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Innovative Construction Technologies & Thermal Comfort for Affordable Housing

Prepared by
Climate Smart Building (CSB) Cell, North Cluster,
LHP Lucknow
INTRODUCTION – MINISTRY OF HOUSING & URBAN AFFAIRS (MoHUA)
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) is the
supreme authority of the Government of India to formulate
and monitor all the programmes concerning the housing and
urban development of the country.
• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA)
through its flagship mission Pradhan Mantri Awas
Yojna-Urban (PMAY-U) ensures a pucca house to all eligible
urban households.
• PMAY-U aims to achieve Urban Development through
Transformation, Innovation and Sustainable Inclusions.

1. Swachh Bharat Mission- Urban, 2. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana- Urban, 3. Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana- National
Urban Livelihood Mission, 3
4. Heritage Cities Development and Augmentation Yojana, 5. Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
INTRODUCTION – MINISTRY OF HOUSING & URBAN AFFAIRS (MOHUA)-PMAY
• Due to Rapid increase in urbanization and believing it as an opportunity to reduce poverty.
• For addressing the huge housing demand in the Affordable Sector, Govt. of India launched Pradhan Mantri
Awas Yojana-Urban in June 2015.
PMAY (U) Achievement (provisional), as on 28th February 2023

16 lakh houses are being constructed using New Technologies Source: PMAY Website
INTRODUCTION- GLOBAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE (GHTC-INDIA)

• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India has conceptualized a Global Housing
Technology Challenge - India (GHTC- India).

• To identify and mainstream a basket of innovative technologies from across the globe that are
sustainable and disaster-resilient.

• Such technologies would be cost effective, speedier and ensure a higher quality of construction of
houses, meeting diverse geo-climatic conditions and desired functional needs.

• A Technology Sub-Mission (TSM) has been set up.


COMPONENTS OF GLOBAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE (GHTC-INDIA)

Construction Technology Proven Demonstrable Potential Future


India: Grand Technologies Technologies
Expo-Cum-Conference • Onboard States & Local Support
Partners • Setting up ASHA- India
• Six Light House Project Sites (Affordable Sustainable Housing
• Promotion of Innovative
• Induct Established Proven Accelerators)
Construction Technology
technologies across the Globe • Support Domestic Technologies by
• Platform to Facilitate Signing of MoUs
• Identify Basket of Site-specific Product Development, Mentoring &
and form Potential Partnerships.
Technologies Market Support
• Technical Evaluation, Exchange of
• Different Technology for Each Site • Incubation Centres in IITs
Knowledge, and business.
• Live Laboratories for learning • Organizing Periodic Accelerator
• Exhibition of Technologies
• Technology to be Adopted in Workshops
Curriculum and India System 5
EVENTS OF GLOBAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE (GHTC-INDIA)

Construction Technology Indian Housing Indian Urban Housing


India (CTI) – 2019 Technology Mela (IHTM) Conclave (IUHC)-2022,
Expo-cum-Conference, on on 5th to 7th October 2021 on 19th to 21st October
2nd to 3rd March 2019, in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. 2022, in Rajkot, Gujrat.
Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
5
GHTC- SHORTLISTED TECHNOLOGIES
• 54 proven technologies were shortlisted suiting different climatic zone conditions in the
CTI conference in 2019.

Technologies
Broad Category
(Nos.)
Precast Concrete Construction System - 3D Precast volumetric 4
Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast components assembled at site 8
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre-engineered Steel Structural System 16
Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System 9
Monolithic Concrete Construction 9
Stay In Place Formwork System 8
Total 54
INTRODUCTION – GIZ AND IGEN (INDO GERMAN ENERGY PROGRAM)

• GIZ is an international cooperation enterprise for sustainable


development which operates worldwide, on a public benefit basis. Energy

Sustainable
• For over 60 Years, GIZ has been working jointly with partners in Economic
Development
India for sustainable economic, ecological, and social
development.
GIZ
Environment,
• The Government of the Republic of India and the Federal Republic Climate
Change and
of Germany under the Indo-German Technical Cooperation, Biodiversity
agreed to jointly promote the “Indo-German Energy Programme” Sustainable
(IGEN) with the aim to foster sustainability in the built Urban and
Industrial
environment through GIZ. Development
INTRODUCTION – CLIMATE SMART BUILDINGS PROGRAMME

The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) aims to enhance climate resilience and thermal
comfort in the affordable housing segment through GIZ under Indo German Energy programme (IGEN)’s
programme, Climate Smart Buildings (CSB).

