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Merged binary operations file

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9 views

Merged binary operations file

Uploaded by

judedautey20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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<!

DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Properties of Binary Operations & Identity Element and Inverse</title>
<style>
body {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
line-height: 1.6;
color: #333;
max-width: 800px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 20px;
}
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #2c3e50;
}
table {
border-collapse: collapse;
width: 100%;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
th, td {
border: 1px solid #ddd;
padding: 8px;
text-align: left;
}
th {
background-color: #f2f2f2;
}
.example {
background-color: #f0f0f0;
padding: 10px;
margin: 10px 0;
border-left: 5px solid #3498db;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>PROPERTIES OF BINARY OPERATIONS</h1>

<p>The properties of binary operations include closure, commutativity,


associativity and distributive properties. We will investigate these properties
using the four basic operations ( ×, ÷, −, and + ) on the set of real numbers ( ℚ,
ℤ, 핎, ℕ ) and predefined binary operation on a given set using algebraic
manipulations and binary tables.</p>

<h2>Verifying Properties of Binary Operations</h2>

<h3>a) Closure</h3>

<p>A binary operation, Δ is closed under a set, A if for all x and y which are
elements of A, xΔy is also in A. For example, the sum of two natural numbers is a
natural number hence it can be said that addition is closed under the set of
Natural numbers, ℕ.</p>

<p>The set of natural numbers is also closed under multiplication and addition
but not closed under subtraction and division. ie when we add or multiply two
natural numbers, the result will always be a natural number, however, when you
subtract or divide two natural numbers, your result will not always be a natural
number.</p>

<h3>Activity 1.2</h3>
<ol>
<li>
<ol type="a">
<li>Choose any two even numbers</li>
<li>Add them up</li>
<li>Is the result an even number?</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Repeat the steps above with different even numbers</li>
<li>Is the sum of two even numbers always an even number?</li>
</ol>

<p>Yes! The sum of two even numbers is always an even number. This demonstrates
the closure property of addition with even numbers.</p>

<h3>Activity 1.3</h3>
<ol>
<li>Perform the operations on the set of natural numbers
<ol type="a">
<li>2 + 4 =</li>
<li>2 × 4 =</li>
<li>2 – 4</li>
<li>2 ÷4</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>Write down the operations whose results were also natural numbers.</li>
<li>Which operations are closed on the set of natural numbers?</li>
</ol>

<p>Note: If m and n are integers, m + n will be an integer, m × n will also be


an integer, likewise m − n. However, m/n will not be integer at all times.
Therefore, addition, multiplication and subtraction are said to be closed under the
set of integers but division is not.</p>

<p>Can you input real numbers into this example to show that this is true?</p>

<h3>Work Example 1.2</h3>

<p>An operation Ʌ is defined on the set S = {0, 2, 3, 4} by pɅq = p + q − 2pq.


Determine whether or not the set S is closed under the operation Ʌ.</p>

<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>

<p>Pick two numbers at a time for all members in the set S, and evaluate them
with the operation Ʌ.</p>

<p>Given pɅq = p + q − 2pq</p>


<p>0Ʌ0 = 0 + 2 – 2(0)(0) = 0</p>
<p>0Ʌ3 = 0 + 3 – 2(0)(3) = 3</p>
<p>0Ʌ4 = 0 + 4 – 2(0)(4) = 4</p>
<p>2Ʌ0 = 2 + 0 – 2(2)(0) = 2</p>
<p>3Ʌ3 = 3 + 3 – 2(3)(3) = –12</p>
<p>4Ʌ4 = 4 + 4 – 2(4)(4) = –24</p>
<p>2Ʌ3 = 2 + 3 – 2(2)(3) = –7</p>
<p>2Ʌ4 = 2 + 4 – 2(2)(4) = –10</p>
<p>3Ʌ4 = 3 + 4 – 2(3)(4) = –17</p>

<p>From the solution, the numbers 0, –7, –10, –12, –17, and –24 are not in the
set S; therefore the set S is not closed under the operation Ʌ.</p>

<h3>Worked Example 1.3</h3>

<p>The operation * is defined on the set M = { 1,3,5,7} by x * y = (x + y) /


2</p>
<ol type="i">
<li>draw a table for * on the set M</li>
<li>determine whether or not the operation * is closed under M</li>
</ol>

<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>

<p>i. Combining two elements at a time on the given operation x * y = (x + y) /


2,</p>

<p>1 * 1 = (1 + 1) / 2 = 1</p>
<p>1 * 3 = (1 + 3) / 2 = 2</p>
<p>1 * 5 = (1 + 5) / 2 = 3</p>
<p>1 * 7 = (1 + 7) / 2 = 4</p>

<p>Combine the other pairs to obtain the table below</p>

<table>
<tr>
<th>*</th><th>1</th><th>3</th><th>5</th><th>7</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td>
</tr>
</table>

<p>ii. The operation * is not closed because the numbers {2,4,6} are not
members in the set M.</p>

<h3>Worked Example 1.4</h3>

<p>The binary operation * is defined on the Real numbers R, by x * y = y - 4xy.


