by Eqs. (17) and (21) exploring the critical flow of fluid in the
framework of spherically symmetric MAGBH.

4. Dynamical analysis

In this current section, we shall discuss sonic points and isothermal test fluid.

4.1. Sonic points

The dark compact object achieves maximum accretion when the flow passes through the sonic point. This is a critical point where
the velocity of falling matter is equal to the speed of sound. To determine these points under MAGBH, we consider barotropic matter
with constant enthalpy as ℎ = ℎ(𝜀). The EoS for barotropic matter is given by [80]
1 𝑑𝜀
𝑑ℎ = 𝐬2 , (22)
ℎ 𝜀
where 𝐬 is the speed of sound, and the EoS becomes ln ℎ = 𝐬2 ln 𝜀. Using Eqs. (10), (21) and (22), we have the following relation
[( ) ]
2 [ ]
𝑢 2 1 1
− 𝐬 (ln 𝑢),𝑟 = 2𝐬2 (𝑢𝑡 )2 − 𝑟𝑓 ′ (𝑟) . (23)
𝑢𝑡 𝑟(𝑢𝑡 )2 2

To determine the value of the speed of sound at the sonic point, we take both sides of the above Eq. (23) equal to zero, which leads
us
( )2
𝑢𝑐
𝐬2𝑐 = . (24)
𝑢𝑡𝑐
From the right hand side of Eq. (23), we have
1
2𝐬2𝑐 (𝑢𝑡𝑐 )2 − 𝑟 𝑓 ′ = 0. (25)
2 𝑐 𝑟𝑐
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Using (24) and (25), attaining the critical radial velocity, given by the following relation
1
(𝑢𝑐 )2 =𝑟 𝑓′ . (26)
4 𝑐 𝑟𝑐
Further, from Eqs. (15), (25) and (26), one can get following expression

𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑟′ = 4𝐬2𝑐 [𝑓 (𝑟𝑐 ) + (𝑢𝑐 )2 ]. (27)

𝑐

Hence, the final value of the speed of sound is calculated as

𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑟′
𝐬2𝑐 = 𝑐
. (28)
𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑟′ + 4𝑓 (𝑟𝑐 )
𝑐

The Eqs. (26) and (28) provide the sonic points as (𝑟𝑐 , ±𝑢𝑐 ), when we have the value of speed of sound.

4.2. Isothermal test fluid background

The isothermal test fluid is a significant process that provides a better understanding of the accretion flow for MAGBH at a
constant temperature. Throughout the process, the speed of matter remains very fast, and it is exposed as adiabatic. In this process,
𝑑𝑝
considering 𝐬2 = 𝑑𝜌 , to determine analytic solutions of the equations of moving matter. Now, by introducing the EoS 𝑝 = 𝜔𝜌, for
these solutions, where 𝜌 is the energy density and 𝜔 is the state parameter with conditions (0 < 𝜔 ≤ 1), defined in [102]. By using
𝑑𝑝
𝑝 = 𝜔𝜌 and 𝐬2 = 𝑑𝜌 , one can obtain 𝐬2 = 𝜔. According to the first law of thermodynamics, we have

1 𝜌+𝑝
𝑑𝜌 = = ℎ. (29)
𝑑𝑛 𝜀
The limit of integration from the sonic point to any point of the fluid, which is inside, is calculated as
( )
𝜌
𝜀 1 ′
= exp 𝑑𝜌 . (30)
𝜀𝑐 ∫𝜌𝑐 𝜌′ + 𝑝(𝜌′ )

By applying 𝑝 = 𝜔𝜌, the Eq. (30) becomes

( ) 1
𝜀 𝜌 𝜔+1
= . (31)
𝜀𝑐 𝜌𝑐
𝜌+𝑝
By taking enthalpy as ℎ(𝜌, 𝑝, 𝜀) = 𝜀
, into Eq. (31), one can obtain a following relation
( )𝜔
(𝜔 + 1)𝜌𝑐 𝜀
= ℎ. (32)
𝜀𝑐 𝜀𝑐
𝐴2 𝜀1−𝜔
𝑐
Now, by putting 𝐴3 = (𝜔+1)𝜌𝑐
into Eqs. (32) and (21), we obtain the following result
√
𝜀𝜔 𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 = 𝐴3 . (33)

The Eqs. (29) and (10), lead us to

( )1∕2
𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 = 𝐴3 𝑟2𝜔 (𝑢)𝜔 . (34)

Therefore, we take the following Hamiltonian, which is defined in [46,47]

𝑓 1−𝜔 (𝑟)
𝐻= , (35)
(1 − 𝑣2 )1−𝜔 𝑣2𝜔 𝑟4𝜔
𝑑𝑟
where 𝑣 ≡ 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑑𝑡
, is three-dimensional speed of a particle with the radial motion in the equatorial plane, and it is defined as
( )2
𝑢 𝑢2 𝑢2
𝑣2 = = = . (36)
𝑓 (𝑟)𝑢0 𝑢20 𝑓 (𝑟) + 𝑢2
The main critical solutions are explored at the sonic points from Eqs. (26) and (27), which is given as
1
(𝑢𝑐 )2 = 𝑟 𝑓 ′ (𝑟), (37)
4 𝑐 𝑐
( )
1
(𝑢𝑐 )2 = 𝜔 𝑓𝑐 (𝑟) + 𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑟) . (38)
4
This generalized result can be analyzed by taking any value of 𝜔. In this work, we will use some interesting fluids such as UST
(𝜔 = 1), URF (𝜔 = 1∕2), RF (𝜔 = 1∕3) and SRF (𝜔 = 1∕4) in the accretion flow around a MAGBH.

