ENCODING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CUES FOR ROAD

INCIDENT DETECTION IN VANET SETTINGS

ABSTRACT:
Delays in emergency vehicle responses have resulted in numerous severe
outcomes. Although extensive research in information security has aimed to
mitigate these delays, challenges such as authenticating emergency vehicle
avoidance remain unresolved. This paper proposes an emergency
communication protocol utilizing LORA technology to address this issue. The
system employs LORA devices to relay signals from the vehicle in distress to
adjacent vehicles, which then transmit the information to the nearest emergency
station. This reduces the response time for emergency vehicles. Additionally,
the vehicle's condition and the specifics of the accident or breakdown are
monitored and managed via IoT, enabling the emergency team to take
appropriate actions promptly. The LORA transmitter continuously broadcasts
the status and location of the distressed vehicle to nearby passing vehicles,
which then relay the signal to the nearest Roadside Assistance or Emergency
unit. This network ensures that rescue operations can be initiated quickly,
significantly reducing the delay in emergency response and improving overall
safety and efficiency on the roads.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Delays in emergency vehicle responses have led to severe outcomes. This paper
presents a solution using LORA technology to improve response times. The
proposed system employs LORA devices to send distress signals from a vehicle
to nearby vehicles, which then relay the information to the nearest emergency
station. It also integrates IoT to monitor the vehicle's condition and details of the
incident. The LORA transmitter broadcasts the vehicle's status and location,
facilitating quicker initiation of rescue operations. This approach aims to reduce
emergency response delays, enhancing road safety and efficiency.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:

The project focuses on enhancing emergency response times by using LORA

technology and IoT to relay distress signals and vehicle information to
emergency services, aiming to reduce delays and improve road safety.

1.3EXISTING SYSTEM

 Current emergency vehicle response systems often suffer from significant

delays due to reliance on traditional communication methods and manual
coordination. These systems generally depend on mobile networks and
human intervention to alert emergency services, which can lead to
inefficiencies and slower response times.
.

1.1.1 EXISTING SYSTEM DISADVANTAGES

 Delayed Response Times: Reliance on traditional communication and
manual coordination results in slower response times, compromising the
efficiency of emergency services.
 Lack of Real-Time Monitoring: Existing systems do not provide seamless
real-time monitoring and automatic communication between distressed
vehicles and nearby assistance units, leading to potential delays and
inaccuracies in emergency responses.

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Title 1: Smart City Transportation: Deep Learning Ensemble Approach for
Traffic Accident Detection.

Author: VICTOR A. ADEWOPO , (Member, IEEE), AND NELLY

ELSAYED.

Year : 2024

Description:
The dynamic and unpredictable nature of road traffic necessitates effective
accident detection methods for enhancing safety and streamlining traffic
management in smart cities. This paper offers a comprehensive exploration
study of prevailing accident detection techniques, shedding light on the
nuances of other state-of-the-art methodologies while providing a detailed
overview of distinct traffic accident types like rear-end collisions, T-bone
collisions, and frontal impact accidents. Our novel approach introduces the
I3D-CONVLSTM2D model architecture, a lightweight solution tailored
explicitly for accident detection in smart city traffic surveillance systems by
integrating RGB frames with optical flow information. Empirical analysis
of our experimental study underscores the efficacy of our model
architecture. The I3D-CONVLSTM2D RGB + Optical-Flow (trainable)
model outperformed its counterparts, achieving an impressive 87% Mean
Average Precision (MAP). Our findings further elaborate on the challenges
posed by data imbalances, particularly when working with a limited number
of datasets, road structures, and traffic scenarios. Ultimately, our research
illuminates the path towards a sophisticated vision-based accident detection
system primed for real-time integration into edge IoT devices within smart
urban infrastructures.

Title 2: A Comprehensive Review on Limitations of Autonomous Driving

and Its Impact on Accidents and Collisions.
Author: AMIT CHOUGULE 1, VINAY CHAMOLA 1 (Senior Member,
IEEE), AISHWARYA SAM 2.