Show whether * is closed under R in each of the following;</p>

<ol type="i">
<li>3 * 4</li>
<li>4 * 5</li>
<li>5 * –6</li>
<li>–5 * 7</li>
</ol>

<p><strong>Solution</strong></p>

<ol type="i">
<li>3 * 4 = 4 – 4(3)(4) = – 44</li>
<li>4 * 5 = 5 – 4(4)(5) = –75</li>
<li>5 * –6 = –6 – 4(5)(–6) = 114</li>
<li>–5 * 7 = 7 – 4(–5)(7) = 147</li>
</ol>

<p>The result in each case is a real number, so the operation * is closed under
the set of Real numbers ( ℝ ).</p>

<h1>Identity Element and Inverse</h1>

<h2>Identity Element</h2>
<p>An identity element for a binary operation * on a set S is an element e in S
such that for every element a in S, the equation e * a = a * e = a holds. In other
words, the identity element is an element that, when combined with any other
element, leaves that element unchanged.</p>

<div class="example">
<h3>Examples:</h3>
<ul>
<li>For addition of real numbers, the identity element is 0, because a
+ 0 = 0 + a = a for any real number a.</li>
<li>For multiplication of real numbers, the identity element is 1,
because a × 1 = 1 × a = a for any real number a.</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2>Inverse Element</h2>
<p>For a binary operation * on a set S with identity element e, an inverse of
an element a in S is an element b in S such that a * b = b * a = e. In other words,
the inverse element is an element that, when combined with the original element,
yields the identity element.</p>

<div class="example">
<h3>Examples:</h3>
<ul>
<li>For addition of real numbers, the inverse of a is -a, because a +
(-a) = (-a) + a = 0 (the identity element for addition).</li>
<li>For multiplication of non-zero real numbers, the inverse of a is
1/a, because a × (1/a) = (1/a) × a = 1 (the identity element for
multiplication).</li>
</ul>
</div>

<h2>Worked Example</h2>
<p>Consider the binary operation * defined on the set of real numbers by a * b
= ab + a + b.</p>

<h3>1. Find the identity element for this operation.</h3>


<p>To find the identity element e, we need to solve the equation:</p>
<p>a * e = e * a = a for all a</p>
<p>Substituting the definition of *:</p>
<p>ae + a + e = a</p>
<p>Simplifying:</p>
<p>ae + e = 0</p>
<p>e(a + 1) = 0</p>
<p>For this to be true for all a, we must have e = 0.</p>
<p>Let's verify: 0 * a = 0a + 0 + a = a, and a * 0 = a0 + a + 0 = a</p>
<p>Therefore, the identity element is 0.</p>

<h3>2. Find the inverse of 2 under this operation.</h3>


<p>To find the inverse of 2, let's call it x, we need to solve the
equation:</p>
<p>2 * x = x * 2 = 0 (the identity element)</p>
<p>Substituting the definition of *:</p>
<p>2x + 2 + x = 0</p>
<p>Simplifying:</p>
<p>3x + 2 = 0</p>
<p>3x = -2</p>
<p>x = -2/3</p>
<p>Let's verify: 2 * (-2/3) = 2(-2/3) + 2 + (-2/3) = -4/3 + 2 - 2/3 = 0</p>
<p>Therefore, the inverse of 2 under this operation is -2/3.</p>

<script>
function checkUnderstanding() {
let q1 = prompt("What is the identity element for the operation a * b =
ab + a + b?");
let q2 = prompt("What is the inverse of 2 under the operation a * b =
ab + a + b?");

let score = 0;
if (q1 === "0") score++;
if (q2 === "-2/3") score++;

alert(`You got ${score} out of 2 questions correct!`);


}
</script>

<button onclick="checkUnderstanding()">Check Your Understanding</button>

</body>
</html>

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