Aim:
• Adopting sustainable and low-impact design.
• Adoption of best available Materials and construction technologies.
• Use of innovative technologies to provide desired thermal comfort for mass replication.
INTRODUCTION: CLIMATE SMART BUILDINGS CELL-NORTH CLUSTER
• Climate Smart Buildings Cluster cells are established in each of the six Light House Project states where
pilot affordable housing projects are being built utilizing innovative construction technologies.

Goal:
To improve climate resilience and thermal comfort in buildings through
• Passive Measures
• Locally sustainable Materials
• Low embodied energy materials
• Best available technology
OBJECTIVES: CLIMATE SMART BUILDINGS CELL, NORTH CLUSTER
In the direction to achieve the goal of sustainability and thermal comfort in affordable housing, CSB Cell
is working with following objectives:
Handbook: Innovative Construction Technologies & Thermal Comfort in Affordable Housing

A Handbook for training programs on innovative construction


technologies & Thermal comfort in Affordable housing was curated
and launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister at the Indian Urban
Housing Conclave in Rajkot on 19th October 2022.

To disseminate the knowledge in this handbook, Ministry of


Housing and Urban Affairs is launching a seconds set of training
i.e. RACHNA2.0, from Dec 2022 till Mar 2023.
Handbook: Innovative Construction Technologies & Thermal Comfort in Affordable Housing
SESSION-1
Innovative Construction Technologies of Light House Technologies, LHP
Study and Observations.
1. LHPs Construction Technologies
2. Thermal Comfort Analysis and Recommendations on LHPs and Assisted
Demo Projects.
3. Life Cycle Cost Analysis and its Impact in Carbon Emission.
4. Q&A on New & Innovative technologies and Thermal Comfort.
CONCEPT OF LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS (LHPS)
• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Under PMAY(U), set up a

Technology Sub-Mission (TSM) to provide:

• Alternative sustainable technological solutions.


• Better, Faster & cost-effective construction
methodologies.
• Houses suiting to geo-climatic and hazard conditions
of the country.

• Light House Projects have been conceptualized as part of

Global Housing Technology Challenge – India (GHTC-India)

• Construction of six LHPs with allied infrastructure and six


categories of globally proven innovative technologies were
CONCEPT OF LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS (LHPS)
• The fundamental concept of the Light-House Projects is to encourage large-scale participation of the
people of India for mainstreaming the proven technologies identified globally by the principles.
THE LIGHT-HOUSE PROJECTS (LHP) IN INDIA
Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of six Light House Projects (LHPs) each
consisting of approx. 1000 houses in January 2021, in six cities :

Precast Concrete Monolithic Precast Light Gauge Steel PVC Stay in Place
Construction Prefabricated Structural System &
Concrete Sandwich Panel Concrete Formwork System
System – Precast Construction using Construction Pre-engineered
Components System Steel Structural • Lucknow, Uttar
Tunnel Formwork System – 3D
Assembled at • Indore, Madhya Volumetric SystemAgartala, Pradesh
Site • Rajkot, Gujarat Pradesh Tripura • No of Houses: 1040
• Ranchi, Jharkhand
• Chennai, Tamilnadu • No. of Houses: 1144 • No. of Houses: 1024 • Agartala, Tripura
• No of Houses: 1008
• No. of Houses: 1152 • No of Houses: 1000
LHP CHENNAI-INAUGRATION (26TH MAY 2022)
LHP CHENNAI-PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM ASSEMBLED AT SITE
• Precast dense reinforced cement concrete hollow core
columns and RCC shear walls is being used as structure .
• AAC blocks in partition walls are being used.
• Dowel bars, continuity reinforcement placed at
connections.
• Self-compacting concrete is being used in hollow cores
of columns.

Plinth with dowels Precast Column Erection Precast Slab work AAC Block work
LHP RAJKOT- INAUGRATION (19TH October 2022)
LHP RAJKOT- MONOLITHIC CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION USING TUNNEL FORMWORK
• Customized engineering formwork replacing conventional steel
or plywood shuttering systems.
• Mechanized system for cellular structures.
• Two half shells which are placed together to form a room or cell.
• Walls and slab are cast in a single day.
• The formwork is stripped the next day for subsequent phase.

Tunnel formwork panel slab and wall casting Building Using Tunnel Formwork
LHP INDORE-PREFABRICATED SANDWICH PANEL SYSTEM
• Lightweight composite wall, floor and roof sandwich panels made of thin fibre
cement or calcium silicate board as face covered boards.
• Core material is EPS granule balls, adhesive, cement, sand, fly ash and other
bonding materials in mortar form.
• The core material in slurry state is pushed under pressure into pre-set moulds. Prefabricated EPS
Sandwich Panel
• Once set, it shall be moved for curing and ready for use with steel support structure
beams and columns.