Year : 2024

Description:
The emergence of autonomous driving represents a pivotal milestone in the
evolution of the transportation system, integrating seamlessly into the daily
lives of individuals due to its array of advantages over conventional
vehicles. However, self-driving cars pose numerous challenges contributing
to accidents and injuries annually. This paper aims to comprehensively
examine the limitations inherent in autonomous driving and their
consequential impact on accidents and collisions. Using data from the
DMV, NMVCCS, and NHTSA, the paper reveals the key factors behind
self-driving car accidents. It delves into prevalent limitations faced by self-
driving cars, encompassing issues like adverse weather conditions,
susceptibility to hacking, data security concerns, technological efficacy,
testing and validation intricacies, information handling, and connectivity
glitches. By meticulously analyzing reported accidents involving self-
driving cars during the period spanning 2019 to 2022, the research evaluates
statistical data pertaining to fatalities and injuries across diverse accident
classifications. Additionally, the paper delves into the ethical and regulatory
dimensions associated with autonomous driving, accentuating the legal
complexities that arise from accidents involving self-driving vehicles. This
review assists researchers and professionals by identifying current
autonomous driving limitations and offering insights for safer adoption.
Addressing these limitations through research can transform transportation
systems for the better.

Title 3: Unveiling Roadway Hazards: Enhancing Fatal Crash Risk

Estimation Through Multiscale Satellite Imagery and Self-Supervised
Cross-Matching

Author: Gongbo Liang , Member, IEEE, Janet Zulu, Xin Xing , Student
Member.
Year : 202 4

Description:

— Traffic accidents threaten human lives and impose substantial financial

burdens annually. Accurate estimation of accident fatal crash risk is crucial
for enhancing road safety and saving lives. This article proposes an
innovative approach that utilizes multiscale satellite imagery and self-
supervised learning for fatal crash risk estimation. By integrating multiscale
imagery, our network captures diverse features at different scales,
encompassing observations of surrounding environmental factors in low-
resolution images that cover larger areas and learning detailed ground-level
information from high-resolution images. One advantage of our work is its
sole reliance on satellite imagery data, making it an efficient and practical
solution, especially when other data modalities are unavailable. With the
ability to accurately estimate fatal crash risk, our method exhibits a potential
for enhancing road safety, optimizing infrastructure planning, preventing
accidents, and ultimately saving lives.
Title 4: What Do Traffic Simulations Have to Provide for Virtual Road
Safety Assessment? Human Error Modeling in Traffic Simulations

Author: Christian Siebke , Marcus Mai , and Günther Prokop.

Year : 2021

Description:

Will Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Highly Automated

Driving (HAD) perform in the expected manner? Will they actually make
road traffic safer, or will they potentially introduce new critical situations or
road accidents? It is almost impossible to address these questions solely
through real-world tests. A promising tool to provide appropriate answers in
a time- and cost-efficient way without exposing subjects to risk are virtual
assessment methods. Reliable safety assessments are only possible, if the
traffic simulations provide realistic traffic, including critical situations and
road accidents. This paper provides a review of how human error
contributes to critical situations and accidents in road traffic. The focus is on
the causes and mechanisms of human error, which driver behavior models
must address in order to simulate realistic traffic. For this purpose,
Rasmussen’s error taxonomies are applied to the traffic context and
extended with further research. The paper shows the causes of those human
errors and that the underlying mechanisms thereof should be taken into
account in order to obtain more transparent and realistic driver behavior
models. It is shown, which concepts for modelling realistic traffic exist and
how virtual safety assessment could benefit from this development. In
addition, the driver behavior model DReaM (Driver Reaction Model) is
presented to address the issues resulting from existing cognitive driver
models.
 Title 5: Non-Visual Sensing of Metallic Pavement Markers From a Moving
Vehicle
Author: Ilpo Niskanen , Tanja Kolli, Matti Immonen , Rauno Heikkilä ,
Virve Merisalo, Pekka Tyni, and Pekka Leviäkangas.
Year : 2023
Description:

— Snow and ice covering paved surfaces cause problems for roads and other
vehicles operating in cold regions. There are notable risks for road accidents
and reduced performance of vehicle movements, e.g., in industrial facilities
such as ports, when road markings and marked pathways are not visually
observable. In this study, metallic paved surface markers identified by metal
sensors are tested. The sound signals captured by a metal detector attached to
the vehicle are used to detect the markings. Results indicate that the tested
method for reading markings through snow is effective at lower speeds. The
main advantages of the tested technology are effectiveness in snowy and icy
surface conditions, low upfront cost detection technology in some
environments, robust system without moving parts, high sampling rate, and low
operating costs. The procedure is not restricted to specific environmental
conditions, such as snow and ice; it also has the potential to detect markings
through layers of mud, tree leaves or sand. The detectors have application
prospects in intelligent transportation system applications at airports, logistics
terminals and industrial facilities.

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

 LORA Communication Network: Utilizes LORA devices to relay distress

signals from the vehicle to nearby vehicles and emergency stations,
significantly reducing response times.
 IoT-Based Monitoring: Continuously monitors the vehicle's condition and
accident specifics, allowing real-time data management and prompt
action by emergency teams, enhancing overall road safety and efficiency.
1.2.1 PROPOSED SYSTEM ADVANTAGES

LORA Communication Network: Reduces response times by efficiently

relaying distress signals from vehicles to nearby vehicles and emergency
stations.