5. Testing of fluids

The current section of this study deals with the Hamiltonian of different kinds of fluids, say USF, URF, RF, and SRF.

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5.1. The Hamiltonian of USF

One can be found that pressure is equal to the energy density that is 𝑝 = 𝜌 for the USF by using the EoS (𝜔 = 1). The critical
radius 𝑟𝑐 is equal to the horizon that is 𝑟ℎ = 𝑟𝑐 , at the metric potential 𝑓𝑐 = 0. The Hamiltonian (35) for this case is given by
( )
1 2
𝐻= . (39)
𝜈𝑟2

5.2. The Hamiltonian of URF

It can be seen that the energy density in the URF is greater than the pressure, where the pressure is given by the equation 𝑝 = 𝜌∕2,
and the parameter 𝜔 is equal to 1∕2. By the relation 𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑟) − 4𝑓𝑐 (𝑟) = 0, the critical radius for URF may be derived by solving the
Eqs. (37) and (38).
−6𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 + 12𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ + 10𝑚𝑟 − 4𝑟2 + 24𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑
= 0. (40)
𝑟2
So, we choose only useful numerical values by the parameters 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 , 𝑓1 = 1, 𝑒1 = 1, 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑘𝑠 = 1, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 2.

𝑟𝑐 = 3.37191. (41)

In the second condition 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 , the critical radius is 𝑟𝑐 = 6.58877. Using the critical radius 𝑟𝑐 , into (36), we get another critical
value 𝑣𝑐 . Then, by using the critical values (𝑟𝑐 , ±𝑣𝑐 ), with the result 𝑠2𝑐 = 𝑣2𝑐 , the critical Hamiltonian 𝐻𝑐 is obtained. The general
Hamiltonian (35) reduces into the form
𝑓 (𝑟)1∕2
𝐻= . (42)
𝑟2 𝑣(1 − 𝑣2 )1∕2
This implies that
( )1∕2
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ
1− 𝑟
+ 𝑟2
𝐻= . (43)
𝑟2 𝑣(1 − 𝑣2 )1∕2
By choosing the suitable value of 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 , one can see the graphical analysis of 𝑣 and 𝑟𝑐 . Continuing from (42), we have
( )1∕2
1 ± 1 − 4𝑥(𝑟)
2
𝑣 = , (44)
2
( )
2 (1−𝛼) 2
1− 2𝑀𝐺
𝑟
+ 𝑄 2 − 24𝜋𝐺𝑐 𝑟
2𝛼𝑟 0
where 𝑥(𝑟) = 𝐻𝑟4
.

5.3. The Hamiltonian of RF

One can find that the energy density is more significant than three times the isotropic pressure, that is, (3𝑝 = 𝜌) in the radiation
fluid. By the relation 𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑟) − 2𝑓𝑐 (𝑟) = 0, the critical equation is given by
( )
2 2𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 − 4𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ − 3𝑚𝑟 − 𝑟2 − 8𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑
− = 0. (45)
𝑟2
So, we choose only useful numerical values by the parameters 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 , 𝑓1 = 1, 𝑒1 = 1, 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑘𝑠 = 1, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 2.

𝑟𝑐 = 3.98395. (46)

In the second condition 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 , the critical radius is 𝑟𝑐 = 7.67819. For this case, the general Hamiltonian (35) is given by

𝑓 (𝑟)2∕3
𝐻= 4 2 2
. (47)
𝑟 𝑣 3 (1 − 𝑣2 ) 3
3

This implies that

( )2
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ 3
1− 𝑟
+ 𝑟2
𝐻= 4 2 2
. (48)
𝑟 3 𝑣 3 (1 − 𝑣2 ) 3

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Table 1
The sonic points for URF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = 8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 3.83118 0.197643 0.174527
0.20 3.65052 0.262114 0.1504
0.30 3.15069 0.21385 0.19167
0.40 2.49156 0.15296 0.29775
0.50 2.61044 0.16219 0.33483
0.60 2.72054 0.174106 0.361829

Table 2
The sonic points for URF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = −8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 4.2604 0.203247 0.139826
0.20 3.1308 0.235270 0.14999
0.30 2.5966 0.20587 0.18544
0.40 2.19952 0.187071 0.24782
0.50 1.68072 0.15573 0.29761
0.60 1.32235 0.24478 0.321652

