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Ситуаційні задачі Розділ 3 Physiology of breathing, metabolism

Опис:
222 Медицина факультет іноземних студентів
Перелік питань:
1. ?During the experiment students researched the change of pressure in lungs during exhalation.
Normally at exhalation:
A. Pressure decreased on 4-9 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
B. Pressure increased on 4-9 mm of mercury column. above atmospheric pressure.
C. Pressure decreased on 3-5 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
D. * Pressure increased on 3-5 mm of mercury column. above atmospheric pressure.
E. Pressure did not change.
2. Intrapleural pressure measured in humans. In which phase of respiration equal pressure of "+" 3 mm
water column?
A. * Forced exhalation.
B. Calm exhalation.
C. Forced inhalation.
D. Calm inhalation.
E. Stop breathing
3. The pleural cavity was damaged as a results of the trauma. The Pressure in pleural cavity:
A. Did not change.
B. Became below atmospheric pressure.
C. Became above atmospheric pressure.
D. Decreased.
E. * Increased.
4. A 23 year old male had a spirogram registered and have defined the following indexes. Which from
certain indexes is not normal?
A. TV - 500 ml.
B. RVins - 1600 ml.
C. RVexp - 1000 ml.
D. LCL - 3100 ml.
E. * BR - 34 per 1 minute.
5. During the experiment, the students studied the change in pressure in the lungs during inhalation.
Usually inhalation:
A. Pressure decreased on 4-9 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
B. Pressure increased on 4-9 mm of mercury column. above atmospheric pressure.
C. * Pressure decreased on 3-5 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
D. Pressure increased on 3-5 mm of mercury column. above atmospheric pressure.
E. Pressure did not change.
6. In which phase of respiration pressure in the pleural cavity registers "-" 7.5 cm. water column?
A. * Calm inhalation.
B. Calm exhalation.
C. Forced inhalation.
D. Forced exhalation.
E. Deep exhalation
7. During the experiment, the students determined the change in pressure in the pleural cavity during
expiration. Usually when exhaling:
A. * Pressure decreased on 2-4 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
B. Pressure increased on 2-4 mm of mercury column. above atmospheric pressure.
C. Pressure decreased on 3-5 mm of mercury column. below atmospheric pressure.
D. Pressure increased on 3-5 mm of mercury column, above atmospheric pressure.
E. Pressure did not change.
8. At the request of the doctor patient made a maximum exhalation. Which muscles are involved in this
exhalation?
A. * Abdominal muscles.
B. Diaphragm.
C. Staircases muscles
D. M. sternocleidomastoideus.
E. Trapezoidal muscles
9. Students measured the pressure in alveoli of a healthy person. This pressure will be equal to 0 mm of
mercury column. during:
A. * Interval between inhalation and exhalation
B. Calm inhalation.
C. Calm exhalation.
D. Forced inhalation.
E. Forced exhalation.
10. A 35 year old male had a spirogram registered. Doctors identified the following indicators. What
metrics are abnormal?
A. BV - 500 ml.
B. RVinh - 1,5 l.
C. RVexh - 1,5 l.
D. LCL - 3,5 l.
E. * MVB - 15 l in 1 minute
11. Prolonged smoking causes persistent swelling of the mucous layer of gas pathways, increasing
resistance to airflow. Doctors recommend a patient to breathe through the mouth. Why?
A. * Breathing through mouth reduces the aerodynamic resistance
B. Increases LC.
C. Increases BV.
D. Increases functional remaining capacity.
E. Increases the blood supply of lungs
12. The person did most deep breath. What is the volume of air in the lungs called?
A. * General Capacity of lungs.
B. Life Capacity of lungs.
C. Capacity of inhalation.
D. Functional remaining capacity of lungs.
E. Respiratory volume.
13. A 29 year old male had a spirogram registered. Doctors identified the following indicators. Which
factor is not normal? metrics are abnormal?
A. * RVinh. - 1000 ml.
B. RVexh. - 1000 ml.
C. BR - 16 for 1 minute.
D. Relations of the inhalation to exhalation - 1:1,2
E. BV - 400 ml
14. Doctors rated value alveolar ventilation coefficient blood flow / lungs. Specify rate:
A. 1,5

B. 1,8
C. * 0,8
D. 3.3
E. 4.5
15. The greatest amount of air a person can exhale after maximum inhalation depth is called:
A. * Life capacity of lungs
B. General capacity of lungs
C. Functional remaining capacity
D. Reserve volume of exhalation
E. Oxygen capacity of lungs.
16. The man made the most deep breath. What is the volume of air in the lungs present?
A. * Residual volume.
B. Inspiratory capacity
C. Functional remaining capacity of lungs.
D. Reserve volume of exhalation
E. Alveolar volume.
17. After operation on abdominal cavity a patient has to rest in horizontal position. In this condition
inspiration of lungs on 80 % is realized with a help of:
A. * Diaphragm.
B. Internal intercostal muscles
C. External intercostal muscles
D. Big and small pectoral muscles
E. Muscles of the abdomen
18. The man had a calm exhalation. What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs:
A. * Functional residual capacity of lungs.
B. Remaining volume.
C. Reserve volume of exhalation
D. Respiratory volume
E. Life capacity of lungs.
19. During the experiment on a dog, doctors defined ventilation-perfusion coefficient at rest (alveolar
ventilation/pulmonary blood flow). What value of it is normal?
A. * 0,8.
B. 0,1
C. 0,3
D. 1,0
E. 1,5
20. A patient has a high body temperature. How will the curve of dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin
change?
A. * To the right, downwards
B. To the left
C. Downwards, to the left
D. Upwards.
E. Will not change
21. pH level of patient’s blood equals to 7,5. Partial pressure of CO2 equals 35 mm of mercury column.
What conditions such changes may lead to:
A. Acidosis.
B. Hypoxia.