IoT-Based Monitoring: Provides real-time vehicle condition and accident

details, enabling rapid data management and prompt emergency response,
thereby improving road safety and efficiency.

CHAPTER: 2 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1GENERAL

Delays in emergency vehicle responses can lead to severe consequences.

Despite extensive research in information security, issues like authenticating
emergency vehicle avoidance remain unresolved. This paper introduces a new
communication protocol leveraging LORA technology to address these delays.
The proposed system uses LORA devices to send distress signals from a vehicle
to nearby vehicles, which then forward the information to the nearest
emergency station. This approach aims to reduce response times for emergency
vehicles.
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
TRANSMITTER:

POWER
SUPPLY

VIBRATION
SENSOR LCD & I2C

GYRO SCOPE LOAR TX

SENSOR ARDUINO
UNO
MOTOR DC
DRIVER MOTOR

GPS

RECEIVER:

POWER
SUPPLY

IOT
LORA RX ARDUINO
UNO
BUZEER
 2.2MODULE NAME
 Vehicle Monitoring Module
 Communication Module
 Location and Display Module
VEHICLE MONITORING MODULE

POWER
SUPPLY

VIBRATION
SENSOR LCD & I2C

GYROSCOPE
SENSOR
ARDUINO
UNO
MOTOR
DRIVER

GPS
MOTOR DC

The vibration sensor is designed to detect sudden changes in movement, such as

collisions or significant impacts. When an impact occurs, the sensor's output
changes, triggering an alert. This signal activates the LORA module, which then
communicates the distress to nearby vehicles and emergency units, ensuring a
prompt response to the incident. GYRO SCOPE SENSOR for angle twist.
Communication Module:

POWER
SUPPLY

ARDUINO
UNO LOAR TX

POWER
SUPPLY

LORA RX ARDUINO
UNO

The Communication Module utilizes the LORA module to send distress signals
through the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). When a collision or impact is
detected, it transmits alerts to nearby vehicles, which relay the information to
the nearest emergency units, ensuring swift emergency response.
 Location and Display Module

POWER
SUPPLY

LCD & I2C

ARDUINO
GPS UNO

POWER
SUPPLY

IOT
ARDUINO
UNO
BUZEER

This module integrates a GPS module for precise vehicle location tracking and
an LCD screen to display real-time sensor data and vehicle status. Additionally,
it includes an IoT platform to update data on a web page, ensuring timely and
efficient data management and accessibility for emergency units.

2.3BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

The proposed system leverages an Arduino Uno microcontroller to act as
the central processing unit, storing and controlling the entire program. A
vibration sensor detects collisions or significant impacts, triggering the
LORA module via a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). This LORA signal
is received by nearby vehicles, which then relay the alert to the nearest
emergency unit. Additionally, a GPS module provides the precise location of
the vehicle. This information, along with sensor data, is displayed on an
LCD screen and managed via an IoT platform, ensuring real-time updates
and efficient data handling. By integrating these technologies, the system
significantly reduces rescue response time, enhancing overall safety and
efficiency in emergency scenarios. GYRO SCOPE SENSOR for angle twist.

CHAPTER: 3 – HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

3.1HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:

ARDUINO MICRO-CONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION TO ARDUINO:
 Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-
use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a
sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output -
activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can
tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects,
from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide
community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible
knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an

easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in
electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the
Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges,
differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products
for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All
Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them
independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software,
too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users
worldwide.

WHY ARDUINO?
 Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has
been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino
software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It
runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low
cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get
started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build
interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to
experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build
many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key
tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers -
can start tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing
ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller

platforms available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's
BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar
functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller
programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies
the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

ARDUINO UNO:

The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding. If this is your first experience tinkering with the platform, the
UNO is the most robust board you can start playing with. The UNO is
the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino family.
 Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6
can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC
adapter or battery to get started. You can tinker with your UNO without
worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario
you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.

3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY

This section describes how to generate +5V DC power supply

 The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant
output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/1
mA transformer is used for this purpose. The primary of this transformer is
connected in to main supply through on/off switch& fuse for protecting from
overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes
to convert 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. And filtered by the capacitors, which is
further regulated to +5v, by using IC 7805.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:

LCD screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range

of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very
commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred
over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs
are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special
& even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there
are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix.
This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command
register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an
instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its
screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register
stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the
character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal
structure of a LCD.