Table 3
The sonic points for RF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = 8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 4.50832 0.0886502 0.557103
0.20 4.24872 0.0866521 0.55996
0.30 3.87663 0.0786564 0.567354
0.40 3.29723 0.182596 0.58534
0.50 2.18278 0.186002 0.64298
0.60 1.99231 0.177754 0.757143

5.4. The Hamiltonian of SRF

One can be found that the energy density is equal to four times an isotropic pressure (4𝑝 = 𝜌). By the relation 4𝑓𝑐 (𝑟)−3𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑐′ (𝑟) = 0,
the critical equation is given by
( )
2 5𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 − 10𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ − 7𝑚𝑟 + 2𝑟2 − 20𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑
= 0. (49)
𝑟2
So, we choose only useful numerical values by the parameters 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 , 𝑓1 = 1, 𝑒1 = 1, 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑘𝑠 = 1, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 2.

𝑟𝑐 = 0.256956. (50)

Similarly, using the critical points, the general Hamiltonian takes the form
𝑓 (𝑟)3∕4
𝐻= 1 3
. (51)
𝑟𝑣 (1 − 𝑣2 ) 4
2

This implies that

( )3∕4
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ
1− 𝑟
+ 𝑟2
𝐻= . (52)
𝑟𝑣1∕2 (1 − 𝑣2 )3∕4
The sonic points from Tables 1–6 show that the critical radius decreased as the MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 increases, but the other
critical values behave differently.

6. Results and discussion for all test fluids

This section provides the significance of USF, URF, RF and SRF in the framework of MAGBH.

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Fig. 2. Accretion display of stiff fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The right
plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7. The bottom
plots represent the streamlined accretion of stiff fluid around the MAGBH.

Table 4
The sonic points for RF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = −8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 2.8875 0.55024 0.87174
0.20 2.24675 0.84666 0.65916
0.30 2.07655 0.47641 0.60384
0.40 1.9228 0.27785 0.98581
0.50 1.62674 0.187054 0.74223
0.60 1.19866 0.07375 0.58631

Table 5
The sonic points for SRF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = 8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 4.15211 0.17865 0.95713
0.20 3.44891 0.28675 0.76952
0.30 3.07338 0.27214 0.66359
0.40 2.87238 0.18874 0.47655
0.50 2.38475 0.18777 0.42776
0.60 1.29876 0.18733 0.70872

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Table 6
The sonic points for SRF with respect to MAGBH parameter 𝑓1 .
𝑑1 = −8𝑓1
𝑓1 𝑟𝑐 𝑣𝑐 𝐻𝑐
0.10 2.6675 0.70711 0.45102
0.20 2.44634 0.61743 0.53374
0.30 2.12917 0.76422 0.73612
0.40 2.03375 0.70550 0.75843
0.50 1.32833 0.48709 0.14497
0.60 1.11763 0.53515 0.08771

6.1. Pictorial analysis of USF for MAGBH

The accretion for the USF is depicted in Fig. 2 for the Hamiltonian (39). We observe from the system that there are two types
of accretion flow. The first is the supersonic accretion that informed us of the fluid motion directed towards outside the horizon in
the region (𝑣 > 0). The other one is subsonic accretion, where the fluid motion is directed towards the horizon in the region (𝑣 < 0).
Both the plots (left and right) have the same analysis without the sonic points. The bottom plot of Fig. 2 represents the streamline
accretion. From this information, we understand that the streamlines are closed near the BH and open far from the BH.

6.2. Pictorial analysis of URF for MAGBH

The accretion for the URF is depicted in Fig. 3 for the Hamiltonian (42). We observe from the system that there are different
types of accretion flow around the MAGBH. The curves associated with the critical points (𝑟𝑐 , 𝑣𝑐 ) and (𝑟𝑐 , −𝑣𝑐 ) informed us that
the fluid outflow and inflow start from the event horizon, which remains very close to the BH and cause the high pressure. The
purely supersonic accretion flow is observed in the neighborhood 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 (red dots and blue) near the horizon, and purely subsonic
accretion is observed in the neighborhood 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 (red dots and blue) far from the horizon. The bottom plots in Fig. 3 illustrate the
streamlines of the accretion flow in various fluid motion patterns inside the MAGBH system.

6.3. Pictorial analysis of RF for MAGBH

Fig. 4 illustrates the accretion for RF with the MAGBH parameters and variation in 𝐻𝑐 . We noted that the supersonic accretion
of the fluid motion in the region 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 is far from the BH for 𝐻 < 𝐻𝑐 (dotted curves). While the subsonic accretion of the fluid
motion in the region 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 is closest to the BH for 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 (thick curves). We observe that the fluid motion is directed towards
the BH as an accretion disk at the maximum radius. The purely supersonic accretion is seen far from the source mass. The right
plot of Fig. 4 indicates that the curves are away from the horizon for 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 and 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 . However, the supersonic and subsonic
accretions are the same as those seen in the left plot. The bottom plots of Fig. 4 depict the streamlines accretion flow in several
different types of fluid motion in the MAGBH.

