GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 still changing; that living things

adapt to their environment; and

that all organisms are related.
EVOLUTION ➢ They both agreed that life evolved
from a few simple to many more
Evolution complex organisms.

➢ It is an endless process that drives

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
organisms to adapt to their
environment. Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
➢ It refers to a change in a population Inheritance
of organisms over time. ➢ States that the characteristics that
an animal acquired during its
lifetime to adapt to its environment
It can be explained through the THEORY
can be passed on to its offspring.
OF NATURAL SELECTION
● Overpopulation
Theory of Use and Disuse
● Struggle for existence
● Presence of variation ➢ It states that if certain body
● Survival of the fittest structures are not used, they would
● Transmission of variations disappear; and if a body structure
was often used, it would develop
further.
It can be proven with PIECES OF EVIDENCE
● Fossils
● Anatomical Evidence
Georges Cuvier’s Theory of
● Embryological Evidence Correlation of Parts
● Biochemical Evidence ➢ Opposed to Lamarck's theory of
evolution in his essay on the Theory
It is seen from CHANGES IN SPECIES of the Earth.
● Occupancy of empty niches
● Migration Theory of Catastrophic
● Isolation ➢ Hypothesized that the emergence
● Genetic Recombination
and destruction of a species came
about because of catastrophic
THE THEORIES OF EVOLUTION events.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Charles
Darwin Charles Robert Darwin
➢ Shared ideas on how life on Earth Theory of Natural Selection
came to be. ➢ Basically posits the "survival of the
➢ They believed that life had fittest".
gradually changed over time and is
 ➢ Published the theory in his book Survival of the Fittest
titled “On the Origin of Species by ➢ Some variations allow members to
Means of Natural Selection”, or the survive and reproduce better than
“Preservation of Favoured Races in others.
the Struggle for Life.”
Transmission of Variations
The Mechanisms of Natural ➢ Organisms that survive and
Selection reproduce pass on their traits to
Overpopulation other offspring and the helpful
➢ The number of offspring is usually traits gradually appear more in the
greater than the available population.
resources necessary for organisms
to survive. Direct and Indirect Evidence that
➢ The environment cannot support Supports Evolution
every organism that is born. Many Direct Evidence
die before they are able to ➢ Observed in places where humans
reproduce. can directly examine actual
changes in a population of
Struggle for Existence organisms within a particular
➢ Every organism must struggle to period.
survive.
➢ For organisms to survive, they must Indirect Evidence
compete for the limited resources ➢ Fossils as concrete evidence of

available in the environment. change.

➢ They also struggle to get away from Fossils
predators and to overcome disease.
Types of Fossils Formation
Presence of Variation 1. Petrified Fossils Formed when
Species minerals in the
- Is a group of organisms that mud and sand
shares similar replace the hard
characteristics and that can parts of the
organisms, such as
interbreed to produce fertile
when bones are
offspring.
buried under layers
of sediments
(petrification).

