Discrete RV and Continuous RV ● What do we call the probability distribution of a discrete random variable? Probability Mass Function (pmf) The Normal Curve
● What is it? 1. It is a graph of a Normal Distribution 2. It is a bell-shaped curve that lies above the horizontal axis The Normal Curve
● What are its characteristics?
1. Symmetrical 2. Unimodal 3. Asymptotic to the horizontal axis The Normal Curve
● Take Note: 1. The area between the curve and the horizontal axis is EXACTLY equal to 1. 2. Half the area is above the mean and the remaining half is below the mean. Since Normal ● It is the most important Curve is a graph of continuous probability distribution. a Normal Distribution… What is it? ● It is also known as the Gaussian Distribution, has the ff. formula: ● μ = mean In this formula: ● σ = standard deviation ● π = 3.142 (pi) ● e = 2.718 (exponential constant) Normal Distribution
● There are many Normal Distributions.
● A Normal Distribution is determined by TWO PARAMETERS: (a) mean and (b) standard deviation. Normal Distribution
● If the μ = 0 and the σ = 1, then the normal
distribution is a standard normal distribution. ● The areas under this curve can be found using a given table. (will be discussed later on) What it looks like?
Standard Normal Distribution ● μ = 0 and the σ = 1 What it looks like?
Other Samples of Normal Curve ● μ = 40 and the σ = 12 What it looks like?
Other Samples of Normal Curve ● μ = 75 and the σ = 10 Suppose two Normal Curves are on the same horizontal axis, they have the same σ but different μ
μ = 39 μ = 55 σ=8 σ=8 WHAT YOU SHOULD Suppose two Normal HAVE NOTICED: Curves are on the same horizontal axis, ● When the mean is they have the same σ changed from 55 to 39, but different μ… the curve is moved to the left. ● The shape remains the same. Suppose three Normal Curves are on the same horizontal axis, they have the same μ but different σ
μ = 100 σ=5 μ = 100 σ = 10 μ = 100 σ = 20 WHAT YOU SHOULD Suppose three Normal HAVE NOTICED: Curves are on the same horizontal axis, ● The curve gets flatter they have the same μ as the value of σ gets but different σ higher. Areas Under the Normal Curve
● What do we call the areas under the
Normal Curve? Regions ● What is used to identify these areas? Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve Table Areas Under the Normal Curve Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve Table What is z or z-score? ● It measures how many standard deviation given value (x) is above or below the mean. ● The value of the z-score tells you how many standard deviations you are away from the mean. ● If z = 0, it is on the mean. z = (+) indicates the score or observed value is above the mean and vice versa. STEPS: (refer on the board) 1. Sketch the normal Find the area curve. between z = 0 -z → left of 0, and z = 1.54. +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) Find the area 1. Sketch the normal curve. between -z → left of 0, z = 1.52 and +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using z = 2.5. the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) 1. Sketch the normal Find the area curve. to the right of -z → left of 0, z = 1.56. +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) Find the area 1. Sketch the normal curve. between -z → left of 0, z = 0 and +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using z = -1.65. the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) Find the area 1. Sketch the normal curve. between -z → left of 0, z = -1.5 and +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using z = -2.5. the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) Find the area 1. Sketch the normal curve. between -z → left of 0, z = -1.35 and +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using z = 2.95. the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) 1. Sketch the normal Find the area curve. to the left of -z → left of 0, z = 2.32. +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) 1. Sketch the normal Find the area curve. to the right of -z → left of 0, z = -1.8. +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. STEPS: (refer on the board) 1. Sketch the normal Find the area curve. to the left of -z → left of 0, z = -1.52. +z → right of 0 2. Locate the area using the table. 3. You can also convert it to percentage (%) when asked. Let’s Review!
● Find the area under the normal curve:
1. Between z = 0 and z = 1.63 2. To the right of z = 2.35 *Convert each to percentage (%) What is a Standard Score? ● It is also called the z-score. ● It is useful in comparing observed values. ● It measures how many standard deviation given value (x) is above or below the mean. ● If z = 0, it is on the mean. z = (+) indicates the score or observed value is above the mean and vice versa. ● For SAMPLE: How can z-score be found? ● Where: ○ z = standard score ○ x = raw score or observed value ○ x̄ = sample mean ○ s = sample SD ● For POPULATION: How can z-score be found? ● Where: ○ z = standard score ○ x = raw score or observed value ○ μ = population mean ○ σ = population SD (Solution will be shown on Example #1 the board)
On a final examination in Biology, the mean
was 75 and the standard deviation was 12. Determine the standard score of a student who received a score of 60 assuming that the scores are normally distributed. (Solution will be shown on Example #2 the board)
On the first periodic exam in Statistics, the
population mean was 70 and the population standard deviation was 9. Determine the standard score of a student who got a score of 88 assuming that the scores are normally distributed. (Solution will be shown on Example #3 the board) Anne scored 90 in an English test and 70 in a Physics test. Scores in the English test have a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 10. Scores in the Physics test have a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 8. In which subject was her standing better assuming the scores in her English and Physics class are normally distributed? (Solution will be shown on Example #4 the board)
In a Science test, the mean score is 42 and
the standard deviation is 5. Assuming the scores are normally distributed, what percent of the score is: a. Greater than 48? b. Less than 50? c. Between 30 and 48? Try it Yourself! Answer in a ½ CW #1 A student scored 85 in a Math test and 90 in a Biology test. Scores in the Math test have a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 15. Scores in the Biology test have a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 10. In which subject was her standing better assuming the scores in her Math and Biology class are normally distributed? Try it Yourself! Answer in a ½ CW #2
In a Calculus test, the mean score is 48 and
the standard deviation is 12. Assuming the scores are normally distributed, what % of the score is: a. Greater than 50? b. Less than 48? c. Between 40 and 60?
