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MATERIAL SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
LIBYAN ACADEMY FOR POSTGRADUATE STUDIES

SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL ENGINEERING

Biomaterials

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Biomaterials

BIOMATERIAL is used to make devices to replace a part or a

function of the body in a safe, reliable, economic, and
physiologically acceptable manner.

A biomaterial can be simply defined as a synthetic material

used to replace part of a living system or to function in
intimate contact with living tissue.

Biomaterials

A biomaterial is a substance that has been engineered to interact with

biological systems for a medical purpose, either a therapeutic (treat,
augment, repair, or replace a tissue function of the body) or a
diagnostic one.

Metals, ceramics, plastic, glass, and even living cells and tissue all
can be used in creating a biomaterial. They can be reengineered into
molded or machined parts, coatings, fibers, films, foams, and fabrics
for use in biomedical products and devices.

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Biomaterials

Biomaterials are commonly used in various medical

devices and systems:

 synthetic skin,
 hybrid organs,
 synthetic blood vessels,
 artificial hearts,
 cardiac pacemakers, screws, plates, wires and pins for bone
treatments, total artificial joint implants, …… etc.
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Biomaterials

Using of biomaterials

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Biomaterials
Biomaterials in Organs

Biomaterials
Biomaterials in Body System

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Biomaterials
Materials for use in the Body

Performance of Biomaterials

The success of biomaterials in the body depends on factors

such as:
 Material Properties,
 Design,
 Biocompatibility of the Material Used,
as well as other factors not under the control of the engineer,
including the technique used by the surgeon, the health and
condition of the patient, and the activities of the patient.

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Performance of Biomaterials
Suppose f is a numerical value of the probability of failure of an implant,
then the reliability can be expressed as:

If, as is usually the case, there are multiple modes of failure, the total
reliability 𝑟𝑡 is given by the product of the individual reliabilities

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Performance of Biomaterials

Consequently, even if one failure mode such as implant fracture is

perfectly controlled so that the corresponding reliability is unity, other
failure modes such as infection could severely limit the utility
represented by the total reliability of the implant.
One mode of failure which can occur in a biomaterial, but not in
engineering materials used in other contexts, is an attack by the
body’s immune system on the implant.

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Performance of Biomaterials

Another such failure mode is an unwanted effect of the

implant upon the body; for example, toxicity, inducing
allergic reactions, or causing cancer.
Consequently, biocompatibility is included as a material
requirement in addition to those requirements associated
directly with the function of the implant.

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Performance of Biomaterials

Biocompatibility involves the acceptance of an

artificial implant by the surrounding tissues and by
the body as a whole.
Biocompatible materials do not irritate the surrounding
structures, do not provoke an abnormal inflammatory
response, do not incite allergic or immunologic reactions, and
do not cause cancer.

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Performance of Biomaterials
Other compatibility characteristics which may be important in the function of an
implant device made of biomaterials include:
1) Adequate mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and fatigue
properties;
2) Appropriate optical properties if the material is to be used in the eye,
skin, or tooth; and
3) Appropriate density. Sterilizability, manufacturability, long-term
storage, and appropriate engineering design are also to be considered.

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Performance of Biomaterials

The failure modes may differ in importance as time passes following the
implant surgery.
For example, consider the case of a total joint replacement in which infection
is most likely soon after surgery, while loosening and implant fracture become
progressively more important as time goes on. Failure modes also depend on
the type of implant and its location and function in the body. For example, an
artificial blood vessel is more likely to cause problems by inducing a clot or
becoming clogged with thrombus than by breaking or tearing mechanically.

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Metallic Biomaterials

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Metallic Biomaterials

Metallic biomaterials are engineered systems designed to provide

internal support to biological tissues and they are being used largely in
joint replacements, dental implants, orthopedic fixations and stents.

The main advantages of metals are that they are strong and are
resistant to fatigue degradation.
They have shape memory and can be sterilized easily before use. The
main disadvantage is that metal can corrode due to chemical reaction
with the body enzymes and acids. It also can cause metal ion toxicity in
the body.

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Metallic Biomaterials

Physical Properties of Metals:

 Good conductors of heat and electricity
 High density (heavy for their size)
 High melting point
 Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)
 Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)
 Luster (shininess)

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Metallic Biomaterials

Chemical Properties of Metals:

 Easily lose electrons
 Surface reactive
 Loss of mass (some corrode easily) Corrosion is a
gradual wearing away
 Change in mechanical properties

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Metallic Biomaterials

The high strength and resistance to fracture that this class of material can
provide, assuming proper processing, gives reliable long-term implant
performance in major load-bearing situations. Coupled with a relative ease of
fabrication of both simple and complex shapes using well-established and widely
available fabrication techniques (casting, forging, machining), this has promoted
metal use in the fields of orthopedics and dentistry primarily, the two areas in
which highly loaded devices are most common although similar reasons have led
to their use for forming cardiovascular devices (artificial heart valves, blood
conduits and other components of heart assist devices, vascular stents), and
neurovascular implants (aneurysm clips).