We come across LCD displays everywhere around us. Computers,

calculators, television sets, mobile phones, digital watches use some kind of
display to display the time. An LCD is an electronic display module which uses
liquid crystal to produce a visible image. The 16×2 LCD display is a very basic
module commonly used in projects. The 16×2 translates to a display 16
characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in a
5×7 pixel matrix.

RS (REGISTER SELECT):

A 16X2 LCD has two registers, namely, command and data. The
register select is used to switch from one register to other. RS=0 for command
register, whereas RS=1 for data register.

COMMAND REGISTER:
 The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task
like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display etc. Processing for commands happens in the command register.

DATA REGISTER:

The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The
data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. When we
send data to LCD it goes to the data register and is processed there. When
RS=1, data register is selected.

DISPLAYING CUSTOM CHARACTERS ON 16X2 LCD:

Generating custom characters on LCD is not very hard. It requires

the knowledge about custom generated random access memory (CG-RAM) of
LCD and the LCD chip controller. Most LCDs contain Hitachi
HD4478 controller. CG-RAM is the main component in making custom
characters. It stores the custom characters once declared in the code. CG-RAM
size is 64 byte providing the option of creating eight characters at a time. Each
character is eight byte in size.

CG-RAM address starts from 0x40 (Hexadecimal) or 64 in

decimal. We can generate custom characters at these addresses. Once we
generate our characters at these addresses, now we can print them on the LCD
at any time by just sending simple commands to the LCD. Character addresses
and printing commands are below.

In the table above you can see starting addresses for each character
with their printing commands. The first character is generated at address 0x40
to 0x47 and is printed on LCD by just sending simple command 0 to the LCD.
The second character is generated at address 0x48 to 0x55 and is printed by
sending 1 to LCD.
3.1.5 MOTOR DRIVER IC:

Common DC gear head motors need current above 250mA. There

are many integrated circuits like ATmega16 Microcontroller, 555 timers IC.
But, IC 74 series cannot supply this amount of current. When the motor is
directly connected to the o/p of the above ICs then, they might damage. To
overcome this problem, a motor control circuit is required, which can act as a
bridge between the above motors and ICs (integrated circuits). There are various
ways of making H-bridge motor control circuit such as using transistor, relays
and using L293D/L298.
H Bridge Motor Control Circuit Using L293d IC

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Embedded System is a system composed of hardware, application

software and real time operating system. It can be small independent system or
large combinational system.

Our Embedded System tutorial includes all topics of Embedded System

such as characteristics, designing, processors, microcontrollers, tools,
addressing modes, assembly language, interrupts, embedded c programming,
led blinking, serial communication, lcd programming, keyboard programming,
project implementation etc.

DESIGN STEPS REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF

EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

Designing steps required for embedded system are different from the
design process of another electronic system.

Let's see a flow chart represent the design steps required in the
development of an embedded system:
DEBUGGING TOOLS IN AN EMBEDDED SYSTEM:

Debugging is a tool used for reducing the number of error or bugs inside
a computer program or an assembled electronic hardware.

Debugging of a compact subsystem is difficult because a small change in

one subsystem can create bugs in another system. The debugging used inside
embedded system differs in terms of their development time and debugging
features.

Let's see the different debugging tools used in embedded system are:

Simulators:

Simulator is a tool used for simulation of an embedded system. Code

tested for microcontroller unit by simulating code on the host computer.
Simulator is used for model the behavior of the complete microcontroller in
software.
Functions of simulators:

Let's see the functions performed by simulator are:

 It defines the processing or processor device family with various version
of target system.
 It monitors the detailed information of a source code and symbolic
arguments as the execution goes for each single step of operation.
 It simulates the ports of target system for each single step of execution.
 It provides the working status of RAM.
 It monitors the response of system and determines the throughput.
 It provides the complete meaning of the present command.
 It monitors the detailed information of the simulator commands entered
from the keyboard or selected from the menu.
 It facilitates synchronization of internal peripherals and delays.

MICROCONTROLLER STARTER KIT:

For developing an embedded system based project a complete

microcontroller starter kit is required. The major advantage of this kit over
simulator is that they work in real-time operating condition. Therefore it allows
the easy input/output functional verification. Consider a microcontroller starter
kit consists of:-

 Hardware Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

 In-System Programmer (ISP)
 Some embedded system tools like compiler, assembler, linker, etc
 Sometimes, there is a requirement of an Integrated Development
Environment (IDE)
The above component available in microcontroller starter kit is completely
enough and the cheapest option available for developing simple microcontroller
projects.