6.4. Pictorial analysis of SRF for MAGBH

Fig. 5 illustrates the accretion for SRF with the MAGBH parameters and variation in 𝐻𝑐 . We noted that the supersonic accretion
of the fluid motion in the region 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 is far from the BH for 𝐻 < 𝐻𝑐 (dotted curves). While the subsonic accretion of the fluid
motion in the region 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 is closest to the BH for 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 (thick curves). We observe that the fluid motion is directed towards
the BH as an accretion disk at the maximum radius. The purely supersonic accretion is seen far from the source mass. The right
plot of Fig. 5 indicates that the curves are away from the horizon for 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 and 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 . However, the supersonic and subsonic
accretions are the same as those seen in the left plot. The bottom plots of Fig. 5 depict the streamlines accretion flow in several
different types of fluid motion in the MAGBH. The accurate depiction of Fig. 5 illustrates the accretion flow in various fluid motion
patterns for the MAGBH.

7. Polytropic fluid accretion

In this section, we consider the EoS for polytropic test fluid as considered by [46–48],

𝑝 = 𝛤 𝑛𝛾 , (53)

where 𝛤 and 𝛾 are only constants. For an ordinary fluid, the authors considered the general constraint 𝛾 > 1. Adopting the
procedure [48], we obtain the following specific enthalpy
𝛤 𝛾𝑛𝛾−1
𝜒 =𝐵+ , (54)
𝛾 −1

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Fig. 3. Accretion display of ultra radiation fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 .
The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.
The bottom plots represent the streamlines accretion of ultra radiation fluid around the MAGBH. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

The symbol 𝐵 represents the integration constant. The determination of three-dimensional sound speed may be achieved by the use
of specific enthalpy as,
(𝛾 − 1)𝑈
𝐬2 = (𝑈 ≡ 𝛤 𝛾𝑛𝛾−1 ). (55)
𝐵(𝛾 − 1) + 𝑈
The following expression is obtained by using the speed of sound
𝛾 −1
𝜒 =𝐵 , (56)
𝛾 − 1 − 𝑎2
now we have
( ( )(𝛾−1)∕2 )
1 − 𝑣2
𝜒 =𝐵 1+𝑋 , (57)
𝑟 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑣2
4

where
( )( 𝛾−1 )
𝛤 𝛾𝑛𝛾−1
𝑐 𝑟5𝑐 𝑓 ′ (𝑟𝑐 ) 2
𝑍≡ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 > 0. (58)
𝐵(𝛾 − 1) 4

Here, 𝑍 is a positive constant that is sustained on the BH parameters as well as on certain test fluids. Hamiltonian can be evaluated
by inserting Eq. (57) into (35)
[ ( )(𝛾−1)∕2 ]2
𝑓 (𝑟) 1 − 𝑣2
𝐻= 1+𝑋 . (59)
1 − 𝑣2 𝑟4 𝑓 (𝑟)𝑣2

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Fig. 4. Accretion display of radiation fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The
right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7. The
bottom plots represent the streamlines accretion of radiation fluid around the MAGBH.

This implies that

( )
𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ
1− 2𝑚
+ [ ( )(𝛾−1)∕2 ]2
𝑟 𝑟2
1 − 𝑣2
𝐻= = 1+𝑋 ( ) . (60)
1 − 𝑣2 2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ
𝑟 4 𝑣2 1 − 𝑟
+ 𝑟2

𝑑 𝑓 (𝑟)
We examined from (60), that 𝑑𝑟 𝑓 (𝑟) > 0, for all 𝑟. However, the coefficient of 1−𝑣2
, diverges when 𝑟 → ∞, and the denominator
2
1 − 𝑣 , assume the domain (0, 1), hence the Hamiltonian diverges.
Following the procedure [46–48], we obtain the following relations
( ) 𝛾−1
1 − 𝑣2𝑐 2
𝑛𝑐 ( 5 ′ ) 1 𝑣2
(𝛾 − 1 − 𝑣2𝑐 ) = 𝑟 𝑓 (𝑟𝑐 ) 2 𝑐 , (61)
𝑟4𝑐 𝑓 (𝑟𝑐 )𝑣2𝑐 2𝑋 𝑐

𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑟′
𝑣2𝑐 = 𝑐
. (62)
𝑟𝑐 𝑓𝑟′ + 4𝑓 (𝑟𝑐 )
𝑐

The accretion of polytropic test fluid around the MAGBH with extra constants 𝐵 = 0.15, 𝑍 = 7, 𝛾 = 5∕3 is depicted in Fig. 6. This
analysis is important because it better explains the circular disks produced by the accreting BH. We observe that the critical flow
begins on a subsonic path, then follows a supersonic path, escaping the sonic point, and ends at the killing horizon. The critical flow
towards the BH develops into the accretion disks. These disks are below the critical velocities and at the maximum radius. From
the bottom contour, there are the same types of the accretion flow for polytropic test fluid with parameter 𝛾 in the streamlines.

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Fig. 5. Accretion display of sub-relativistic fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 .
The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.
The bottom plots represent the streamlines accretion of sub-relativistic fluid around the MAGBH.