C. Hypocapnia.
D. * Alcalosis.
E. Hypoxemia
22. Increasing of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is observed in patients blood. How will the curve of
oxyhaemoglobin dissociation change?
A. * To the right downwards.
B. To the left.
C. Upwards.
D. Downwards to the left.
E. will not change.
23. An examination of 72-year-old patient with lung disease found that pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
is 48 mm. mercury column, but pH 7.3. What conditions can lead to such changes?
A. * Acidosis.
B. Hypocapnia.
C. Alcalosis.
D. Hypoxia
E. Hypoxemia.
24. How will the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve change if the level of 2,3 - dyphosphoglycerate
increases?
A. Downwards.
B. Upwards.
C. * To the right.
D. To the left.
E. Will not change.
25. Blood that returnes from lungs contains a bit less O2, than in ideal condition. The reason of this can
be:
A. * Presence of arterio-venal shunts in lung tissue.
B. Absence of arterio-venal shunts in lung tissue.
C. Increased velocity of blood flow.
D. Decreased velocity of blood flow.
E. Increased partial pressure of CO2 in blood.
26. During deep-water work the damage has occurred and appeared a need of the urgent rescue of the
diver. He was quickly raised on ship surface. Soon, the condition of his health began to grow worse.
What became the reason of this deterioration?
A. * Embolism of vessels with nitrogen bubles.
B. Embolism with carbonic acid.
C. Embolism with oxygen.
D. Hypoxemia.
E. Hypercapnia.
27. In the experiment, the irritation of pneumotaxic center in pons causes:
A. * Limits duration of inhalation.
B. Prolonged inhalation
C. Prolonged exhalation.
D. Limits exhalation.
E. Don’t cause changes.
28. During a work injury a worker experienced the intensive clench of thorax. The irritation of what
receptors caused the inclusion of inhalation?

A. Irritative receptors.
B. Juxtamedular receptors.
C. * Receptors of respiratory muscles.
D. Receptors of superior respiratory tracts.
E. Receptors of pleura.
29. Workers, that produce a powder, have a cough reflex increased. It is conditioned by excitation of:
A. * Irritative receptors
B. Yuxtacapillar receptors.
C. Chemoreceptors of lungs
D. Thermoreceptors of lungs
E. Pain receptors of pleura.
30. In the experiment on a dog the influence of different humoral factors on stimulation of respiratory
center was observed. What indexes of blood are these receptors most sensitive to?
A. * Pressure of CO2
B. Concentration of N+.
C. Tension of O2
D. Concentration of N2.
E. Concentration of CO
31. A level of O2, CO2, pH of blood changes during the physical activity. The most effective irritant of
chemoreceptors of carotid sinus which increases ventilation of lungs, is:
A. * Low level of O2 in blood.
B. Low level of CO2 in blood
C. Increased tension of O2 in blood
D. Accumulation of lactate in blood
E. Increase of pH level of blood
32. Usually people which went out from the warm apartment on cold air get a cough. The irritation by
cold air of what receptors starts cough reflex?
A. * Irritative.
B. Central chemoreceptors.
C. Chemoreceptors of arcus of aorta.
D. J-Receptors of alveoli.
E. Mechanoreceptors of lungs.
33. In the experiment the sensitiveness of central chemoreceptors that are situated in a medulla oblongata
was studied. A leading factor of the irritation of these receptors is:
A. * Increase of concentration of H+
B. Decrease of concentration of H+.
C. Decrease of O2 tension.
D. Rise of CO2 tension.
E. Increase of O2 tension.
34. In the experiment on a dog the dissection of cerebral column was conducted, with next separation of
pons from a medulla oblongata. How will breathing of an animal change?
A. frequency of respiratory motions increased
B. Inspiration was more protracted, exhalation was shorter
C. Inspiration was shorter, exhalation was more protracted
D. * Frequency of respiratory motions went down
E. Inspiration and exhalation was same