Emulators:

An emulator is a software program or a hardware kit which emulates the

functions of one computer system into another computer system. Emulators
have an ability to support closer connection to an authenticity of the digital
object.

It can also be defined as the ability of a computer program in electronic

device to emulate another program or device. It focusing on recreating the
original computer environment and helps a user to work on any type of
application or operating system.

PERIPHERAL DEVICES IN EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:

Communication of an embedded system with an outside environment is

done by using different peripheral devices as a combination with
microcontroller.

Let's see the different peripheral devices in embedded system are:-

 Universal Serial Bus (USB)

 Networks like Ethernet, Local Area Network(LAN) etc
 Multi Media Cards (SD Cards, Flash memory, etc)
 Serial Communication Interface (SCI) like RS-232, RS-485, RS-422, etc
 Synchronous Serial Communication Interface like SPI, SSC and ESSI
 Digital to Analog/ Analog to Digital (DAC/ADC)
 General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
 Debugging like In System Programming (ISP), In Circuit Serial
Programming (ICSP), BDM Port, etc

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING MICROCONTROLLER:

Choosing a microcontroller is essential process in designing of embedded

system. While selecting a microcontroller, make sure that it meets the system
need and it must be cost effective. We need to decide whether an 8-bit, 16-bit or
32-bit microcontroller is best suitable for the computing needs of a task.

In addition to above, the following points need to be kept in mind while

selecting a microcontroller:-

 Speed: The operational speed of the microcontroller or the highest speed

microcontroller can support.
 Packaging: Packaging is important for improving the assembling, space
and prototyping of an end-product.
 RAM and ROM: On the basis of operation of embedded system and
memory need for storage data and programs the type of microcontroller
required for designing system is decided.
 Count of I/O pins: The number of input and output devices connected
with the system plays an essential role in choosing the type of
microcontroller.
 Cost per unit: It is important in terms of final cost of the product in
which the microcontroller is to be used.
 Power consumption: Power consumption plays an important role for
maintaining the efficiency of an embedded system

3.1.2 ARDUINO SOFTWARE IDE

 The Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software
(IDE) - contains a text editor for writing code, a message area, a text console, a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and a series of menus. It connects to
the Arduino and Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them.

WRITING SKETCHES:

Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called sketches.

These sketches are written in the text editor and are saved with the file
extension .ino. The editor has features for cutting/pasting and for
searching/replacing text. The message area gives feedback while saving and
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text output by the
Arduino Software (IDE), including complete error messages and other
information. The bottom right hand corner of the window displays the
configured board and serial port. The toolbar buttons allow you to verify and
upload programs, create, open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor.

NB: Versions of the Arduino Software (IDE) prior to 1.0 saved sketches
with the extension .pde. It is possible to open these files with version 1.0,
you will be prompted to save the sketch with the .ino extension on save.

Verify
Checks your code for errors compiling it.

Upload
Compiles your code and uploads it to the configured board.
See uploading below for details.

Note: If you are using an external programmer with your board, you
can hold down the "shift" key on your computer when using this icon.
The text will change to "Upload using Programmer"
 New
Creates a new sketch.

Open
Presents a menu of all the sketches in your sketchbook. Clicking one
will open it within the current window overwriting its content.

Note: due to a bug in Java, this menu doesn't scroll; if you need to
open a sketch late in the list, use the File | Sketchbookmenu instead.

Save
Saves your sketch.

Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor.

Additional commands are found within the five

menus: File, Edit, Sketch, Tools, and help. The menus are context sensitive,
which means only those items relevant to the work currently being carried out
are available.
FILE:

 New
Creates a new instance of the editor, with the bare minimum structure of a
sketch already in place.

 Open
Allows loading a sketch file browsing through the computer drives and folders.

 OpenRecent
Provides a short list of the most recent sketches, ready to be opened.

 Sketchbook
Shows the current sketches within the sketchbook folder structure; clicking on
any name opens the corresponding sketch in a new editor instance.

 Examples
Any example provided by the Arduino Software (IDE) or library shows up in
this menu item. All the examples are structured in a tree that allows easy access
by topic or library.

 Close
Closes the instance of the Arduino Software from which it is clicked.

 Save
Saves the sketch with the current name. If the file hasn't been named before, a
name will be provided in a "Save as.." window.

 Saveas...
Allows saving the current sketch with a different name.

 PageSetup
It shows the Page Setup window for printing.

 Print
Sends the current sketch to the printer according to the settings defined in Page
Setup.

 Preferences
Opens the Preferences window where some settings of the IDE may be
customized, as the language of the IDE interface.