Types of Prefabricated Sandwich Panels


Steel Structure Prefabricated EPS Panel
LHP RANCHI- PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM – 3D VOLUMETRIC
• Components like room, Bathroom, Kitchen etc. are cast
monolithically in Plant or Casting yard in a controlled condition.
• Magic Pods (Precast Components) are transported, erected &
installed using cranes .
• Prestressed slabs are installed as flooring elements.
• Consecutive floors are built in similar manner to complete the
Transportation of Magic Pods
structure.

Construction and installation Pre Casting of building modules


LHP AGARTALA- LIGHT GAUGE STEEL FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH INFILL CONCRETE PANELS (LGSFS-ICP)

• Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with Infill Concrete Panels

(LGSFS-ICP) Technology.

• Factory made Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure (LGSFS), light

weight concrete and precast panels are being used.


Structural Details of LGSFS-Infill Concrete Wall

Precast concrete panels Light Gauge Steel Frame Structure Assembly of LGS Frames and Construction of Wall
LHP LUCKNOW- PROJECT OVERVIEW
Project Brief
Location of Project Avadh Vihar, Lucknow, U.P.
No. of DUs 1,040 (S+13)
Plot area 20,036 sq.mt.
Carpet area of each DU 34.51 sq.mt.
Total built up area 48,702 sq.mt.
Technology being used Stay In Place Formwork System with pre-engineered steel structural
system
Other provisions Community Centre, Shops
Broad Specifications Broad Specifications
Foundation RCC raft foundation
Structural Frame Pre-engineered steel structural frame
Walling Stay In Place PVC Formwork System
Floor Slabs/Roofing Cast in-situ deck slab
LHP LUCKNOW- PROJECT PLAN
Project Layout Plan

Block Plan Site Plan


CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY: LHP LUCKNOW
• Hot Rolled Pre-Engineered Building (PEB) sections act as a structural framework of the building whereas
SIP (Stay-in-Place) formwork works as a partition wall.
• 0.9mm Deck Sheet used as slab support component over which concrete is casted for enhancing strength. It
reduces casting time, propping, shuttering and centering support.
• Self-Compacting Concrete is being poured in SIP formwork as an infill to make it more rigid and thermally
sound.
• Polyvinyl Chloride(PVC) based polymer components serve as a permanent stay-in-place formwork with
infilled concrete for building walls.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF LHP LUCKNOW

Summer Peak Out Site Dry


Summer Peak Zone Operative Summer Peak Zone Mean Bulb Temperature 42.970C
Summer Peak Winter Peak
Temperature-41.920C Air Temperature 42.20C
ACH- 6.3 ACH- 6.7

Winter Peak Heating Summer Peak Cooling


Discomfort Hours-9.83 Discomfort Hours-10.8
Local Temperature Profile Local Wind Profile

Day Lighting
Shading
THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS-LUKERGANJ, PRAYAGRAJ
Assisted Demo Project Lukerganj, Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh

E W

Low-E Coated Shading to Avoid AAC Block/EPS Panel EPS Insulation


Glass Direct Sun Rays in Envelope Wall on Roof

E W

Ventilation With Orientation As Per High SRI Coating China Mosaic Tiles
Proper WFRop Site Constraints Over Roof & Walls on Roof
RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE THERMAL COMFORT (BASE CASE)
Existing Project Details
•Total Plot Area: 1731 m2
•No. of DUs: 76 (G+3)
(Block-1: 40, Block-2: 36)
•Covered Area: 634.8 m2
Roof Assembly (U-Value: 1.908 W/m2K )

• Wall Assembly:
• Brick wall (U-Value:
3.012 W/m2K )
• WFRop: 19.57
• VLT (%): 85%
• RETV: 18.28 W/m2
RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE THERMAL COMFORT (CASE-1)
Wall Assembly: AAC Block Wall Roof Assembly
2
• (U-Value: 0.981 W/m K ) (U-Value: 0.602 W/m2K )
•WFRop: 19.57 ENS Compliant
•VLT (%): 85% ENS Compliant
•RETV: 10.76 W/m2 (ENS Compliant)
RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENHANCE THERMAL COMFORT (CASE-2)
Wall Assembly: Roof Assembly
2
EPS Core Panel Wall (U-Value: 0.651 W/m K ) EPS Core Panel
•WFRop: 19.57 ENS Compliant (U-Value: 0.346 W/m2K )
•VLT (%): 85% ENS Compliant
•RETV: 7.76 W/m2 (ENS Compliant)
THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Demo Project-Lukerganj, Prayagraj