35. In the experiment with the purpose of bronchial tubes smooth muscle relaxation, researchers applied
different methods. Which from below will be the most effective?
A. Breathing clean oxygen.
B. Influence of evaporated bases
C. Stimulation of sympathic nervous system.
D. Influence of acetylcholine.
E. * Influence of blood catecholamines.
36. While smocking a tobacco people usually get a cough. The irritation of what receptors starts this
reflex?
A. * Irritative receptors.
B. Central chemoreceptors.
C. Chemoreceptors of arcus of aorta.
D. Receptors of alveoli.
E. Mehanoreceptors of lungs
37. At a patient after the trauma of cerebrum an apneisic violation of breathing appeared. Where is
possible localization of damage sittuated?
A. * In the area of pons.
B. In a middle brain.
C. In hypothalamus.
D. In the limbic system.
E. In a motive cortex
38. In the experiment, scientists entered solutions of biologically active matters in the pulmonary circle
of blood circulation of a dog. Irritation of what receptors it leads to?
A. Receptors of elongation.
B. Irritative receptors.
C. Receptors of arcus of aorta.
D. Receptors of carotid areas.
E. * Juxtamedular receptors.
39. During the experiment on the dog, central chemoreceptors were stimulated. How did the breathing
change?
A. Increased inhalation, exhalation decreased.
B. Decreased inhalation, exhalation increased.
C. * Increased inhalation and exhalation.
D. Inhalation and exhalation decreased
E. Changes in breathing were not observed
40. At research of excitability of neurons of respiratory center activity of I-neurons was registered.
What phase of respiratory cycle is excitability of these neurons maximal in?
A. * inhalation.
B. exhalation.
C. delay of breathing on inhalation.
D. delay of breathing on exhalation.
E. In a respiratory pause.
41. After the protracted delay of breathing at a patient, the tension of O2 in arterial blood went down to
60 mm. f mercury column (8,0 klPa). How will the respiratory system react on such change?
A. * hyperventilation.
B. hypoventilation.
C. hyperoxygenation of tissues.
D. hyperoxygenation.

E. hypercapnia.
42. The inspected breathed a gas mixture which contained 6,5 % of CO2 and 93,5 % of O2. How did
breathing change?
A. * ventilation increased.
B. ventilation decreased.
C. breathing stopped.
D. Violation of breathing occurred.
E. Breathing did not change
43. While breathing a gas mixture,that contains lower O2 concentration at normal level of CO2 scientists
determined the reaction on hypoxia in a norm:
A. * Sensitiveness to the decline of P O2 is lower, than to the increase of P CO2
B. Sensitiveness to the decline of P O2 is higher, than to the increase of P CO2
C. Sensitiveness to the rise of P O2 is higher, than to the decline of P CO2.
D. sensitiveness to the rise of P O2 is lower, than to the decline of P CO2.
E. Sensitiveness to the rise of P O2 and P CO2 are same
44. While getting ready for a start a runner must increase concentration of O2 in muscles. How is it
possible to do?
A. * Breathe in the mode of hyperventilation
B. breathe in the mode of hypoventilation
C. Do rapid inhalation and slow exhalation.
D. To breath clean oxygen.
E. Drink 50 ml 20 % glucose
45. As a result of the physical work the oxygen capacity of blood at a man was multiplied from 180 to
200 ml/l. The principal reason of this is that at the physical work increases:
A. * Content of haemoglobin in blood
B. Diffusive ability of lungs
C. Content of oxygen in alveoli.
D. Cognation of haemoglobin to oxygen
E. Minute volume of breathing.
46. During the rapid rise of diver the gas embolism develops. What lies in the basis of such effect?
A. * Presence of plenty of nitrogen in tissues and blood.
B. Presence of a plenty of oxygen in tissues and blood
C. Presence of plenty of carbon dioxide in tissues and blood.
D. By a presence of a plenty of products of metabolism in tissues and blood.
E. Presence of a small of oxygen in tissues and blood
47. Two examined defined time delay. One of them had hyperventilation of lungs, and second - didn’t,
Time to first breath was longer. Why:
A. Increasing pressure O2 reduced excitability of the respiratory center
B. Increase pressure CO2 reduced excitability of the respiratory center
C. * A voltage reduction of CO2 reduced the excitability of the respiratory center
D. A voltage reduction of CO2 increases the excitability of the respiratory center
E. A voltage reduction O2 increases the excitability of the respiratory center
48. At an alpinist on height of 6000 meters during rest a change in breathing motions occurred: deep
breathing changed to delayed inhalations, and reverse. The reason of this was:
A. Decrease of partial pressure of CO2 in air.
B. Increase of partial pressure of CO2 in air.
C. * Decrease of partial pressure of O2 in air

D. Rise of partial pressure of O2 in air.

E. Increase of oxygen capacity of blood.
49. What mechanisms start while breathing on a lower than normal height?
A. * Alveoral ventilation is normal.
B. Increased alveolar ventilation
C. change of haemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
D. Increase of the diffusive ability of lungs.
E. Increase of haemoglobin and erythrocytes level.
50. Students for a long time remained in a bad conditioned room. Change of what blood index effects the
peripheral chemoreceptors of carotid sinus?
A. * Decrease of oxygen tension in blood
B. Increase of oxygen tension in blood
C. Decrease of CO2 tension in blood
D. Increase of the diffusive ability of lungs.
E. Decrease of concentration of hydrogen ions in blood.
51. What is it necessary to do in order to prevent possible difficulties of underwater breathing with high
partial pressure gases?
A. Increase partial pressure of O2.
B. Decrease partial pressure of CO2.
C. * Change nitrogen on helium
D. Increase partial pressure of CO2
E. Decrease partial pressure of O2
52. A patient with a heavy pneumonia experiences hard income of O2 and exhalation of CO2, that results
in hyperventilation. In this situation there is an effect of nonlinear synergism, when:
A. * Total effect is more than at simple addition of influence of each of them.
B. Total effect is less, than at simple addition of influence of each of them
C. Total effect does not differ, than when it is simple to add influence of each of them
D. Difficulties with O2 income exceeds an effect from insufficiency of CO2 excretion
E. Effect of insufficiency of CO2 excretion exceeds an effect of O2 income difficulties.
53. After a few intensive arbitrary respiratory motions (hyperventilation), the sportsman does not need to
breath for some time. What is the reason of such state?
A. * Decreases excitability of respiratory center
B. increases excitability of respiratory center
C. Increases a partial pressure of CO2.
D. Partial pressure of O2 goes down.
E. Increases pH of blood
54. A man has hyperventilation as a result of the physical exercise. Which from the resulted indexes of
the external breathing is considerably increased than in the state of rest?
A. * Breathing volume
B. Life capacity of lungs.
C. Reserve volume of inhalation
D. Reserve volume of exhalation.
E. General capacity of lungs.
55. At sportsmen who dive in water, after the protracted training, time of underwater stay is increased,
because:
A. Increases sensitiveness of receptors to O2
B. Increases sensitiveness of receptors to CO2

