UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

International General Certificate of Secondary Education

PAKISTAN STUDIES 0448/02

Paper 2 The Environment of Pakistan

For Examination from 2008

Specimen Paper
1 hour 30 minutes

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

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Answer any three questions.

Sketch maps and diagrams may be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.
The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 2.

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The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 Insert.

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 2

The Environment of Pakistan

1 (a) Study the map of Pakistan, Fig. 1.

E °North

Key
International boundary

0 km 200 Rivers

Plain D

Fig. 1

On your answer paper

(i) name country A,

(ii) name city B,
(iii) name the river C,
(iv) name the plain D,
(v) state the number in °N of the line of latitude E. [5]

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(b) Study the map, Fig. 2, which shows the main monsoon wind and the rainfall distribution from
July to September.

Key
N
International boundary
Rivers
Rainfall July – September
mms

25

125

250

500

Monsoon wind

0 km 400

Fig. 2

(i) Explain why the monsoon wind that is shown develops. [4]
(ii) Describe the rainfall distribution shown in Fig. 2 and explain how it is caused by the
monsoon winds. [7]

(c) (i) Name a plateau where barani wheat farming takes place. [1]
(ii) How is the cultivation of wheat related to the seasonal rainfall on the plateau? [3]

(d) How may storms and heavy rainfall cause problems for people in Pakistan? [5]
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2 Study Photograph A of an area in the Shangla District of NWFP.

(a) (i) Describe in not more than two words the topography (relief) shown in the photograph. [1]
(ii) What type of trees are shown in the photograph? [1]
(iii) At what altitude do these trees grow in NWFP ? [1]
(iv) How is this type of tree adapted to the climate of this area? [3]

(b) (i) Trees have been cut down in area X. What effects may this have on the soil there? [3]
(ii) How can deforestation affect water supplies? [4]
(iii) State and explain one way in which the effects of deforestation can be reduced. [3]

(c) Why are there irrigated plantations of trees in the Indus Plain? [4]

(d) Using examples, suggest why the Northern Areas of Pakistan are attractive to tourists. [5]

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3 (a) Study Fig. 3.

Area and production of three crops in Pakistan, 2001

Area Production
million hectares million tonnes

10 50

8 40

6 30

4 20

2 10

0 0
Wheat Rice Sugar-cane

area production

Fig. 3

(i) Which crop is grown on the largest area? [1]

(ii) Which crop has the lowest production per hectare? [1]
(iii) Why is there such a large production of sugar-cane from a small area? [2]
(iv) Name another cash crop grown in Pakistan. [1]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, a map showing the distribution of sugar-cane farming.

Key
N
International boundary

Provincial boundary

Production
High

Medium

Low

0 km 400
Arabian Sea

Fig. 4

(i) Name the areas of high sugar-cane production. [3]

(ii) Why are these areas suitable for the cultivation of sugar-cane? [4]
(iii) What happens to sugar-cane from the time it is fully grown to when sugar juice is
extracted? [3]
(iv) Explain why bagasse is an important by-product of a sugar-cane factory. [2]

(c) (i) State two climatic inputs for rice cultivation. [2]
(ii) How can the yield (production) per hectare of rice be increased? [6]

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4 (a) Study Fig. 5, a diagram showing some inputs to Pakistan Steel.

FROM
OTHER
COKING
COUNTRIES W X
COAL

PAKISTAN
STEEL

FROM
PAKISTAN

COKING
Y Z
COAL

Fig. 5

(i) Name the two raw materials W and X. [2]

(ii) Name two other inputs Y and Z. [2]
(iii) Why is coal imported in addition to that produced in Pakistan? [2]

(b) Describe how two human inputs contribute to production at Pakistan Steel. [6]

(c) Why is over 50% of the output of Pakistan Steel sent north from Karachi to the Punjab? [3]

(d) What features of Pakistan Steel show that it is an industry in the formal sector? [4]

(e) How does the government attract local and foreign investors to develop industries in
Pakistan? [6]

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5 Study Fig. 6, population pyramids showing age distribution in urban and rural areas of Pakistan.

Population Pyramid of Population Pyramid of

an Urban Area, 2001 a Rural Area, 2001

age groups age groups

70 & over 70 & over
65-69 65-69
males % 60-64 females % males % 60-64 females %
55-59 55-59
50-54 50-54
45-49 45-49
40-44 40-44
35-39 35-39
30-34 30-34
25-29 25-29
20-24 20-24
15-19 15-19
10-14 10-14
5-9 5-9
0-4 0-4
20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 20

Fig. 6

(a) (i) Compare the percentage of children aged 9 and under in rural and urban areas and
suggest three reasons for this difference. [5]
(ii) How do both pyramids show that the birth rate has fallen? [1]

(b) (i) What is the percentage of people aged 20-24 in urban areas? [1]
(ii) Is this larger or smaller than the percentage in rural areas? [1]
(iii) What is the main reason for this difference? [1]

(c) (i) Describe the urban pull factors that cause rural-urban migration. [4]
(ii) What improvements may be made in some rural areas to reduce rural-urban migration?
[6]

(d) How may improvements in literacy and education help to lower the rate of population growth?
[6]

Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 Fig. 1, Fig. 2 © The New Oxford Atlas for Pakistan, Oxford University Press Pakistan.
Photograph A Roland Strutt © UCLES.
Question 3 Fig. 4 © The New Oxford Atlas for Pakistan, Oxford University Press Pakistan.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
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University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2006 0448/02/SP08