KPI Unit Base Case Case-1 Case-2

RETV W/m2 18.28 10.76 7.67

Reduction in Heat
% Reduction w.r.t.
Transmittance Through - 41% 58%
Building Envelope base case

% Savings w.r.t base


Embodied Energy Savings - 55% 22.8%
case
Annual Discomfort Hours Hrs. 3704 3380 3064

% Reduction w.r.t
Annual Discomfort Hours - 8.74% 17.27%
base case

0
Degree Discomfort Hours C.Hrs. 19661 17760 16251
Peak Temperature 0
difference (Summer)
C 3.75 4.49 5.73

3-D model for thermal comfort analysis Cost Rs/DU 539099 552699 579879
Orientation,
Passive Features E-W E-W E-W
Shading etc..
SESSION-2
Importance of Thermal Comfort
1. Thermal comfort and cooling demand
2. Factors affecting thermal comfort and cooling demand
3. Contemporary approaches
4. Thermal comfort metrics
THERMAL COMFORT & ITS IMPORTANCE
Thermal comfort is “the state of mind that expresses satisfaction
within the thermal environment” and generally assessed
subjectively (ASHRAE, 2004).

• In case of humans, the core body temperature lies in a narrow range


around 37° C (ASHRAE, 2021).
• To maintain the body core temperature during varying external
temperatures, the human body is constantly acclimatizing itself to its
external environmental conditions through exchange of heat between
the body and surrounding environment.
• Both core body temperature and skin surface temperature are
relevant in understanding thermal comfort.
TRANSFER OF HEAT FROM HUMAN BODY
Mode of Heat Transfer
What affects the Thermal indoor environment?

• The heat exchange between the human body and its environment
occurs mainly in three ways

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

• Thermal indoor environment is affected by both

internal and external sources.


FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

Environmental
Parameters/Factors
• Air Temperature
• Mean Radiant Temperature
• Air Velocity
• Humidity
Personal Parameters/Factors
• Clothing Level
• Physical Activity
Skin surface temperature at various locations of the body
in cold, neutral, and hot indoor environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

AIR TEMPERATURE RADIANT TEMPERATURE


The temperature of the air The heat that radiates from a
surrounding a body warm object
The ideal temperature for Heat can be generated by
sedentary work is usually equipment, which raises the
between 20ºC and 26ºC temperature in a specific region.

PHYSICAL
FACTORS
HUMIDITY
AIR VELOCITY The amount of evaporated water
The speed of air moving in the air
across the worker Air-conditioning can easily
It's best if the air flow rate is attain ideal relative humidity
between 0.1 and 0.2 m/s. values of 40 percent to 70
percent.
PERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT

CLOTHING LEVEL METABOLIC RATE


Layers of insulating clothing keep a person warm or The rate at which chemical energy is converted into
cause overheating by preventing heat loss. The better heat and mechanical effort by metabolic activities
the insulating ability of a garment, the thicker it is in
within an organism, commonly measured in units of
general. Air movement and relative humidity can
reduce the insulating effectiveness of clothing, total body surface area. People have different metabolic
depending on the type of material it is constructed of. rates that can fluctuate due to activity level and
environmental conditions.
CLOTHING LEVELS & INSULATION

CLOTHING Clo
T-shirts, shorts, Light socks, Sandals 0.30
Shirt, Trousers socks, Shoes 0.70
Jacket, Blouse, Long skirt, stockings 1.00
Trousers, Vest, Jacket Coat, Socks Shoes 1.50
METABOLIC RATE FOR HUMAN ACTIVITY AND OCCUPANCY
• Thermal comfort is maintained by

heat mass transfer.

• Human body generates heat about


100w under sedentary condition
with body area 1.5 to 2 sqm.
• More layer of clothing = more

insulation = less heat loss


FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT & COOLING DEMAND

Projected increase in residential built-up area in urban and rural India. Source: ICAP Sector-wise growth in cooling demand. Source: ICAP

The India Cooling Action Plan sets the following goals to promote sustainable cooling and thermal comfort
for all.

1. 20-25% reduction of cooling demand across various 4. Training and certification of 1,00,000 service
sectors by 2037-2038 technicians by 2022-2023
2. 25-40% reduction in cooling energy requirements 5. Recognizing “cooling and related areas” as a
by 2037-2038. thrust area of research
3. 25-30% reduction in refrigerant demand by
2037-2038.
FACTORS AFFECTING THERMAL COMFORT & COOLING DEMAND
• Major Indian cities have high population and
cooling degree days.
• Cooling demand to combat uncomfortable
conditions is also high.
• When residential buildings are designed in a
non-sustainable manner.
• The reliance on active cooling that uses devices
such as air-conditioners increases to achieve
thermal comfort.