C. Decreases sensitiveness of receptors to O2

D. * The sensitiveness of receptors to CO2 goes down
E. Increases sensitiveness of receptors to CO
56. At an 27 year old alpinist, on height of 5000 meters above a sea level, breathing character changed
during sleep. The stop of breathing, after which again there are deep respiratory motions and etc,
comes after a few deep inhalations. What is the most possible reason of this?
A. * Decrease of partial pressure of O2 in air.
B. Decrease of partial pressure of CO2 in air.
C. Increase of oxygen capacity of blood.
D. Increase of speed volume of blood flow.
E. Decrease of air temperature
57. At a tourist on height of 5200 feeling of muscular weakness, shortness of breath at walking,
tachycardia appeared. Which of the factors caused these symptoms?
A. * Decreased partial pressure of oxygen in air.
B. Decreased barometric pressure.
C. Insufficency of nitrogen in air.
D. Gas embolism.
E. Gas embolism.
58. In the last expeditions Eve Cousto necessarily took an altitude chamber with which he helped divers
with caisson disease. What is done with the victim in an altitude chamber?
A. Decrease pressure
B. Increase pressure with the surplus of oxygen
C. * At the beginning quickly increase pressure, and then gradually lower it.
D. Pressure is lowered at first, and then gradually increased.
E. Increase pressure
59. A patient noticed such changes: violation of sight at a dark, drying of conjunctiva and cornea. Such
violations can occur at insufficiency of:
A. * Vitamin A
B. Vitamin C
C. Vitamin B
D. Vitamin D.
E. Vitamin B12.
60. Insufficient receipt of vitamins is accompanied by the changes of exchange and physiological
functions of organism. What hypovitaminose causes reproductive disfunction and dystrophy of
skeletal musculature?
A. Vitamin A.
B. Vitamin C.
C. Vitamin D.
D. * Vitamin E.
E. Vitamin B1.
61. For support of normal elasticity and regeneration of skin and its appendages it is necessary to
consume enough of vitamin...
A. K.
B. B12.
C. * C.
D. B1.
E. A.

62. A patient complains about a general weakness and bleeding of gums. Insufficiency of what vitamin
can be the reason of such state?
A. * Vitamin C.
B. Vitamin A.
C. Vitamin E.
D. Vitamin B1.
E. Vitamin D.
63. In the organism of patient the decrease of synthesis of collagen and processes of bone tissue
calcification are exposed. Content of gialuronic acid is increased, and level of chondroitinsulfates is
lowered. The deficit of what vitamin causes these changes?
A. Vitamin A.
B. Vitamin D.
C. * Vitamin P.
D. Vitamin C.
E. Vitamin B1.
64. A patient appealed to the doctor with complaints about a general weakness, rapid fatigue ability,
unpleasant feeling in the oral cavity. At examination of oral cavity: tongue is smooth, raspberry color,
mucus pale. In the blood test: E - 2,3 · 1012/l, Hb - 80g/l, CI - 1,2. Megaloblasts, megalocites. What
avitaminosis such violation of erythropoesis takes place at?
A. * B1.
B. B12.
C. A.
D. B6.
E. C.
65. During animal acclimatization to the low temperatures of environment the increase of heat formation
in an organism is marked. What processes are linked with such increase of heat formation?
A. * Contractive and uncontractive thermogenesis.
B. Protein and carbohydrate thermogenesis.
C. Hepatic anaerobic thermogenesis.
D. Changes of smooth muscles activity.
E. Fat and protein thermogenesis.
66. A foreigner from a south country arrived to study to the country of north Europe. During the first
months of stay in a new climatic environment he felt cold even at a sunny weather which local
habitants considered warm. What physiology features of organism stipulated such reaction?
A. Movement in other climatic belt caused the adaptation changes.
B. Vegetative tonus differs at the habitants of warm countries.
C. * The borders of reactivity of thermoreceptors differ at the habitants of warm countries.
D. Such changes are caused by an emotional reaction on a movement.
E. The biorhythms of physical activity differ at the habitants of warm countries.
67. At the examination of a patient, disproportionate growth of the skeleton is marked, also enlargement
of suprapalpebral arcs, nose, lips, tongue, jaw bones, feet. Indicate the most credible reason of
development of these violations.
A. * Increased level of somatotropic hormone.
B. Decreased concentration of insulin.
C. Increase of concentrations of glucagone.
D. Increase of catecholamines level.
E. Increased level of tyroxin.

