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Analysis of Concerns of the Agricultural Sector in the Philippines using

Associative Rule

Article in International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology · August 2023

DOI: 10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.3293

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International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology, 2023, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp 3316-3324

Analysis of Concerns of the Agricultural Sector in the Philippines

using Associative Rule

Frederick F. Patacsil1*, Jennifer M. Parrone2, Monica B. Brosas3, Bobby F. Roaring4.

1,2,3,4Collegeof Computing, Pangasinan State University, Urdaneta city, 2428, Pangasinan, Philippines; E-
mail: frederick_patacsil@yahoo.co.uk
Abstracts: The Philippines is an agricultural country famous for its wide range of natural resources scattered over the
archipelago. The country’s agriculture sector comprises four sub-sectors: fisheries, farming, livestock, and forestry. The
COVID-19 pandemic, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, is straining food systems and causing food
insecurity across the world. This study used a mixed method that analyzed qualitative data using quantitative analysis.
Concerns voiced by agricultural sectors were analyzed utilizing the frequencies of words used. The study utilized the
frequency of the words was TF-IDF or Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency to analyze agricultural word
concerns. This schema was used as a numeric measure to show the importance of using words to voice out their
concerns. The next step is the determination of word patterns using association rule Association Rule Mining. The result
reveals the prevalent words used to express concern by the agriculture sector are "cash" and "seed" and "assist" +
"cash" is the most frequent word pattern. The word "cash," the most commonly used word used by the agriculture sector
to air their concern, reveals that this sector needs cash assistance to finance their agricultural activities. The result of this
study can be utilized to address concerns in the agriculture sector. Furthermore, this research can be utilized in other
sectors to analyze their concerns and provide necessary interventions.

Keywords: Agricultural Sector, Mixed Method, Machine Learning, Associative Rule.

1. INTRODUCTION

Philippines is an agricultural country famous for its wide range of natural resources scattered over the
archipelago. The country’s agriculture sector comprises four sub-sectors namely fisheries, farming, livestock, and
forestry. It plays a significant role in the country’s economy, contributing around one-tenth of GDP and a quarter of
the labor force. The sector not only fed and nurtured its citizens, but also the rest of the globe; in fact, the
Philippines is one of the world's top marine producers[1], leading exporter of abaca in the world [2], and one of the
top exporters of bananas, pineapples, and nickel [3]. However, due to several natural calamities, including crop pest
infestations, volcanic eruptions, contagious animal diseases (such as the swine flu), and the pandemic, the sector
struggled with a great deal of stress. In their 2020 Annual Report, the Department of Agriculture noted that the
Covid-19 outbreak was the worst catastrophe they had had since World War II [4].

A contagious illness known as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is brought on by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was
first identified in humans in Wuhan, China December of 2019. It has largely been spreading across vast regions
globally because of generating rapid and substantial human-to-human transmissions, which prompted the World
Health Organization to proclaim COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. During the media conference, WHO
Director-General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated that COVID-19 is not simply a public health issue but a
crisis that would affect every sector [5].

The COVID-19 pandemic, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, is straining food systems and
causing food insecurity across the world. Border restrictions and lockdowns have disrupted food supply networks,
which hastens a slow harvest, impedes food movement, and increases food loss and waste as farmers resort to
dumping perishables [6]. According to a study, the COVID-19 pandemic during the first quarter of 2020 caused a
3.11% loss in Southeast Asia's total agricultural production due to a decline in farm labor and can be translated to a
1.4% decline in the region's GDP [7].

Globally, various research has been carried out on the effect of COVID-19 to the agricultural sector. For
instance, a researcher from Peru confirmed that the pandemic has brought a significant influence on agriculture and
the food supply chain, primarily affecting food demand and, as a result, food security, with a significant impact on
the most vulnerable people [8]. In Thailand, result of a particular study showed that COVID-19 had a negative

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impact on farmer’s daily lives, increased the cost of planting, agrochemical, and fertilizers, decreased the prices of
agricultural products, difficulty to access markets and logistics, and depression on farmers [9].

In the Philippines, just like any other country the agricultural sector forms the backbone of the economy and
remains one of the top priorities of the government. Philippine president and the current head of Department of
Agriculture said during his first state of the nation address that “one of the main drivers of our push for growth and
employment will be in the agricultural sector” and urged the department to act quickly and effectively to address the
many issues that threaten the nation's food supply and have for years stifled the growth of the farm. The Philippines
has been faced with daunting and overwhelming problems in the agricultural sector. The growth in farm productivity
over the past decade has been stagnant and even declining. With all this in mind, the researchers intend to
investigate particularly in the concerns of farm laborers to better understand the impact of COVID-19 in the
Philippine agricultural sector.