8. Mass accretion rate significance

Since the mass of a BH, as well as a dark compact object, is increased by the accreting matter falling onto them. The mass rate
of change or accretion rate of a MAGBH dark compact object can be explored through 𝑀̇ ∣𝑟ℎ = 4𝜋𝑟2 𝑇𝑡𝑟 ∣𝑟ℎ [81]. For this, we consider
𝑇𝑡𝑟 = (𝜌 + 𝑝)𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑟 [103,104] and the conserved elements 𝛥𝜂 𝐽 𝜂 = 0 and ∇𝜁 𝑇 𝜂𝜁 = 0. Using the Eqs. (17) and (21), we get
( )1∕2
𝑟2 𝑢(𝜌 + 𝑝) 𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 = 𝐴0 , (63)

where 𝐴0 represents an arbitrary constant. The energy flow and the equation of state, denoted as 𝑝 = 𝑝(𝜌), lead us to
1 1 2
𝑑𝜌 + 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑟 = 0. (64)
𝜌+𝑝 𝑢 𝑟
Integrating Eq. (64), we get
[ 𝜌 ]
𝑑𝜌′
exp 𝑟𝑢 = −𝐴1 , (65)
∫𝜌∞ 𝜌′ + 𝑝(𝜌′ )
where 𝐴1 is an integration constant and 𝜌∞ shows a fluid density at infinity. The Eqs. (63) and (65), yield
( )1∕2 [ 𝜌 ]
𝐴 𝑑𝜌′
𝐴3 = − 0 = (𝜌 + 𝑝) 𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 exp − , (66)
𝐴1 ∫𝜌∞ 𝜌′ + 𝑝(𝜌′ )
𝐴
where 𝐴3 is the constant of integration. While, 𝐴3 = 𝜌∞ + 𝑝(𝜌∞ ) = − 𝐴0 , with 𝐴0 = (𝜌 + 𝑝)𝑢0 𝑢𝑟2 = −𝐴1 (𝜌∞ + 𝑝(𝜌∞ )) at infinity. The
1
given problem is static and spherically symmetric at the equatorial plane, so, ∇𝜂 𝐽 𝜂 = 0, we get

𝑟2 𝑢𝜀 = 𝐴2 , (67)

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Fig. 6. Accretion display of polytropic test fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 .
The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝐻𝑐 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.
The bottom plots represent the streamlines accretion of polytropic test fluid around the MAGBH.

where 𝐴2 is the constant of integration. The Eqs. (63) and (67), give the relation
𝜌 + 𝑝( )1∕2 𝐴
𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 = 0 ≡ 𝐴4 , (68)
𝜀 𝐴2
(𝜌∞ +𝑝∞ )
and 𝐴4 is any constant as 𝐴4 = 𝜀∞
. Keeping the Eq. (63), the mass of BH takes the form
( )1∕2
𝑀̇ = −4𝜋𝑟2 𝑢(𝜌 + 𝑝) 𝑓 (𝑟) + (𝑢)2 = −4𝜋𝐴0 . (69)

This implies that

𝑀̇ = 4𝜋𝐴1 (𝜌∞ + 𝑝(𝜌∞ )). (70)

This Eq. (70) yields a valid outcome for any nature of the fluid. Therefore

𝑀̇ = 4𝜋𝐴1 (𝜌 + 𝑝)|𝑟=𝑟ℎ , (71)

Using EoS (𝑝 = 𝜔𝜌), into the Eq. (65), we get

[ ]
𝐴 1+𝜔
𝜌= − 1 . (72)
𝑟2 𝑢
Now using this expression into (63), we obtain

𝐴20 𝐴−2(1+𝜔)
1
(𝑢)2 − 𝑟4𝜔 (−𝑢)2𝜔 + 𝑓 (𝑟) = 0. (73)
(1 + 𝜔)2
This result is valid for fluid velocity 𝑢 for any value of 𝜔. Simply, one can be found the energy density 𝜌 by using this result.

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Fig. 7. Accretion rate display of stiff fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 . The
right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.

8.1. Mass accretion rate for USF

One can find the radial velocity and the energy density keeping 𝜔 = 1 in Eqs. (68) and (72), we have
√
𝑓 (𝑟)
𝑢 = ±𝐴21 , (74)
𝐴20 𝑟4 − 4𝐴41

and
(𝐴20 𝑟4 − 4𝐴41 )
𝜌= . (75)
4𝐴21 𝑟4 𝑓 (𝑟)
Thus, from (71) and (75), we evaluate the mass accretion rate for MAGBH, which is given by
2𝜋(𝐴20 𝑟4 − 4𝐴41 )
𝑀̇ = . (76)
𝐴1 𝑟4 𝑓 (𝑟)
2𝜋(𝐴20 𝑟4 − 4𝐴41 )
𝑀̇ = ( ). (77)
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘2𝑠 −4𝑒1 𝑘2𝑑 −2𝑓1 𝑘2𝑠ℎ
𝐴1 𝑟4 1 − 𝑟
+ 𝑟2

The accretion rate 𝑀̇ versus the radius 𝑟 for USF around the MAGBH is analyzed in Fig. 7. In the left plot, the accretion rate
remains the same at the maximum position (𝑀̇ = 10) for distant observers. The radius increased as increasing the parameter 𝑓1 . In
the right plot, the same behavior is observed as in the left plot, but the observer position is fixed at 𝑟 = 1.91.