Cooling demand in India, China, and USA


Source: Sustainable and Smart Space Cooling Coalition (2017).
CONTEMPORARAY APPROACHES
BAU vs Deep Cut Scenario
• BAU refers to what is actually prevailing.
• The deep-cut scenario refers to a proposition of
implementing aggressive measures such as
improvements in building envelope technologies and
cooling technologies to reduce the cooling demand.
Target values for metrics like
• Residential Envelope Transmittance Value (RETV) of
envelope
• U-value of roof for both existing and new buildings Urban residential space cooling energy requirement map of India, 2050
Source: Developing Cost-Effective And Low-Carbon Options To Meet India’s
Space Cooling Demand In Urban Residential Buildings Through 2050
are set for different time periods in the deep cut
CONTEMPORARAY APPROACHES
Impact of Building envelope
The envelope of a building undergoes retrofitting at much
greater intervals. This translates into higher energy and
environmental costs for decades.
Optimizing building envelope as a standalone strategy with
respect to its RETV value demonstrates opportunity to
significantly reduce cooling demand by decreasing the
discomfort degree hours (DDH).
Two-fold benefit of optimised building envelope
1. Reduces cooling loads on other building systems
Peak Load for Cooling systems (GW)
2. Reduces associated economic impacts such as HVAC Source: Developing Cost-Effective and Low-Carbon Options to Meet
India’s Space Cooling Demand In Urban Residential Buildings Through
2050
sizing, etc.
CONTEMPORARAY APPROACHES
Provisions in code
To achieve the needful reduction in cooling demand,
national guidelines, codes, and tools have been developed
for implementation.
• ECBC 2007 & 2017(Revised Edition) to set the
minimum energy performance for commercial
buildings in India. Reduced operational energy loads and economic benefits with thermal comfort
provision in codes like ECBC, ENS 20181 & 2021 from optimized building
• Eco-Niwas Samhita (Part-1) was launched in 2018 to envelope and electro mechanical systems

include minimum performance requirements for


residential building envelope.
• Eco Niwas Samhita (Part-2) launched in 2021 with
inclusion of building systems in addition to envelopes.
THERMAL COMFORT METRICS
• Heat transfer through roofs
can be considered similar to
walling material in terms of
thermal conductivity and
relevance of R-value.
• However, to reduce
radiative heat gains, surface
of roof exposed to the
outdoors can be treated
with coatings that increase
solar reflectance. Relevant metrics for building envelope elements in terms of heat transfer
Source: Rawal, R., 2021. Heat Transfer And Your Building Envelope, Solar Decathlon India
SESSION-3
Building Physics & Fundamental of Thermal Comfort
1. Concept of energy and heat
2. Factors influencing heat transfer and laws of thermodynamics
3. Heat balance and adaptive thermal comfort method
4. Local thermal discomfort
BUILDING PHYSICS (BUILDING)
Building physics includes the study of the interactions
between heat, moisture and air movement between indoor
and outdoor environments

What is a BUILDING?

Your Environmental Separator.

• A building provides shelter - shelter from the elements


as well as from other dangers and the outdoor
environment.

• Its’ function is to separate the inside from the outside


• A building creates an interior environment that is
different from the exterior environment – it is an
BUILDING PHYSICS (PURPOSE OF BUILDING)

Purpose of Buildings?

Buildings are designed for People and for


Specific tasks.

✔ The building needs to keep people


Comfortable, Efficient, and Healthy.

✔ Energy Efficient Design seeks to create


buildings that keep people comfortable
while minimizing Energy Consumption.

Occupant comfort, Physical processes, and


Elements of building Relationship
BUILDING PHYSICS (CONCEPT OF ENERGY & HEAT)
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy moves from higher state to lower state –(the
“In an isolated system, a process can
second law of thermodynamics)
occur only if it increases the total entropy
• Heat moves from warm to cold (thermal gradient)
of the system”.
• Moisture moves from more to less (concentration
-Rudolph Clausius
gradient)

✔ Heat moves from warmer to cooler.


✔ Air moves from higher pressure to lower pressure.
✔ Moisture moves from wetter to drier.
BUILDING PHYSICS (HEAT TRANSFER IN BUILDINGS)
Heat Transfer Calculations in Buildings
Conduction- Transfer of energy due to internal vibrations of
envelop building material.
Convection- Transfer due to air infiltration from door windows.
Radiation- Transfer of heat through windows and transparent
surfaces in form of electromagnetic waves.