The aim of this study is to explore and analyse the concerns of agricultural sector in the Philippines during Covid
-19 pandemic using text analytic.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The COVID-19 pandemic brought a global crisis that devastated the world economy and was also felt by the
food and agriculture sector [10],not to state other massive stresses the farmers faced, such as volcanic eruption,
infectious animal disease, crop pest infestation, and a series of typhoons [11]. With this, the sector noticed that the
spread of virus containment disrupted the supply of the agri-food product having a shift in the demand level of some
commodities. There were also delays to transport and logistics services. Manifestation of disruptions was also
visible in the mobility of people, and the lockdowns caused labor shortages in the agricultural sector in many
countries. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic wreaked havoc on the global and national economies. But, no matter
what happens, people must eat [11].

In 2021, Statista from the Agriculture in the Philippines statistics and facts mentioned that a quarter of employed
Filipinos are seen in the agricultural sector [12]. This sector is divided into four sub-sectors: farming, fisheries,
livestock, and forestry. Highlighting the farming sub-sector, the Center for Agrarian Reform (2019) discussed the
types of farmers [13]. The first is the farmer who has his family farm. They are independent and bound to traditional
agriculture. The second type is the landless worker who hires out his labor to other small farmers in seasonal
periods. Another type is the share tenant, where patron-client relations are present. The fourth type is the migrant or
permanent hacienda agricultural worker. Next is the so-called regular casual who work within plantations. They are
often linked to transnational corporations. Another type is a member of a land consolidation, where there are group
activities in production, credit, and marketing. A farmer linked to a cooperative network or corporation is the seventh
type. Lastly, some farmers are considered the agrarian reform beneficiaries and receive some government support.

Many authors and organizations described Filipino farmers, most of whom had the same idea. A typical farmer
works on about one hectare or less of rice land as a tenant. Specifically, that is 1.29 hectares, according to the
Center for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development [13]. Furthermore, 70% of the rural poor, or 13 million, are
farmers and fishermen, while 52% are owners or cultivators. The Filipino farmer's average age is 57 years old, with
a Grade 5 average educational attainment, and earns Php 280.37 per day or $6 compared to the $10 national
average wage. Additionally, most farmers are in Western Visayas (Filipino Farmers – a dying breed, 2013; Center
for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, 2019; Obispo, 2014; Reyes, 2021). Famers' age and limited education
make them less receptive to new farming technologies that can boost their chances of earning even in volatile
weather (Filipino Farmers – a dying breed, 2013). The problem with farming is that it is associated with poverty.
This is because of poor productivity growth, under-investment in infrastructure, high population growth, low quality
of social service, low product prices, natural calamities, the risk associated with unpredictable market demand, poor
education background, and conflict in the townspeople [14,15]. Villegas (2020) added that the farmers remain poor
because of people who prey on them to achieve influence. The deaf ears neglected the agricultural sector leading
to the idea that a farmer's life is inferior even before the pandemic afflicted the country [16,17].

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Farmers' aspirations are simple. They dream of having their land, a better future for their children, sustainable
and other sources of income, and a good quality of life [13,15]. Farmers mentioned that neither pandemic nor
typhoon was their most significant problem. It is the volatility of rice grains in the market, for it contributes to the
intensive neo-liberalization of the country's economy. Neo liberalization means hope to bring development and
improved quality of life, especially in developing countries. The price of domestic rice plummets because of the
extensive importation of vast quantities of cheap rice. This forces farmers into debt bondage that keeps them tied
up in poverty. Further, some farmers grieved the lack of adequate government support, leading them to think that
only prominent entrepreneurs benefit from the current system. But despite all these, many remain optimistic about
the agricultural industry in the country [18].