68. The state of thermal comfort depends on a temperature and humidity of surrounding air. What
combination the violation of heat emission and overheat of organism is caused at?
A. High temperature and low humidity
B. Low temperature and low humidity
C. * High temperature and high humidity.
D. Low temperature and low humidity.
E. All variants are correct.
69. How does the temperature of nucleus and shell change during the physical work?
A. * Nucleus - rises, shell - goes down.
B. Nucleus - goes down, shells - rises.
C. Nucleus - rises, shell - rises.
D. Nucleus - rises, shell - does not change.
E. Nucleus - does not change, shell - rises.
70. A child at the age of 6 months experienced the fast supercooling. What processes above all things
will provide constancy of temperature of organism of child?
A. Dillatation of skin vessels.
B. Contraction of skeletal muscles
C. Tremor thermogenesis.
D. * Oxidization of brown fat.
E. Increase of metabolism in liver.
71. At the change of temperature on 10°C intensity of exchange of matters:
A. Changes in 10 times.
B. * Changes in 2-4 times.
C. Changes in 3 times
D. Changes in 5 times.
E. Doesn’t change.
72. At a patient the violation of thermoregulation occurred after a stroke (high temperature, chill). What
structures of cerebrum were damaged?
A. Pons
B. Cerebellum.
C. Nucleus rubrum
D. thalamus.
E. * Hypothalamus.
73. At children one of methods of defence from supercooling is thermogenesis. What nerves stimulate it?
A. Parasympathic.
B. Somatic efferent.
C. * Sympathic adrenergic.
D. Sympathic cholinergic.
E. Somatic afferent
74. In the experiment on a dog the excitability of thermoregulatory centers was researched. How will
their activity change after action of cold on the organism of dog?
A. * Will increase in the center of heatproduction.
B. Will increase in the center of heat emission.
C. Will decrease in the center of contractive thermogenesis.
D. Will increase in the centers of retractive thermogenesis.
E. Will decrease in the centers of uncontractive thermogenesis.

75. At intensive perspiration, NaCl is lost greatly. Which from the named hormones is instrumental in
saving of these important ions in an organism?
A. * Aldosteron.
B. Vasopressin.
C. Parathyroidine.
D. Cortisone.
E. Adrenalin.
76. At the laboratory inspection of 54 year old man it was set, that his clearens is 120 ml/min. Clearens
testifies to:
A. Speed of canal reabsorbtion.
B. * Speed of glomerular filtration
C. Speed of canal secretion.
D. Speed of canal filtration.
E. Speed glomerular reabsorbtion.
77. In the experiment the processes of energy formation in the epithelium of kidney canals were blocked,
as a result diuresis was multiplied in 4 times. The most probable reason of poliuria is decrease of:
A. Speed of glomerular filtration.
B. Secretion of potassium ions.
C. * Reabsorbtion of sodium ions.
D. Reabsorbtion of glucose.
E. Secretion of urea.
78. The decrease of synthesis of vasopressin is discovered at a patient. It results in poliuria and, as a
result, to dehydratation of organism. Which from written is the most probable mechanism of poliuria?

A. * Decrease of canal reabsorbtion of water.

B. Violation of canal reabsorbtion of Na ions.
C. Decrease of canal reabsorbtion of proteins.
D. Violation of reabsorbtion of glucose.
E. Increase of hydrostatical pressure.
79. During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 cc of air enters and leaves the lungs with each
respiratory cycle. This is called the
A. * inspiratory reserve volume
B. vital capacity
C. total lung capacity
D. tidal volume
E. exspiratory capacity
80. Which of the following is one of the ar physiological adaptations that occurs in the human body at
very high altitudes?
A. Because of a lower Po2, the respiratory rate declines.
B. The percentage of hemoglobin saturation increases.
C. * The kidney releases EPO to stimulate an increase in hematocrit.
D. The heart rate decreases.
E. The heart pressure decreases.
81. If a person's vital capacity is 4000mL, her expiratory reserve volume is 1000mL, and her inspiratory
reserve volume is 2500mL, and her tidal volume is:
A. 3500 ml
B. 3000 ml
C. * 1500 ml

D. 1000 ml
E. 500 ml
82. During respiration, what is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled from the lungs during an
extra deep exhalation called? This volume is usually around 1,400 ml.
A. * expiratory reserve volume
B. inspiratory reserve volume
C. residual volume
D. vital capacity
E. tidal volume
83. Students for a long time remained in a bad conditioned room. Change of what blood index effects the
peripheral chemoreceptors of carotid sinus?
A. * Decrease of oxygen tension in blood.
B. Increase of oxygen tension in blood.
C. Decrease of CO2 tension in blood.
D. Increase of the diffusive ability of lungs.
E. Decrease of concentration of hydrogen ions in blood.
84. The functional state of human organism is supported due to the exchange of matters and energy with
an environment. What nutritives must be consumed by a man for addition of the power consumption?