Note:
✔ ECBC/ENS regulates the U-Factor and SHGC for materials and glazing
units.
✔ Solar incident radiation depends on the weather condition and solar
altitude angle.
BUILDING PHYSICS
Heat Transfer in Buildings

Conduction- Transfer of heat through direct contact


Convection- Transfer due to movements of gases,
liquid, and vapor.
Radiation- Transfer of heat through electromagnetic
waves.

Clockwise- Forms of heat transfer; Conduction; Radiation; Convection


Source- https://thefactfactor.com/facts/pure_science/physics/conduction/9868/; Rawal,
R., 2021. Heat Transfer and Your Building Envelope, Solar Decathlon India
BUILDING PHYSICS (SENSISBLE & LATENT HEAT)

Sensible Heat – When the temperature of an object


falls/rises, the heat removed/added is called 'sensible heat’.
Sensible heat results in a change in temperature.

Latent Heat- Latent heat is the heat added/removed to an


object in order for it to change its state. It affects the
moisture content which results in a change of temperature.

Total flow of heat is the algebraic sum of sensible and


latent heat within space.
BUILDING PHYSICS &THERMAL COMFORT
Use of Building Physics to Optimize Energy use for Thermal Comfort

External
Factors.(Climatic)
✔ Temperature
✔ Relative Humidity
✔ Solar Radiation
✔ Wind Speed and
Direction
✔ Miscellaneous Factors

Internal Factors.(Loads)
✔ People
✔ Equipment
✔ Lights
HEAT BALANCE AND ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT
Heat Balance Method
The heat balance method presents a physics based mathematical
model that establishes thermal comfort when heat loss from the
body is exactly equal to heat produced within the body.

The heat balance method approaches thermal comfort from a


biological perspective.
• If heat generation rate > heat loss rate, individual will feel
warm/ hot
• If heat generation rate < heat loss rate, individual will feel Comfort Theory - Heat Balance Method
Source: Fantozzi, F., &amp; Lamberti, G. (2019). Determination of
cool/ cold thermal comfort in indoor sport facilities located in Moderate
Environments: An overview. Atmosphere, 10(12), 769.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ atmos10120769
• For thermal comfort, heat generation rate = heat loss rate
HEAT BALANCE AND ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT
Adaptive Thermal Comfort Method
Adaptive thermal comfort model takes into consideration
all three-

• Physiological,

• Psychological, Comfort Theory: Adaptive Thermal Comfort Method

• Behavioural

aspects of occupants and their influence on perception of


thermal comfort.
It prescribes indoor setpoint temperature to address
90% acceptability of thermal environment among
occupants.
LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT
Local Thermal Dis-Comfort
Studies have identified that it is possible for occupants to
feel uncomfortable even if they feel thermally neutral
overall. This usually happens when one or more parts of
their body are either too warm or too cold.
• Local thermal discomfort is also a reason why it is
highly unlikely for indoor spaces to achieve 100%
thermal acceptability.
• To accommodate this, most standards like
ASHRAE/IMAC specify conditions to ensure 80%
Occupant dissatisfaction levels due to radiant temperature asymmetry in
acceptability of the thermal environment amongst walls and roof.
Source: Abushakra Bass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, Hayte Sheila &
Paranjpey Ramesh (2017). ASHRAE Fundamentals SI edition.
occupants.
LOCAL THERMAL DISCOMFORT

Occupant dissatisfaction levels due to radiant temperature asymmetry in floor. Percentage of Seated People Dissatisfied as Function of Air Temperature Difference
Source: Abushakra Bass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, Hayte Sheila & Paranjpey Between Head and Ankles
Ramesh (2017). ASHRAE Fundamentals SI edition. Source: Abushakra Bass, Akers Larry, Baxter Van, Hayte Sheila & Paranjpey Ramesh
(2017). ASHRAE Fundamentals SI edition.
SESSION-4
Passive Strategies & Building Materials
1. Affordable housing & passive design strategies
2. Innovative building materials (wall, glazing & roof)
3. Case studies
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Strategies for various modes of heat transfer
Passive design strategies may tackle either one or a combination of these modes of heat transfer.
• Orientation, and massing of the building act as passive design strategies by influencing the quantity and
quality of radiation reaching the envelope surface.
• Similarly, shading devices obstruct the amount of radiation entering the buildings through windows.
• Fixed or movable shading devices can be chosen depending on the trajectory of sun and direction of the
façade.

Passive design strategies categorized based on modes of heat transfer


AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Form & orientation of the building
• Daylight penetration and fenestration design
have implications on heat gain/loss through the
building envelope.
• Careful orientation of fenestration can help
achieve thermal and visual comfort
• Daylight harvesting from the north and south
facade should be maximized with proper
orientation of the building.