Small farmers have also encountered difficulty accessing inputs and markets for their produce. The government
can help market failure by uniting buyers and producer organizations to support them. Reyes (2021) further stated
that DA provided four support services extended to the farmers [16]. These are social infrastructure, livelihood
enterprise development, financial/credit assistance, and the climate-resilient farm productivity project. There will
also be a provision of support for preparing and implementing profitable business plans that benefit both parties
[19]. As the secretary of the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), John Castriociones mentioned, "it is high time
that farmers get all the help that they need since they take the cudgel for the nation's requirements during the
pandemic by providing food on our table," [16]. For this reason alone – the need to provide food to eat, agriculture
registered a positive contribution to the economy compared to the other movers, such as construction, real estate,
and manufacturing. Right after the declaration of community quarantine by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte in March
2020, DA implemented the "Food Resiliency Action Plan." This aimed to ensure that there would be enough and
affordable food supply for Metro Manila and other urban areas. During this time, DA strengthened its "Bantay
Presyo Task Force" to monitor and enforce the department's expanded list of suggested retail prices (SRP) for agri-
fishery commodities [11]. Additionally, the DA coordinated with various private and local government sectors and
launched the "Kadiwa ni Ani at Kita" program, providing more options for the public to access affordable agri-
products during the pandemic. Kadiwa or Katuwang sa Diwa at Gawa para sa Masaganang Ani at Mataas na Kita
was a flagship program to improve marketing linkages between urban areas and farmers. Under this program are
the Kadiwa Express and Kadiwa Online, which facilitate the transfer of goods and online placement. Kadiwa ni Ani
at Kita directly connects producers and consumers. Another implemented project nationwide was the Duterte
administration's Php31 billion "Plant Plant Plant Program" or "Ahon Lahat, Pagkaing Sapat (ALPAS) Laban sa
COVID-19," which benefited the farmers, fishers, and consumers. This program sought to increase national agri-
products such as production of quality seeds, use of modern technologies and right inputs to increase productivity
levels. Parallel to this program is the country's importation of 300,000 tons of rice through a government-to-
government purchase arrangement. DA implemented key strategies to grow and fuel the Philippine agriculture and
fishery sector into a modernized and industrialized economic powerhouse by clustering and consolidation called
"Bayanihan Agri Cluster." This aims to unite government interventions such as provisions of loans, farm
mechanization, free seeds and fertilizers, and market support. There was also an implementation upscaling of
Agriculture 4.0, also called the fourth agricultural revolution, which seeks the use of innovative farming technologies
[11,20,21].

Various organizations, countries, and individuals lent their hand in coming up with swift and reliable interventions
to elevate food production during the pandemic because of possible disruption in the agricultural system for a long-
term period. Indeed, Filipino farmers are the new heroes as the country faces the global crisis [16].

3. MATERIEL AND METHODS

This study used a mixed method that analyzed qualitative data using quantitative analysis. Concerns voiced by
the agricultural sector during the COVID pandemic period were analyzed using the frequency of words used.

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Concerns, needs, and

suggestive Text
possible intervention
actions
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

3.1 Data Gathering

The respondents were four hundred (400) argi-farmers from the agricultural sector in the province of
Pangasinan. The four hundred (400) respondents were randomly selected and asked to answer a survey
questionnaire about their agricultural sustainability. The survey questionnaire was divided into several categories;
however, the focus of this article is on the concerns of this sector.

3.2 Data Processing

3.2.1 Data translation

Some concern responses were in Filipino and needed to be translated into English. Google Excel was utilized to
translate Filipino words into their English forms.

3.2.2 Tokenization

Splitting up the concerns into it tokens form.

3.2.3 Data Stop Words Removal

Next is the use of the Rapidminer Stopwords (Dictionary) operator to remove all the words equal to the
stopwords from the given concern response dataset.

3.2.4 Data Stemming

Rapidminer tool was is to reduce the concern responses word into a base form.

3.3 Vector Creation and Pattern Recognition Process

The study utilized the frequency of the words TF-IDF or Term Frequency – Inverse Document Frequency to
analyze agricultural needs and their concerns. The method used to determine the dominant agricultural words and
patterns is the frequency of the appearance of words in the tweets, which has greater importance. The next step is
the determination of word patterns using association rule mining. Association Rules Association rule mining
searches for very important associations and relationships among words in the set of feedback (dataset). This rule
presents the frequency at which a word/word pattern occurs in feedback. This is an analytical technique to discover
how words or word patterns are related to each other.
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4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Profile of the Respondents

Figure 2 reveals the sources of income among the respondents. It is evident from the data that a significant
majority (62%) of those engaged in the agricultural sector primarily rely on income derived from farming. Following
closely is fishing, which constitutes a substantial percentage of the respondents' income, approximately 20%.

Figure 2. Source of Income of the Respondents

4.2 Concerns of the Agricultural Sector

Table 1 displays the commonly used words in the agricultural sector when expressing their concerns to the
government.

Table 1. Most Frequent Words Used the Agricultural Sector to Raise their Concern to the Government
No. of time Appeared word appeared
Words Used to Voice Concern Support Together in the Dataset

cash 0.102 10200

seed 0.067 6700

price 0.063 6300

boat 0.055 5500
Irrigation 0.051 5100
Net 0.051 5100
Equipment 0.047 4700
Fish 0.047 4700
Input 0.047 4700
Addition 0.039 3900
Fair 0.035 3500
Farm 0.035 3500
Farmer 0.035 3500
Fertilizer 0.035 3500
Vitamin 0.035 3500

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The prevalent words used to air concern by the agriculture sector are "cash" (0.102) or 10200 times that the
word appeared in the dataset, "seed" (0.067) or 6700 times that the word appeared in the dataset, followed after
"price" and "boat". The word "cash," the most used word used by the agriculture sector to air their concern, reveals
that this sector needs cash assistance to finance their agricultural activities.Cash assistance is mandated by
Republic Act No. 11598, or the "Cash Assistance for Filipino Farmers Act", which mandates the Department of
Agriculture to provide conditional cash grants, which currently amount to P5,000.00 to farmers tilling 2 hectares or
less.