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In addition, the good electrical

conductivity of metals favors their use for
neuromuscular stimulation devices, the
most common example being cardiac
pacemakers. These favorable properties
(good fracture resistance, electrical
conductivity, formability) are related to the
metallic interatomic bonding that
characterizes this class of material.

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Biocompatibility of Metals:
In metals, Biocompatibility involves the acceptance of an artificial
implant by the surrounding tissuesand by the body as a whole.
The metallic implants do not irritate the surrounding structures, do not incite
an excessive inflammatory response, do not stimulate allergic and
immunologic reactions, and do not cause cancer.

Other functional characteristics that are important for metallic device include
adequate mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and fatigue
properties; and also appropriate density

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Biocompatibility of Metals:

Steel Biomaterials

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Biocompatibility of Metals:

Steel Biomaterials
Stainless Steel is one of the most frequently used biomaterials for
internal fixation device because of a favorable combination of
mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, cost effectiveness
and easily making a manufacturing. ‫تقويم المفاصل‬

However, Stainless steel is not used as cementless arthroplasty

implants due to their low biocompatibility because the stable
oxide layer cannot be formed on the surface of stainless steel.
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Biocompatibility of Metals:

The corrosion of metallic implant gives adverse effects to the

surrounding tissues and to the implant itself.
It produces chemical substances that harmful for human
organs and deteriorates the mechanical properties of the
implant.
Therefore, corrosion resistance of a metallic implant is an
important aspect of its biocompatibility.

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316L Stainless Steel

316L stainless steel is considered as one of the attractive metallic materials for
biomedical applications due to its mechanical properties, biocompatibility,
and corrosion resistance.
Highly porous 316L stainless steel parts were produced by using a powder
metallurgy proceses, which includes the selective laser sintering (SLS) and
traditional sintering. Porous 316L stainless steel suitable for medical
applications.

Sintering: make (a powdered material) coalesce into a solid or porous mass

by heating it (and usually also compressing it) without liquefaction.
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316L Stainless Steel

The main advantage of porous materials is their ability to provide
biological anchorage for the surrounding bony tissue via the
ingrowth of mineralized tissue into the pore space

acetabula cups

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Cobalt Alloys
Cobalt-chrome or cobalt-chromium Co-Cr alloys are most
commonly used to make artificial joints including knee and hip
joints due to high biocompatibility. Co-Cr alloys have high
corrosion resistance.
Co-Cr alloy has also been widely used in the manufacture of
stent and other surgical implants as Co-Cr alloy
demonstrates excellent biocompatibility with blood and
soft tissues
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Cobalt Alloys
Cobalt-Chrome has a very high specific strength and is
commonly used in dental implants, and orthopedic
implants

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Titanium Alloys
Titanium alloys are the most attractive metallic materials for
biomedical applications.
In medicine, they are used for implant devices replacing failed hard
tissue.
Examples include artificial hip joints, artificial knee joints, bone plates,
screws for fracture fixation, cardiac valve prostheses, pacemakers,
and artificial hearts
Ti-6Al-4V has long been a main medical titanium alloy.
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Titanium Alloys
However, for permanent implant applications the alloy has a possible
toxic effect resulting from released vanadium and aluminum.
For this reason, vanadium- and aluminum-free alloys have been
introduced for implant applications, based on the Ti-6Al-4V implants.
These new alloys include Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F1295), Ti-13Nb-13Zr (ASTM
F1713), and Ti-12Mo-6Zr (ASTM F1813).

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Bone Plates

Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Rods

artificial hearts

cardiac valve
prostheses

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Dental Amalgam
Dental amalgam is a dental filling material used to fill
cavities caused by tooth decay. It has been used for
more than 150 years in hundreds of millions of patients
around the world.

Dental amalgam is created by mixing elemental mercury

(between 43 percent and 54 percent) and an alloy
powder comprised of mainly silver, copper, tin, and zinc.
The mercury in amalgam is used to bind the different
components together into a hard, workable substance.

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Nickel-Titanium Alloys
These alloys have the property transformation into their original shape when
heated decomposes. This feature is called the shape memory effect. Some
biomaterials applications where the shape memory effect is required; dental
bridges, connections of blood vessels in the skull, can be listed as muscle and
orthopedic prostheses to artificial heart.

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Applications of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Ni -Ti alloy stent made from wire before insertion into the blood vessel
into a flattened wire. After the stent inserted into a vein, into action
with body temperature returned to open the blockage in the arteries
clogged vessel to its original shape is provided on-site.

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