Top: peak cooling load for various forms and orientations; Bottom:
variations in peak cooling load for each month for all sample cases.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Shading & WWR
• Reduce heat gain and cooling energy use of the
building.
• Dynamic movable external shading systems, vertical
Cooling loads for BAU, ECBC, ECBC+, and ECBC super buildings having shading elements like fins are more useful in cutting
600mm shading over windows
radiations when the sun is at a lower altitude i.e., in
East and West facades
• Greater WWR escalates the cooling load significantly
in BAU cases. However, compliance with ECBC code
results in reduced cooling load across the four WWR

Comparative analysis of various WWR levels in East-West and North-South


cases.
orientations for business-as-usual and ECBC compliant buildings
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
• Exterior shading devices can be provided in a
variety of materials and designs, including
sunshades, awnings, louvers, bamboo screens,
jaali, and green cover through vines.
• These can be implemented with minimal cost
implications and have the most favourable
cost-benefit relation with respect to thermal
comfort.
• To prevent summer overheating and glare, a
good shading device strategy should be used
with glazed openings.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES

• SHGC value of glass while maintaining


desirable VLT and U-value. Hence, combination
of multiple passive design measures can
contribute to RETV value of 15 W/Sqm.

Top- SHGC values of an unshaded window throughout the year;


Middle- SHGC values of the same windows in case of shading present throughout the year;
Bottom- Difference in SHGC values of the first two graphs.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation is defined as


provision of fresh air and removal of
stale air using the naturally occurring
forces of wind.
It can be observed in figure that
natural ventilation as a standalone
strategy can provide comfort for
around 35% of the total hours of the
Percentage of comfort hours in a year for different building operation modes listed in IMAC-MM.
year in hot-dry, warm-humid, and Source: M., Shulka, Y., Rawal, R., Loveday, D., de Faria, L., Angelopoulos, C. (2020). Low Energy Cooling
and Ventilation in Indian Residences Design Guide. CEPT Research & Development Foundation &
composite climates. Loughborough University. http://carbse.org/reports-and-articles/
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
Natural ventilation
It is shown that the ACH improved from 6 ACH per hour
to 14 ACH per hour with the use of the deflectors.
Principles of single-sided ventilation and cross-ventilation

Deflectors that help in harnessing wind for


Wind blowing at an angle of 60° from the Wind blowing parallel to the façade natural ventilation
perpendicular axis of the façade
Source: Guidelines for Energy-Efficient and Thermally Comfortable Public Buildings in Karnataka
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
'Thermal mass' describes a material's capacity to absorb, store
and release heat. A common analogy is thermal mass as a kind of
thermal battery.
• Denser thermal mass materials are more effective passive
solar materials. Thus, denser the material the better it
stores and releases heat.
• Do not substitute thermal mass for insulation. It should be
used in conjunction with insulation.
AFFORDABLE HOUSING & PASSIVE STRATEGIES
To understand the quantum of heat gain through various components of the envelope, the top and
intermediate floors of the N–S oriented rectangular building with no windows on the east and west was
simulated.

1. For the intermediate floor, the heat


gained through windows is much
higher compared to the heat gained
through walls.
2. For the top floor, it is seen that the
heat gain from the roof is highest,
while the heat gain from windows is
also significant.
Source: Guidelines for Energy-Efficient and Thermally Comfortable Public Buildings in Karnataka
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Thermal conductivity and thermal bridge
A thermal bridge is a part of the assembly (such as
metal screws or nails) that allows direct heat
transfer between indoors and outdoors due to
interruptions in insulation.

Walling assemblies and thermal bridging. Thermal conductivities of common building materials.
Information and Image Courtesy: Prof. Cloude Roulet, EMPA, Switzerland, Indo Information and Image Courtesy: Prof. Cloude Roulet, EMPA,
Swiss BEEP project, BEE, India Switzerland, Indo Swiss BEEP project, BEE, India
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Material thickness and location in walling assemblies

• Location of each material in the assembly also


affects the surface temperature values and other
functioning of the assembly.
• This can be understood by developing
temperature profile across the wall section.

Minimum thickness needed to achieve U value < 0.4W/m2K.


Measured properties and corresponding testing standards & instruments used Information and Image Courtesy: Prof. Cloude Roulet, EMPA, Switzerland, Indo Swiss
BEEP project, BEE, India
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
U-value database of walling assemblies

U-value database of all selected walling assemblies


and technologies
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Glazing assemblies

Variation in transmission levels of different types


of glasses at different wavelengths within the
visible light spectrum.