Furthermore, "seed" is the 2nd most used word found in the dataset, and this means that farmers ask the
government for a seed subsidy. The Agricultural Development Program: Binhi Para sa mga Magsasaka - Rice
Seeds Subsidy Program for Farmers under the Angat Kabuhayan sa Agrikultura Program (AKAP) was implemented
by the government to assist farmers.

"Price" is also one of the dominant words used by the agricultural sector. This may be related to the price of
agricultural inputs and the output of the farmers. This is one of the major concerns of farmers; they sell their
products in a very low price, but the prices of agricultural inputs are so high.

Other top words like "price" can be related to the low prices of some agricultural products like "palay" which
cannot return the investment of the farmers in the plating of rice. Furthermore, oversupply of other agricultural
products results in very low prices for the said products. Other interesting words were "boat" and "net" which were
used to catch fish. This indicates that every fisherman voiced their concerns that they needed fishing tools such as
a boat and net.

Table 2. Most Frequent Word Patterns Used the Agricultural Sector to Raise their Concern to the Government
No. of time
Appeared two
Words Used Words Used
word
to Voice to Voice Support
appeared
Concern 1 Concern 2
Together in
the Dataset
Assistance cash 0.083 8300
Restrict travel 0.039 3900
Fertilizer seed 0.035 3500
Fertilizer price 0.035 3500
free cash 0.035 3500
boat fish 0.031 3100
input farm 0.031 3100

Table 2 reveals that "assist" + "cash" obtains the highest frequency with 0.083, or 8300 times that the word
pattern was used to voice out their concern to the government. The respondents ask for financial assistance to be
utilized on their farm. The government is mandated to facilitate short-term intervention to provide financial
assistance to the agricultural sector under Republic Act No. 11598 or the "Cash Assistance for Filipino Farmers Act"
Another interesting combination of words used to voice out their concern are "fertilizer" + "seed" and "fertilizer" +
"price," which both obtained 0.035, or 3500 times that were used. Another important input in the agricultural sector
is fertilizer and seed, and the price of these commodities was so high. The agricultural sector asks to reduce the
prices of these commodities.

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Figure 5. The graphical representation of the discovered rules of words/word patters Used by Agricultural Sector (Farming) to
Raise their Concern to the Government

Other interesting words were "boat" and "net" which were used to catch fish, as shown in table 2 and figure 5.
This indicates that every fisherman voiced their concerns that they needed this fishing tool, such as a boat and
fishing net. The government extends this type of assistance; however, not all areas in the Philippines have
benefited from this program or activity. The government should launch an investment program to improve fisheries
production as part of long term plans to increase rural incomes and boost social development in the country’s
poorest fishing regions.

Figure 6. The graphical representation of the discovered rules of words/word patters Used by Agricultural Sector Fishing and
Animal to raise their Concern to the Government.

In the case of livestock farmers, table 2 and figure 6 reveal that they used "farm" + "input" to voice their
concern. According to Cervantes the lack of cheap inputs and feed costs in the Philippines remain among the
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highest in the region [22]. The government should address this concern to help livestock farmers and to have stable
agricultural output in the Philippines.

CONCLUSION

The COVID-19 pandemic, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, is straining food systems and
causing food insecurity across the world. The aim of this study is to explore the concerns of the agricultural sector in
the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic using text analysis. This study used a mixed method that analyzed
qualitative data using quantitative analysis. Concerns voiced by the agricultural sector were analyzed using the
frequency of words used. The personal profile of the agricultural sector respondents was that 2 to 3 members of the
household were working in agricultural areas, they were working as farm workers and fishermen, and they were
mostly high school and elementary school graduates. The prevalent words used to express concern by the
agriculture sector were "cash" and "seed". Other top words like "price" can be related to the low prices of some
agricultural products like "palay" which cannot return the investment of the farmers in the plating of rice.
Furthermore, oversupply of other agricultural products results in very low prices for the said products. In terms of
word patterns, "assist" + "cash" obtain the highest frequency. This method of analyzing concerns in the agricultural
sector is very useful because respondent responses were direct opinions and feelings.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.3293

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