A. Cellulose, albumens and fats.

B. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
C. Carbohydrates, fats and minerals.
D. Proteins, fats and vitamins.
E. * Glicogen, starch and fats.
85. The alveolar ventilation of the pati-ent is 5 L/min, the breath frequency is 10 per/min, and the tidal
volume is 700 ml. What is the patient’s dead space ventilation?
A. * 2,0 L/min
B. 0,7 L/min
C. 1,0 L/min
D. 4,3 L/min
E. 4,5 L/min
86. To assess the effectiveness of breathi-ng in patients, the indicator of functional residual capacity is
used. It includes the following volumes
A. * Expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
B. Inspiratory reserve volume and residual volume
C. Inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, residual volume
D. Expiratory reserve volume and tidal volume
E. Inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume
87. A patient has increased thickness of alveolar-capillary membrane caused by a pathologic process. The
direct consequence will be reduction of the following value:
A. * Diffusing lung capacity
B. Oxygen capacity of blood
C. Respiratory minute volume
D. Alveolar ventilation of lungs
E. Expiratory reserve volume
88. A patient has a traumatic injury of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This has resulted in a decrease in the
following value:
A. * Inspiratory reserve volume

B. Expiratory reserve volume

C. Respiratory volume
D. Residual volume
E. Functional residual lung capacity
89. A patient has the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted to the left. What blood changes induce
this condition?
A. * Alkalosis, hypocapnia, temperature drop
B. Acidosis, hypercapnia, temperature rise
C. Acidosis, hypercapnia, temperature drop
D. Acidosis, hypocapnia, temperature rise
E. Alkalosis, hypercapnia, temperature rise
90. A man took a quiet expiration. Name an air volume that is meanwhile contained in his lungs:
A. * Functional residual capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Expiratory reserve volume
D. Respiratory volume
E. Vital lung capacity
91. Lung ventilation in a person is increased as a result of physical activity. Which of the following
indices of the external respiration is much higher than in a state of rest?
A. * Respiratory volume
B. Vital capacity of lungs
C. Inspiratory reserve volume
D. Expiratory reserve volume
E. Total lung capacity
92. A patient has a trauma of sternocleidomastoid muscle. This caused a decrease in value of the
following indicator of external respiration:
A. * Inspiratory reserve volume
B. Expiratory reserve volume
C. Respiratory capacity
D. Residual volume
E. Functional residual lung capacity
93. A patient has got a spasm of smooth muscles of bronchi. Activators of what membrane cytoreceptors
are phisiologi-cally reasoned to stop an attack?
A. * beta-adrenoreceptors
B. alfa-аdrenoreceptors
C. alfa - and beta -аdrenoreceptors
D. Н-cholinoreceptors
E. М-cholinoreceptors
94. A patient has a transverse disruption of spinal cord below the IV thoracic segment. What changes of
respiration will it cause?
A. * Respiration will stay unchanged
B. Respiration will stop
C. Respiration will become less frequent
D. Respiration will become deeper
E. Respiration will become more frequent
95. If a man has an attack of bronchiospasm it is necessary to reduce the effect of vagus on smooth
muscles of bronchi. What membrane cytoreceptors should be blocked for this purpose?

A. * M -cholinoreceptors
B. N -cholinoreceptors
C. alfa -adrenoreceptors
D. beta -adrenoreceptors
E. alfa - and beta - adrenoreceptors
96. A 35 year old man got an injury that caused complete disruption of spinal cord at the level of the first
cervical segment. What respiration changes will be observed?
A. * It will come to a standstill
B. No changes will be observed
C. Diaphragmal respiration will be maintained, thoracic respiration will disappear
D. Thoracic respiration will be maintained, diaphragmal respiration will disappear
E. It will become infrequent and deep
97. While determining power inputs of a patient’s organism it was established that the respiratory
coefficient equaled 1,0. This means that in the cells of the patient the following substances are mainly
oxidized:
A. * Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Fats
D. Proteins and carbohydrates
E. Carbohydrates and fats
98. When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect calori-metry the following results
were obtained: 1000 ml oxygen consumption and 800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The
man under examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
A. * 0,8
B. 1,25
C. 0,9
D. 0,84
E. 1,0
99. When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect calori-metry the following results
were obtained: 1000 ml oxygen consumption and 800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The
man under examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
A. * 0,8
B. 1,25
C. 0,9
D. 0,84
E. 1,0
100. While determining power inputs of a patient’s organism it was established that the respiratory
coefficient equaled 1,0. This means that in the cells of the patient the following substances are mainly
oxidized:
A. * Carbohydrates
B. Proteins
C. Fats
D. Proteins and carbohydrates
E. Carbohydrates and fats
101. When measuring power inputs of a man by the method of indirect calori-metry the following results
were obtained: 1000 ml oxygen consumption and 800 ml carbon dioxide liberation per minute. The
man under examination has the following respiratory coefficient:
A. * 0,8

B. 1,25
C. 0,9
D. 0,84
E. 1,0
102. There is an inhibited coagulation in the patients with bile ducts obstruction, bleeding due to the low
level of absorbti-on of a vitamin. What vitamin is in defici-ency?
A. * К
B. А
C. D
D. Е
E. Carotene
103. A 2-year-old child has got intestinal dysbacteriosis, which resultsed in hemorrhagic syndrome. What
is the most likely cause of hemorrhage of the child?
A. * Vitamin K deficiency
B. Activation of tissue thromboplastin
C. PP hypovitaminosis
D. Fibrinogen deficiency
E. Hypocalcemia
104. Removal of gallbladder of a patient has disturbed processes of Ca absorption through the intestinal
wall. What vitamin will stimulate this process?
A. * D3
B. PP
C. C
D. B12
E. K
105. As a result of posttranslative modifications some proteins taking part in blood coagulation,
particularly prothrombin, become capable of calcium binding. The following vitamin takes part in
this process:
A. * K
B. C
C. A
D. B1
E. B2
106. Examination of a patient with frequent haemorrhages from the internal organs and mucous
membranes revealed proline and lysine within the collagen fibers. Di-sorder of their hydroxylation is
caused by lack of the following vitamin:
A. * Vitamin C
B. Vitamin K
C. Vitamin A
D. Vitamin B1
E. Vitamin E
107. In patients with the biliary tract obstruction the blood coagulation is inhibited; the patients have
frequent haemorrhages caused by the subnormal assimilation of the following vitamin:
A. * K
B. A
C. D
D. E
E. C