2. Imprints Formed when soft,

 thin body Anatomical Evidence of Change
structures, such as Homologous and Analogous Structures
feathers and Homologous Structures
leaves, leave - Similar structures from the same
impressions in soft ancestral body parts but have
sediments such as different functions.
mud. Analogous Structures
- Similar functions but different
3. Molds and Casts Formed when an anatomical structures.
organism is buried Vestigial Structures
in sediment that - Body parts that are inherited but
hardens into a reduced in size and often unused.
rock.
Biochemical Pieces of Change
4. Trace Fossils Marks or evidence - It provides scientists with evidence
of animal to support the idea that if species
activities. have changed over time, then the
genes that determine their
5. Preservation of It is quite rare to characteristics should also change.
Entire Organism excavate the
preserved whole DNA/Nucleic Acids: Chemical Evidence of
body or complete Change
section of - To show relationships among many
organisms. other types of organisms.
Ex. Amber, Tar pits, Proteins: Molecular Evidence of Change
and Freezing. - Molecules that help build and
repair body parts.
Radioactive Decay of Elements
- The age of rocks can be estimated
by analyzing the elements they History of Life on Earth
contain. Geological Time Scale
- It happens at a declining rate
➢ Is a record of the life forms and
called the half-life, which is the
time required for half of the sample geological events in Earth's history.
of that element to decay.
Geologic time may be divided into:
Embryological Evidence of Change Epochs
Embryo - Last for less than ten million years
- An organism in its early stages of Periods
development.
- Lasting for tens of millions of years
- It shows that living things have
evolved from a common ancestor.
Eras
- Last for hundreds of millions of
years
Eons Cryogenian Period
- Last for billions of years ➢ Many scientists now believe that
animals may have evolved during
At present, we are in the Holocene this time.
epoch of the Quaternary period of the
Protozoic Era
Cenozoic era of the Phanerozoic eon. ➢ Was greatly affected by the
movement of the tectonic plates
Precambrian Life forming the supercontinent
➢ Composed of the: Rodinia.
● Hadean Era ➢ The Earth’s core and atmosphere
● Archean Era cooled down and brought about the
● Proterozoic Era Ice Ages.
➢ It started more than 550 million ➢ The production of oxygen by the
years ago 88% of the Earth's primitive cyanobacteria caused a
history. drastic change in the chemical
➢ Started with the planet's creation composition of the Earth's
about 4.5 billion years ago and atmosphere.
ended with the emergence of ➢ Many species of bacteria and
complex, multi-celled organisms protists were killed by the presence
almost four billion years later. of higher concentrations of oxygen.
➢ Here, the Earth was transformed ➢ New types of organisms evolved
from a ball of gas and dust to using biochemical adaptations
liquid rock enveloped with hot, enabling them to survive the
non-breathable gases mostly presence of oxygen.
composed of carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, and sulfur.
- The Earth became more
Paleozoic Era
conducive to life and ➢ Also known as “Old Life”
allowed single-celled ➢ Started more than 540 millions of
cyanobacteria to exist. years ago and lasted for more than
➢ The earliest life comprising 300 million years.
Precambrian (Ediacaran) biota was ➢ Divided into six geologic periods:
long believed to include only tiny, ● Cambrian
sessile, soft-bodied sea creatures ● Ordovician
lived during this time, and possibly ● Silurian
even before the Ediacaran period. ● Devonian
● Carboniferous
● Permian
 ➢ This era began with the breakup of modern-day mosses (bryophytes)
the supercontinent Rondinia into and are thought to have appeared
the continents Gondwana and about 500 million years ago during
Laurentia.
the Ordovician period.
- Laurentia and Gondwana
were continents located near
Sulirian Period
the equator that subsumed - Vascular plants had spread through
much of the current-day
the continents.
landmasses in a different
configuration.
➢ At this time, sea levels were very Toward the Latter part of the Paleozoic
Era
high.
- Towards the latter part of the
➢ During the latter half of the
Paleozoic era, however, the largest
Paleozoic, the land masses began
mass extinction in history also
moving together.
occurred, wiping out approximately
➢ A single supercontinent, called
90% of all marine animal species
Pangaea was formed in the latter
and 70% of land animals.
third of the Paleozoic.

Cambrian Period Mesozoic Era

- Ushered the most massive ➢ Also known as “Middle Life”
occurrence of evolution and ➢ Started around 245 million years
divergence of the species. ago and lasted for 180 million
- Marked the most rapid evolution of years.
new animal phyla and animal ➢ Three Periods:
diversity in Earth’s history. ● Triassic Period
- It is believed that most of the ● Jurassic Period
animal phyla in existence today ● Cretaceous Period
had their origins during this time, ➢ Movement of the tectonic plate was
often referred to as the Cambrian milder during this era.
explosion. ➢ The most significant land mass
activity was the gradual rifting of
Ordovician Period the supercontinent Pangea.
- Plant life first appeared on land. ➢ Predominant animals were the
- Allowed formerly aquatic animal reptiles because of their ability to
species to invade land, feeding withstand drier climates.
directly on plants or decaying ➢ Small mammals and birds also
vegetation. thrived in this era because they
- The first plants to colonize land were warm-blooded and had hair
were most likely closely related to
 or feathers to protect them from the evolve adaptations that allowed
changing climate. them to live in many different
environments.
Triassic Period
- Pangaea still formed one massive Later Cenozoic Era
supercontinent. - Perissodactyl diversity declined
- It experienced major temperature markedly, but artiodactyls
swings and was covered in large continued to diversify.
swaths of desert.
Pliocene Epoch
Jurassic Period - The first hominids appeared during
- Saw a rise in sea levels which this time.
flooded coastal regions and
hastened the breakup of the Pliocene Epoch
supercontinent. - Early modern humans emerged.

Cretaceous Period TERMS

- Carbon dioxide levels in the Natural Selection
atmosphere had risen, trapping the ➢ An actual mechanism for evolution.
planet’s heat. ➢ The process through which species
- The last period of the Mesozoic Era adapt to their environments.
and ended with a mass extinction
event thought to be brought about Mutation
by the collision of an asteroid or ➢ It is a source of new alleles in a
comet with Earth. population.
➢ It is a change in the DNA sequence
of the gene.
Cenozoic Era
➢ Also known as “Recent Life”
Genetic Drift
➢ Started 65 million years ago and ➢ The effect of chance on a
continues up to the present time. population’s gene pool.
➢ It is divided into three periods:
● Paleogene Period Gene Flow
● Neogene Period ➢ Is the flow of alleles in and out of a
● Quaternary Period population resulting from the
➢ The world's great mountain ranges migration of individuals or
were built during this era. gametes.
➢ Also known as the Age of
Mammals, this era is when
mammals began to increase and
Recombination
➢ Occurs during meiosis when
chromosomes exchange genes.
➢ This process leads to the formation
of unique gametes with
chromosomes that are different
from those in parents.

FIGHTING! :)