 Quit
Closes all IDE windows. The same sketches open when Quit was chosen will be
automatically reopened the next time you start the IDE.
EDIT:

 Undo/Redo
Goes back of one or more steps you did while editing; when you go back, you
may go forward with Redo.

 Cut
Removes the selected text from the editor and places it into the clipboard.

 Copy
Duplicates the selected text in the editor and places it into the clipboard.

 CopyforForum
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard in a form suitable for posting to
the forum, complete with syntax coloring.
 CopyasHTML
Copies the code of your sketch to the clipboard as HTML, suitable for
embedding in web pages.

 Paste
Puts the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position, in the editor.

 SelectAll
Selects and highlights the whole content of the editor.

 Comment/Uncomment
Puts or removes the // comment marker at the beginning of each selected line.

 Increase/DecreaseIndent
Adds or subtracts a space at the beginning of each selected line, moving the text
one space on the right or eliminating a space at the beginning.

 Find
Opens the Find and Replace window where you can specify text to search inside
the current sketch according to several options.

 FindNext
Highlights the next occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search
item in the Find window, relative to the cursor position.

 FindPrevious
Highlights the previous occurrence - if any - of the string specified as the search
item in the Find window relative to the cursor position.
SKETCH:

 Verify/Compile
Checks your sketch for errors compiling it; it will report memory usage for code
and variables in the console area.

 Upload
Compiles and loads the binary file onto the configured board through the
configured Port.

 Upload Using Programmer

This will overwrite the boot loader on the board; you will need to use Tools >
Burn Boot loader to restore it and be able to Upload to USB serial port again.
However, it allows you to use the full capacity of the Flash memory for your
sketch. Please note that this command will NOT burn the fuses. To do so
a Tools -> Burn Bootloader command must be executed.
 Export Compiled Binary
Saves a .hex file that may be kept as archive or sent to the board using other
tools.

 Show Sketch Folder

Opens the current sketch folder.

 Include Library
Adds a library to your sketch by inserting #include statements at the start of
your code. For more details, see libraries below. Additionally, from this menu
item you can access the Library Manager and import new libraries from .zip
files.

 Add File...
Adds a source file to the sketch (it will be copied from its current location). The
new file appears in a new tab in the sketch window. Files can be removed from
the sketch using the tab menu accessible clicking on the small triangle icon
below the serial monitor one on the right side of the toolbar.

TOOLS:

 Auto Format
This formats your code nicely: i.e. indents it so that opening and closing curly
braces line up, and that the statements inside curly braces are indented more.

 Archive Sketch
Archives a copy of the current sketch in .zip format. The archive is placed in the
same directory as the sketch.

 Fix Encoding & Reload

Fixes possible discrepancies between the editor char map encoding and other
operating systems char maps.
 Serial Monitor
Opens the serial monitor window and initiates the exchange of data with any
connected board on the currently selected Port. This usually resets the board, if
the board supports Reset over serial port opening.

 Board
Select the board that you're using. See below for descriptions of the various
boards.

 Port
This menu contains all the serial devices (real or virtual) on your machine. It
should automatically refresh every time you open the top-level tools menu.

 Programmer
For selecting a hardware programmer when programming a board or chip and
not using the onboard USB-serial connection. Normally you won't need this, but
if you're burning a boot loader to a new microcontroller, you will use this.
 Burn Boot loader
The items in this menu allow you to burn a boot loader onto the microcontroller
on an Arduino board. This is not required for normal use of an Arduino or
Genuino board but is useful if you purchase a new ATmega microcontroller
(which normally comes without a boot loader). Ensure that you've selected the
correct board from the Boards menu before burning the boot loader on the
target board. This command also set the right fuses.

Help:

Here you find easy access to a number of documents that come with the
Arduino Software (IDE). You have access to Getting Started, Reference, this
guide to the IDE and other documents locally, without an internet connection.
The documents are a local copy of the online ones and may link back to our
online website.
 FindinReference
This is the only interactive function of the Help menu: it directly selects the
relevant page in the local copy of the Reference for the function or command
under the cursor.

SKETCHBOOK:

The Arduino Software (IDE) uses the concept of a sketchbook: a standard

place to store your programs (or sketches). The sketches in your sketchbook can
be opened from the File > Sketchbook menu or from the Open button on the
toolbar. The first time you run the Arduino software, it will automatically create
a directory for your sketchbook. You can view or change the location of the
sketchbook location from with the Preferences dialog.

Beginning with version 1.0, files are saved with a .ino file extension.
Previous versions use the .pde extension. You may still open .pde named
files in version 1.0 and later, the software will automatically rename the
extension to .ino.