108. A lightly dressed man is standing in a room, air temperature is +140C, windows and doors are closed.
In what way does he emit heat the most actively?
A. * Heat radiation
B. Heat conduction
C. Convection
D. Evaporation
E. Perspiration
109. Inhabitants of territories with cold climate have high content of an adaptive thermoregulatory
hormone. What hormone is meant?
A. * Thyroxin
B. Insulin
C. Glucagon
D. Somatotropin
E. Cortisol
110. A human body cools in water much faster that in the air. What way of heat emission in water is much
more efficient?
A. * Heat conduction
B. Convection
C. Heat radiation
D. Sweat evaporation
E. Shivering
111. Workers of a hothouse farm work under conditions of unfavourable microclimate: air temperature is
+37oC, relative humidity is 90%, air speed is 0,2 m/s. The way of heat emission under these
conditions will be:
A. * Evaporation
B. Heat conduction
C. Convection
D. Radiation
E. Convection
112. Vagi of an experimental animal were cut on both sides. What respiration changes will be observed?
A. * It will become deep and infrequent
B. It will become shallow and frequent
C. It will become deep and frequent
D. It will become shallow and infrequent
E. No changes will be observed
113. A patient has a transversal laceration in the spinal cord. What respiratory changes will result from
this?
A. * Respiration will present no significant changes
B. Respiration will stop
C. Respiration will become less frequent
D. Respiration will become deeper
E. Respiration will become more frequent
114. A patient was admitted to the hospital with an asphyxia attack provoked by a spasm of smooth
muscles of the respiratory tracts. This attack was mainly caused by alterations in the following parts
of the airways:
A. * Small bronchi
B. Median bronchi
C. Large bronchi

D. Terminal bronchioles
E. Respiratory part
115. Cooling of the human body in water is much more faster than in the air. What way of heat emission
in water is much more effective?
A. * Heat conduction
B. Convection
C. Heat radiation
D. Sweat evaporation
E. Shivering
116. Which way of heat emission by the bodies of greenhouse workers is the most effective at the
temperature of 36oC degrees and relative humidity of 70%?
A. * Liquid evaporation
B. Thermal conduction
C. Heat radiation
D. Convection
E. Shivering
117. Thermometry revealed that the temperature of the exposed skin is by 1-1,5o lower than the
temperature of the adjacent areas covered with clothing from natural fabrics. The reason for this is
that the clothes reduce the heat loss through:
A. * Convection
B. Radiation
C. Conduction
D. Evaporation
E. Shivering
118. A 35-year-old man has a vital capacity (Vc) of 5 L, a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.5 L, an inspiratory
capacity of 3.5 L, and a functional residual capacity (FRC) of 2.5 L. What is his expiratory reserve
volume (ERV)?
A. 3.6 L
B. 3.0 L
C. 2.5 L
D. 2.0 L
E. * 1.5 L
119. When a person is standing, blood flow in the lungs is:
A. equal at the apex and the base
B. highest at the apex owing to the effects of gravity on arterial pressure
C. * highest at the base because that is where the difference between arterial and venous pressure is
greatest
D. lowest at the base because that is where alveolar pressure is greater than arterial pressure
E. lowest at the base because that is where alveolar pressure is lowest than arterial pressure
120. A 49-year-old man has a pulmonary embolism that completely blocks blood flow to his left lung. As
a result, which of the following will occur?
A. Ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) ratio in the left lung will be zero
B. Systemic arterial Po2 will be elevated
C. V/Q ratio in the left lung will be lower than in the right lung
D. * Alveolar Po2 in the left lung will be approximately equal to the Po2 in inspired air
E. Alveolar Po2 in the right lung will be approximately equal to the Po2 in venous blood
121. In the hemoglobin–O2 dissociation curves shown above, the shift curve to right could be caused by
A. increased pH