8.2. Mass accretion rate for URF

One can find the radial velocity and the energy density keeping 𝜔 = 1∕2 in Eqs. (68) and (72), we have,
√
2𝑟2 𝐴20 + 4𝑟2 𝐴40 − 81𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴61
𝑢= , (78)
9𝐴31
3∕2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 𝐴41 ⎟
𝜌 = 27 ⎜ ( √ )⎟ , (79)
⎜ 𝑟2 2𝑟2 𝐴2 + 4𝑟2 𝐴4 − 81𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴6 ⎟
⎝ 0 0 1 ⎠
3∕2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 𝐴41 ⎟
̇
𝑀 = 216𝜋𝐴1 ⎜ ( √ )⎟ . (80)
⎜ 𝑟 2𝑟 𝐴 + 4𝑟 𝐴 − 81𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴 ⎟
2 2 2 2 4 6
⎝ 0 0 1 ⎠

This implies that

3∕2
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 𝐴41 ⎟
𝑀̇ = 216𝜋𝐴1 ⎜ ( )⎟ , (81)
⎜ 𝑟2 2𝑟2 𝐴20 + 𝑀1 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

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where,
√
( 2 2 2 )
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘𝑠 − 4𝑒1 𝑘𝑑 − 2𝑓1 𝑘𝑠ℎ
𝑀1 = 4𝑟2 𝐴40 − 81 1 − + 𝐴61 .
𝑟 𝑟 2

8.3. Mass accretion rate for RF

One can find the radial velocity and the energy density keeping 𝜔 = 1∕3 in Eqs. (68) and (72), we have
( )1∕3
[ −32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴41 + 𝛹11 (𝑟)𝛹11 (𝑟) 3𝑟4∕3 𝐴20 ]2∕3
𝑢= + ( )1∕3 , (82)
4𝐴12 2∕3
4𝐴1 𝛹11 (𝑟) − 32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴41

and
( )1∕3
[ 𝐴 ] 4 [ −32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴41 + 𝛹11 (𝑟) 3𝑟4∕3 𝐴20 ] −8
1 3 9
𝜌= + ( )1∕3 . (83)
𝑟2 4𝐴21 2∕3 4
4𝐴1 𝛹11 (𝑟) − 32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴1
√
where, 𝛹11 (𝑟) = 1024𝑓 (𝑟)2 𝐴81 − 27𝑟4 𝐴60 . The mass accretion rate of BH is given by
7
[ 8𝜋𝐴 3 ][( )1∕3 ( )−1 3𝑟4∕3 𝐴2 ( )−1∕3 ] −8
1 0 9
𝑀̇ = 8
𝛹11 (𝑟) − 32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴41 4𝐴21 + 𝛹11 (𝑟) − 32𝑓 (𝑟)𝐴41 . (84)
2∕3
𝑟 3 4𝐴1
This implies that
7
[ 8𝜋𝐴 3 ][( ( 2 2 2 ) √ )1∕3 ( )−1
1 2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘𝑠 − 4𝑒1 𝑘𝑑 − 2𝑓1 𝑘𝑠ℎ
𝑀̇ = 8
−32 1 − + 𝐴41 + 𝑀2 − 27𝑟4 𝐴60 4𝐴21
𝑟3
𝑟 𝑟2
3𝑟4∕3 𝐴20 ( ( 2 2 2 ) √ )−1∕3 ] −8
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘𝑠 − 4𝑒1 𝑘𝑑 − 2𝑓1 𝑘𝑠ℎ 9
+ −32 1 − + 𝐴41 + 𝑀2 − 27𝑟4 𝐿60 . (85)
2∕3 𝑟 𝑟2
4𝐴1
where,
( 2 2 2 )
2𝑚 𝑑1 𝑘𝑠 − 4𝑒1 𝑘𝑑 − 2𝑓1 𝑘𝑠ℎ 2 8
𝑀2 = 1024 1 − + 𝐴1 .
𝑟 𝑟2
8.4. Mass accretion rate for SRF