TABS, MULTIPLE FILES, AND COMPILATION:

Allows you to manage sketches with more than one file (each of which
appears in its own tab). These can be normal Arduino code files (no visible
extension), C files (.c extension), C++ files (.cpp), or header files (.h).
UPLOADING:

Before uploading your sketch, you need to select the correct items from
the Tools > Board and Tools > Port menus. The boards are described below.
On the Mac, the serial port is probably something
like /dev/tty.usbmodem241 (for an Uno or Mega2560 or Leonardo)
or /dev/tty.usbserial-1B1 (for a Duemilanove or earlier USB board),
or /dev/tty.USA19QW1b1P1.1 (for a serial board connected with a Keyspan
USB-to-Serial adapter). On Windows, it's probably COM1 or COM2 (for a
serial board) or COM4, COM5, COM7, or higher (for a USB board) - to find
out, you look for USB serial device in the ports section of the Windows Device
Manager. On Linux, it should be /dev/ttyACMx , /dev/ttyUSBx or similar.
Once you've selected the correct serial port and board, press the upload button
in the toolbar or select the Upload item from the Sketch menu. Current Arduino
boards will reset automatically and begin the upload. With older boards (pre-
Diecimila) that lack auto-reset, you'll need to press the reset button on the board
just before starting the upload. On most boards, you'll see the RX and
TX LEDs blink as the sketch is uploaded. The Arduino Software (IDE) will
display a message when the upload is complete, or show an error.

When you upload a sketch, you're using the Arduino bootloader, a small
program that has been loaded on to the microcontroller on your board. It allows
you to upload code without using any additional hardware. The bootloader is
active for a few seconds when the board resets; then it starts whichever sketch
was most recently uploaded to the microcontroller. The boot loader will blink
the on-board (pin 13) LED when it starts (i.e. when the board resets).
LIBRARIES:

Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working

with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
the Sketch > Import Library menu. This will insert one or
more #include statements at the top of the sketch and compile the library with
your sketch. Because libraries are uploaded to the board with your sketch, they
increase the amount of space it takes up. If a sketch no longer needs a library,
simply delete its #include statements from the top of your code.

There is a list of libraries in the reference. Some libraries are included with the
Arduino software. Others can be downloaded from a variety of sources or
through the Library Manager. Starting with version 1.0.5 of the IDE, you do can
import a library from a zip file and use it in an open sketch. See
these instructions for installing a third-party library.

THIRD-PARTY HARDWARE:

Support for third-party hardware can be added to the hardware directory

of your sketchbook directory. Platforms installed there may include board
definitions (which appear in the board menu), core libraries, bootloaders, and
programmer definitions. To install, create the hardware directory, then unzip
the third-party platform into its own sub-directory. (Don't use "arduino" as the
sub-directory name or you'll override the built-in Arduino platform.) To
uninstall, simply delete its directory.

For details on creating packages for third-party hardware, see the Arduino
IDE 1.5 3rd party Hardware specification.

SERIAL MONITOR:

This displays serial sent from the Arduino or Genuino board over USB or
serial connector. To send data to the board, enter text and click on the "send"
button or press enter. Choose the baud rate from the drop-down menu that
matches the rate passed to Serial.begin in your sketch. Note that on Windows,
Mac or Linux the board will reset (it will rerun your sketch) when you connect
with the serial monitor. Please note that the Serial Monitor does not process
control characters; if your sketch needs a complete management of the serial
communication with control characters, you can use an external terminal
program and connect it to the COM port assigned to your Arduino board.

You can also talk to the board from Processing, Flash, MaxMSP, etc (see
the interfacing page for details).
PREFERENCES:

Some preferences can be set in the preferences dialog (found under

the Arduino menu on the Mac, or File on Windows and Linux). The rest can be
found in the preferences file, whose location is shown in the preference dialog.
LANGUAGE SUPPORT:

Since version 1.0.1 , the Arduino Software (IDE) has been translated into
30+ different languages. By default, the IDE loads in the language selected by
your operating system. (Note: on Windows and possibly Linux, this is
determined by the locale setting which controls currency and date formats, not
by the language the operating system is displayed in.)

If you would like to change the language manually, start the Arduino
Software (IDE) and open the Preferences window. Next to the Editor
Language there is a dropdown menu of currently supported languages. Select
your preferred language from the menu, and restart the software to use the
selected language. If your operating system language is not supported, the
Arduino Software (IDE) will default to English.