B. decreased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration

C. * strenuous exercise
D. (fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
E. carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning
122. A healthy 65-year-old man with a tidal volume (Vt) of 0.45 L has a breathing frequency of 16
breaths/min. His arterial Pco2 is 41 mm Hg, and the Pco2 of his expired air is 35 mm Hg. What is his
alveolar ventilation?
A. 0.066 L/min
B. 0.38 L/min
C. 5.0 L/min
D. * 6.14 L/min
E. 8.25 L/min
123. In the transport of CO2 from the tissues to the lungs, which of the following occurs in venous blood?
A. * Conversion of CO2 and H2O to H+ and HCO3 - in the red blood cells (RBCs)
B. Buffering of H+ by oxyhemoglobin
C. Shifting of HCO3- into the RBCs from plasma in exchange for Cl-
D. Binding of HCO3- to hemoglobin
E. Alkalization of the RBCs
124. Which of the following causes of hypoxia is characterized by a decreased arterial Po2 and an
increased A–V gradient?
A. Hypoventilation
B. * Right-to-left cardiac shunt
C. Anemia
D. Carbon monoxide poisoning
E. Ascent to high altitude
125. A 42-year-old woman with severe pulmonary fibrosis is evaluated by her physician and has the
following arterial blood gases: pH = 7.48, PaO2 = 55 mm Hg, and PaCO2 = 32 mm Hg. Which
statement best explains the observed value of PaCO2?
A. The increased pH stimulates breathing via peripheral chemoreceptors
B. The increased pH stimulates breathing via central chemoreceptors
C. The decreased PaO2 inhibits breathing via peripheral chemoreceptors
D. * The decreased PaO 2 stimulates breathing via peripheral chemoreceptors
E. The decreased PaO2 stimulates breathing via central chemoreceptors
126. A 38-year-old woman moves with her family from New York City (sea level) to Leadville Colorado
(10,200 feet above sea level). Which of the following will occur as a result of residing at high
altitude?
A. Hypoventilation
B. Arterial Po2 greater than 100 mm Hg
C. Decreased 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration
D. * Shift to the right of the hemoglobin–O2 dissociation curve
E. Pulmonary vasodilation
127. If an area of the lung is not ventilated because of bronchial obstruction, the pulmonary capillary
blood serving that area will have a Po2 that is
A. equal to atmospheric Po2
B. * equal to mixed venous Po2
C. equal to normal systemic arterial Po2
D. higher than inspired Po2
E. lower than mixed venous Po2

128. A person with a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) defect has hypoxemia and is treated with supplemental
O2. The supplemental O2 will be most helpful if the person’s predominant V/Q defect is
A. dead space
B. shunt
C. high V/Q
D. * low V/Q
E. V/Q = 0
129. Period of acclimatization to a hot environment includes the following change in sweat?
A. * More dilute
B. More oily
C. Delayed onset
D. More volatile
E. More salty
130. The gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact with
each other is called what?
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. * Radiation
D. Evaporation
E. Perspiration
131. Which one of the following is the reaction of the skin of a human when the body becomes very cold?
A. * The arterioles constrict, the hair stands on end and sweat production ceases.
B. The arterioles constrict, the hair lies flat on the skin and sweating occurs.
C. The arterioles dilate, the hair stands on end and sweat production almost ceases.
D. The arterioles dilate, the hair lies flat on the skin and sweating occurs.
E. The arterioles dilate
132. Which action helps to restore correct body temperature following an increase in the temperature of
blood passing through the brain?
A. Contraction of the hair erector muscles.
B. Increased metabolic rate.
C. Reduced blood supply to the skin.
D. * Sweating.
E. Reduction of skeletal muscles
133. What happens to the sweat glands, blood vessels and temperature of an athlete’s skin after a 100
meters race?
A. Sweat glands - inactive; Blood vessels - dilated; Skin temperature - high.
B. Sweat glands - inactive; Blood vessels - constricted; Skin temperature - low.
C. Sweat glands - inactive; Blood vessels - constricted; Skin temperature - high.
D. * Sweat glands - active; Blood vessels - dilated; Skin temperature - high.
E. Sweat glands - inactive; Skin temperature – low.
134. The pulmonary veins carry oxygen- rich blood from the ___ to the ___.
A. * Lungs …left atrium
B. Left atrium …lungs
C. Lungs …right atrium
D. Lungs …left ventricle
E. Right ventricle lungs
135. The space ____ is referred to as a "potential space."

A. between the parietal and visceral pleurae

B. between the parietal pleura and intercostal muscles
C. * between the visceral pleura and lung
D. within the alveoli
E. between the visceral pleura and intercostal muscles
136. The space ____ is referred to as a "potential space."
A. between the parietal and visceral pleurae
B. between the parietal pleura and intercostal muscles
C. * between the visceral pleura and lung
D. within the alveoli
E. between the visceral pleura and intercostal muscles
137. The tendency of the lungs to get smaller when the stretching force ceases, is called their
A. Resilience
B. * Compliance
C. Elasticity
D. Capacitance
E. None of the above
138. According to ____, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a
small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a larger one, and air would flow from the smaller
alveolus into the larger one
A. Henry's law
B. La Place's law
C. * Dalton's law
D. Boyle's law
E. None of the above
139. During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 cc of air enters and leaves the lungs with each
respiratory cycle. This is called the
A. * inspiratory reserve volume
B. vital capacity
C. total lung capacity
D. tidal volume
E. expiratory capacity
140. Decompression sickness is due to a sudden reduction in the solubility of ____ in the blood due to a
reduction in surrounding air or water pressure
A. H2
B. * CO2
C. O2
D. N2
E. HNO2
141. The rate and depth of respiration are influenced by several sensory and control centers, some of
which are listed here. Which of these is located in the pons?
A. the central chemoreceptors
B. * the apneustic center
C. the rhythmicity center
D. the E neuron
E. none of the above

142. If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors
become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by ____ rather
than by increases in blood PCO2
A. * Hypocapnia
B. Acidosis
C. hypoxic drive
D. the Hering-Breuer reflex
E. Alealosin