VLT for different types of glasses;


Information and Image Courtesy: A.R Unnikrishnan, Saint Gobain Glass

Selectivity, solar heat gain coefficient and visible light transmission of


different low e-coating combinations
Information and Image Courtesy: A.R Unnikrishnan, Saint Gobain Glass Performance of different low-e coating combinations in UV, visible light, and IR spectrums.
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Glazing assemblies

• Architects/ designers can


utilize these graphs to
determine the most suitable
options in their projects.
• By knowing the maximum limit
of solar heat gains permissible
in the building, a cap on solar
heat gain coefficient can be
decided.
Cooling loads associated with different glazing units.
Information and Image Courtesy: A.R Unnikrishnan,
Saint Gobain Glass
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Glazing assemblies

U value based on glass & frame configuration; Right- Orientation of assembly with respect to horizontal affects U-value
GUIDANCE ON U- VALUE, SHGC AND VLT FOR FENESTRATIONS
Don’t in Indian climatic Context
● Do not use glass with very low U value and
Design Factors that impact on U-value, moderate SHGC.
● Do not assume dark tinted glass brings solar
SHGC, VLT Etc..
control
1. Climate Analysis ● Do not use un-insulated frames
2. Optimum Orientation of Building
Dos in Indian climatic Context
3. Shadow Analysis ● Products with least SHGC and U value and optimum
4. Daylight Analysis VLT.
● Optimum set of values for U-value, solar heat gain
coefficient, and visible transmittance.
● Add overhead shading, use dark tinted glass at
visible height and clear at higher levels.

Note: Remember that same fenestration product behaves differently w.r.t. the specific design. It should not be
assumed that products with Low U-value and SHGC are best and universal solution.
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Roofing Coating Materials

Interaction of roofing materials and surfaces with incident solar radiation.


Source (left): ASC Building Products. (2020). Energy-Efficient Cool Colours in Today’s Metal Roofing. ASC Building
Products. Retrieved from https://www.ascbp.com/cool-colors-and-energy-savings/.
INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Roofing/Coating Materials

Elastomeric Coating Solvent & Water based

Source HANDBOOK ON ACHIEVING THERMAL COMFORT WITHIN BUILT ENVIRONMENT , VOLUME I


INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)
Roofing/Coating Materials

Spray Polyurethane Foam & Heat Insulation Tiles

Source HANDBOOK ON ACHIEVING THERMAL COMFORT WITHIN BUILT ENVIRONMENT , VOLUME I


INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)

Clay Tiles Lime Concrete Inverted Earthen Pots Heat Resistant Ceramic Tiles

Source HANDBOOK ON ACHIEVING THERMAL COMFORT WITHIN BUILT ENVIRONMENT , VOLUME I


INNOVATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS (Wall, Glazing & Roof)

Cool Roof Paint Bamboo Shading Green Mat Shading China Mosaic Tiles
Screens
Source HANDBOOK ON ACHIEVING THERMAL COMFORT WITHIN BUILT ENVIRONMENT , VOLUME I
CASE STUDY- RAJKOT SMART GHAR III
RAJKOT SMART GHAR III
The climate of Rajkot is composite and the peak daytime
temperatures during the summer reach 41°C-43°C.
Reducing heat gains through walls and roof:
Walling material was changed to 230mm thick AAC blocks.
In doing so, the U-value of walls dropped to 0.8 W/SqmK
Site layout for Rajkot Smart GHAR-III (PMAY) project.
from 2W/SqmK. Source: (Rawal, Shukla, Patel , Desai, & Asrani, 2021)

Improving Ventilation through shaft design:


A roof feature with exhaust fans on top of the shaft was
added to create negative pressure in the shaft at all times
Reducing heat gains through window design and
ventilation:
This design was changed to a taller partially glazed
Improving ventilation through
casement type for selected windows. The 90% openable common service shaft.
Fully glazed window design (left) was
improved to taller, partially glazed
casement windows allowed for better ventilation flow rates. casement windows (right)
CASE STUDY-SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY
SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY, AHMEDABAD (PMAY SITE)
CASE STUDY-SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY
SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY, AHMEDABAD (PMAY SITE)

Case development.
CASE STUDY-SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY
SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY, AHMEDABAD (PMAY SITE)

Reorientation and rearrangements of blocks.


CASE STUDY-SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY
SHREE RAM NAGAR COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETY, AHMEDABAD (PMAY SITE)

RETV as per walling materials

U-value and RETV for walling materials


THANK YOU!

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