You can return the software to its default setting of selecting its language
based on your operating system by selecting System Default from the Editor
Language drop-down. This setting will take effect when you restart the
Arduino Software (IDE). Similarly, after changing your operating system's
settings, you must restart the Arduino Software (IDE) to update it to the new
default language.
CHAPTER: 5 -FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

5.1 APPLICATIONS
Accident Prevention: Utilizes vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and
LORA signals to proactively prevent accidents by enabling real-time
communication between vehicles. This system alerts drivers to potential
hazards, improving situational awareness and reducing the risk of collisions.
Emergency Rescue: Facilitates rapid response to accidents by automatically
triggering alerts via VANETs. LORA signals broadcast distress signals to
nearby vehicles and emergency services, ensuring swift assistance and
enhancing the chances of saving lives.

5.2 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:

Future enhancements could include integrating machine learning to predict
potential emergencies, expanding the network coverage of LORA devices
for better connectivity, and incorporating advanced sensors for more
accurate monitoring. Additionally, developing a mobile app for real-time
updates and alerts could further improve the system's effectiveness.

5.3 ADVANTAGES:

This project significantly reduces emergency response times, enhances road

safety, provides real-time updates via IoT, ensures precise vehicle location
tracking, and facilitates efficient communication between distressed vehicles
and emergency units.

5.3 CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, the proposed emergency communication protocol leveraging
LORA technology offers a significant advancement in reducing emergency
response times and enhancing road safety. By integrating various sensors,
GPS, and IoT platforms, the system ensures real-time monitoring and
efficient data handling. The LORA module enables seamless communication
 within the vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), facilitating prompt alerts to
nearby vehicles and emergency units. The use of an Arduino Uno
microcontroller as the central processing unit ensures reliable operation and
control. This comprehensive approach not only improves the efficiency of
rescue operations but also provides a robust framework for future
enhancements, such as machine learning integration and expanded network
coverage. Overall, this system represents a vital step towards safer and more
efficient emergency response mechanisms on the roads.

5.5 REFERENCES OR BIBLIOGRAPHY:

[1] K. Bengler, K. Dietmayer, B. Farber, M. Maurer, C. Stiller, and H. Winner,

“Three decades of driver assistance systems: Review and future perspectives,”
IEEE Intell. Transp. Syst. Mag., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 6–22, Oct. 2014, doi:
10.1109/MITS.2014.2336271.

[2] A. Vahidi and A. Eskandarian, “Research advances in intelligent collision

avoidance and adaptive cruise control,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 4,
no. 3, pp. 143–153, Sep. 2003, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2003.821292.

[3] N. Merat, T. Louw, R. Madigan, M. Wilbrink, and A. Schieben, “What

externally presented information do VRUs require when interacting with fully
automated road transport systems in shared space?” Accident Anal. Prevention,
vol. 118, pp. 244–252, Sep. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.03.018.

[4] M. Witt, P. Ring, L. Wang, K. Kompaß, and G. Prokop, “Modelling

stochastic gaze distribution for multi-agent traffic simulation,” Kognitive
Systeme, 2018, doi: 10.17185/duepublico/48594.

[5] N. Kalra and S. M. Paddock, “Driving to safety: How many miles of

driving would it take to demonstrate autonomous vehicle reliability?” Transp.
Res. A, Policy Pract., vol. 94, pp. 182–193, Dec. 2016, doi:
10.1016/j.tra.2016.09.010.

[6] F. Batsch, S. Kanarachos, M. Cheah, R. Ponticelli, and M. Blundell, “A

taxonomy of validation strategies to ensure the safe operation of highly
automated vehicles,” J. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 14–33, Mar.
2020, doi: 10.1080/15472450.2020.1738231.

[7] W. Wachenfeld and H. Winner, “Die Freigabe des autonomen Fahrens,” in

Autonomes Fahren. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2015, pp. 439–464, doi:
10.1007/978-3-662-45854-9_21.

[8] D. Gruyer, S. Choi, C. Boussard, and B. d’Andrea-Novel, “From virtual to

reality, how to prototype, test and evaluate new ADAS: Application to
automatic car parking,” in Proc. IEEE Intell. Vehicles Symp., Jun. 2014, pp.
261–267, doi: 10.1109/IVS.2014.6856525.

[9] A. Belbachir, J.-C. Smal, J.-M. Blosseville, and D. Gruyer, “Simulation-

driven validation of advanced driving-assistance systems,” Proc.-Social Behav.
Sci., vol. 48, pp. 1205–1214, Jan. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.1096.

[10] J. Zhou, R. Schmied, A. Sandalek, H. Kokal, and L. del Re, “A framework

for virtual testing of ADAS,” SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars-Electron. Electr. Syst.,
vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 66–74, Apr. 2016, doi: 10.4271/2016- 01-0049.