Herein this subsection, we shall find the radial velocity and the energy density by considering 𝜔 = 1∕4 in Eqs. (68) and (72),
one can get the following expression for radial velocity:
√ ( √ √ )1
𝑢2 1 256 3𝐴40 𝑟2 100 52∕3 𝐴51 𝑓 2 4 3 𝑢1 8𝑓 2
𝑢= √ − − √ − √ − − (86)
5 3 2 125𝐵 5 𝑢2 3 3 𝑢1 75 52∕3 𝐴51 3

where
√ ( )1
2
𝑢1 = 13824𝐴80 𝐴51 𝑟4 + 96 3 6912𝐴16
0
𝐴 10 8
1
𝑟 − 390625𝐴8 20 3 4
𝐴
0 1
𝑓 𝑟 − 390625𝐴15
1
𝑓 3,
√
625 52∕3 𝐴51 𝑓 2 3 𝑢
1
𝑢2 = √3 𝑢
+
2∕3 𝐴5
− 25𝑓 .
1 5 1
The energy density for SRF fluid is calculated as:
5∕4
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 𝐴1 ⎟
𝜌 = ⎜− √ √ ⎟ , (87)
⎜ ⎛ 𝑢2 3 𝑢1 √ √ ⎞⎟
⎜ 2 ⎜ 52∕3 𝐴51 √ ⎟⎟
1√ 256 3𝐴40 𝑟2
⎜ 𝑟 ⎜ 5√3 − 2 √ √𝜌1 −
√ √
𝑢2 3 𝑢1
⎟⎟
⎜ ⎜ 125𝐴51 ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 52∕3 𝐴5
1 ⎠⎠
where
√
100 52∕3 𝐴51 𝑓 2 4 3 𝑢1 8𝑓
𝜌1 = − √ −
5
− . (88)
3 3 𝑢1 2∕3
75 5 𝐴1 3

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Fig. 8. Accretion rate display of ultra radiation fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in
𝑓1 . The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.

Fig. 9. Accretion rate display of radiation fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 .
The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.

Finally, the acceleration rate is calculated as

5∕4
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
̇ ⎜ 𝐴1 ⎟
𝑀 = 5𝜋𝐴1 ⎜− √ √ ⎟ , (89)
⎜ ⎛ 2 1
𝑢 3𝑢
⎞⎟
⎜ 2⎜ 1√ ⎟⎟
5 2∕3 𝐴5
1
⎜ 𝑟 ⎜ 5√3 − 2 𝜌1 − 𝜌2 ⎟ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠
where
√
256 3𝐴40 𝑟2
𝜌2 = √ √ . (90)
𝑢2 3 𝑢1
125𝐴51 2∕3 5
5 𝐴1

Fig. 8 illustrates the accretion rate for URF near the MAGBH. In both cases, we observe that the accretion rate decreased as the
parameter 𝑓1 increased and vice versa. In Fig. 9, it is decreased towards the BH and increased far from the BH for RF as increasing
values of 𝑓1 . For SRF in Fig. 10, it is a decreasing function of 𝑟 as increasing the parameter 𝑓1 .

9. Conclusion

Within the traceless nonmetricity tensor context, we have examined the MAG in the current study, which is predicated on the
metricity of space–time and the affine relationship. Stated differently, it illustrates the relationship between the metric tensor and the
affine connection derived from the Levi-Civita connection. In fact, MAG, a theory of gravity that extends GR by permitting non-zero
torsion and nonmetricity, heavily relies on the traceless nonmetricity tensor. Interestingly, these extra geometric objects are related,
respectively, to the spin of matter fields and the existence of a preferred direction in space–time. The presence of nonmetricity
assists in the computation of the geodesic equation for test particles, resulting in departures from the GR-predicted acceleration.
Further, we have explored some interesting aspects of matter accretion onto charged BH solutions in the framework of MAG. For this

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Fig. 10. Accretion rate display of sub-relativistic fluid using the MAGBH parameters. The left plot is for 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in
𝑓1 . The right plot is for 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 in the lapse function 𝑓 (𝑟) with the variation in 𝑓1 . The fixed parameters are 𝑚 = 1, 𝑒1 = 0.1, 𝑘𝑠 = 0.85, 𝑘𝑑 = 0.7 and 𝑘𝑠ℎ = 0.7.

purpose, we have discussed general accretion using different fluids. Further, we have used the Hamiltonian approach to examine
the accretion in the current study. Some critical insights from the present analysis are listed below:

• As we have discussed, Reissner–Nordström-like BH geometry with spin, dilation, and shear charges. In the considered BH
solution, we have two different cases, i.e., 𝑑1 = 8𝑓1 , (ii) 𝑑1 = −8𝑓1 and (iii) 𝑑1 ≠ 8𝑓1 for which 𝑓1 ≤ 0. The horizon structure
for the considered BH solution is shown in Fig. 1. It has been noted that singularities exist in both cases of the BH solution.
• We have developed the fundamental formulas for general accretion to explore the critical flow of fluid in the background of
spherically symmetric MAGBH. We have also provided the basic background for sonic points and isothermal test fluid.
• Four different kinds of fluids as, USF (𝜔 = 1), URF (𝜔 = 1∕2), RF (𝜔 = 1∕3) and SRF (𝜔 = 1∕4) have been considered in
the accretion flow around a MAGBH. We have successfully calculated these four different kinds of fluids for the considered
MAGBH solution.
• For the Hamiltonian through Eq. (39), the accretion for the USF is shown in Fig. 2. Two different forms of accretion flow
are visible in the system. The first one is the fluid motion oriented towards the outside of the horizon in the region (𝑣 > 0),
which is what the supersonic accretion told us about. An alternative scenario involves subsonic accretion, where fluid motion
is directed towards the horizon within the region (𝑣 < 0). The bottom plot of Fig. 2 shows the accretion through streamlines.
From these streamlines, we can understand that the streamlines are closed near the BH, and they are open far from the BH.
• The URF’s accretion is given in Fig. 3. We can see from the system that the accretion flow surrounding the MAGBH is diverse.
The critical point curves (𝑟𝑐 , 𝑣𝑐 ), (𝑟𝑐 , −𝑣𝑐 ) showed us that the high pressure is caused by the fluid outflow and inflow starting
at the event horizon and continuing quite close to the BH. Several different kinds of fluid motion in the MAGBH are depicted
in the bottom plots of Fig. 3.
• The accretion for RF with the MAGBH settings and change in 𝐻𝑐 is shown in Fig. 4. For 𝐻 < 𝐻𝑐 , we observed that the
supersonic accretion of the fluid motion is located far from the BH in the area 𝑣 > 𝑣𝑐 (dot curves). For 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 (thick curves),
the subsonic accretion of the fluid motion is closest to the BH in the region 𝑣 < 𝑣𝑐 . We note that the fluid motion at the
maximum radius is directed towards the BH as an accretion disk. Fig. 4 bottom plots show the streamlines accretion flow in
various forms of fluid motion in the MAGBH.
• The accretion for SRF with the MAGBH parameters and change in 𝐻𝑐 are provided in Fig. 5. We note that the fluid motion
at maximum radius is directed towards the BH as an accretion disk. The accretion is completely supersonic and observed far
from the source mass. For both 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑐 and 𝐻 > 𝐻𝑐 , the curves are away from the horizon, according to the right plot of same
figure. However, from the left plot, it has been confirmed that the supersonic and subsonic accretions are the same. Fig. 5
bottom plots show the streamlines accretion flow in various forms of fluid motion in the MAGBH.
• The Fig. 6 shows the accretion for polytropic test fluid around the MAGBH with the introduced constants 𝐵 = 0.15, 𝑍 = 7,
and 𝛾 = 5∕3. This study is significant because it helps us comprehend the circular disks that the accreting BH produces. As
we can see, the crucial flow starts on a subsonic course, escapes the sonic point by taking a supersonic path, and finishes at
the killing horizon. The accretion disks form when the critical flow moves closer to the BH. These disks are at the maximum
radius and below the critical velocities.
• The mass accretion rates for USF, URF, RF, and SRF in the background of the MAGBH solution are provided graphically
in Figs. 7–10, respectively. For distant observers, the accretion rate is constant at the maximum position (𝑀̇ = 10). As the
parameter 𝑓1 increased, the radius also increased. One can see similar behavior in the right plot for USF. In both scenarios,
we see that when we increased the parameter 𝑓1 , the accretion rate fell within the context of URF and vice versa. For RF, it
decreases near the BH and increases further from the BH as 𝑓1 values grow. In the SRF fluid, the accretion rate decreases as
the parameter 𝑓1 increases.

The study has examined the effects of parameter 𝑓1 on a MAGBH’s horizon structure. Within the domain of accretion, multiple
fluids have been examined depending on the value of 𝑓1 . Using a variety of models of fluids, including the USF, URF, RF, and SRF,
the behavior of accretion flow has been investigated. The identification of critical points and flow patterns revealed supersonic and

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subsonic accretion in various places. In conclusion, our discussion has delved into the intricacies of RN-like BH geometries with spin,
dilation, and shear charges. We have explored various cases of the BH solution, noting the presence of singularities in each case.
Furthermore, we have developed fundamental formulas for general accretion in the context of spherically symmetric magnetized
BHs, considering different types of fluids such as ultra-stiff fluid, ultra-relativistic fluid, radiation fluid, and stiff radiation fluid. Our
analysis of accretion flows around the magnetized BH has revealed diverse behaviors, including supersonic and subsonic accretion
patterns for different types of fluids. The critical points and streamlines of the accretion flows provide valuable insights into the
dynamics of fluid motion near the BH. Additionally, we have examined the mass accretion rates for various types of fluids, illustrating
how these rates vary with the parameter 𝑓1 and the distance from the BH.The investigation produced well-behaved and physically
realistic outcomes. These studies provide a new perspective regarding the accretion of BH.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

G. Mustafa: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision,
Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. A. Ditta: Conceptualization, Formal analysis,
Investigation, Methodology, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. Faisal Javed:
Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. S.K.
Maurya: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original
draft. Himanshu Chaudhary: Formal analysis, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The author S. K. Maurya thanks the University of Nizwa for their ongoing assistance and encouragement in doing this research
study. G. Mustafa is very thankful to Prof. Gao Xianlong from the Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, China, for his
kind support and help during this research. Further, G. Mustafa acknowledges Grant No. ZC304022919 to support his Postdoctoral
Fellowship at Zhejiang Normal University, People’s Republic of China. Faisal Javed acknowledges Grant No. YS304023917 to support
his Postdoctoral Fellowship at Zhejiang Normal University.

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