chapter2

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES
This chapter presented the studies and literature reviewed that bear significance and
relevance to the problem under study.
Related Studies
Social welfare development is an inseparable part of national development where social

welfare development plays an active role in improving the quality of life of the Indonesian people
(Warman, 2021). This is because in principle the construction of social welfare development
consists of a series of activities that are planned to advance the conditions of human life through
coordination and integration between the government, regional governments, and the
community to implement social welfare in overcoming persons with social welfare problems into
a complete, comprehensive, and comprehensive framework of activities. sustainable and
energized, so that the social welfare of the community can gradually increase (Jawatir P. et al.
2021). According to (Doelman et al., 2021), stating that juvenile delinquency is the act of some
teenagers who are contrary to law, religion, and societal norms so that the consequences can
harm others, disturb public peace, and also damage themselves.
According to (Hernandez et al., 2021), conducted a study on the challenges faced by

rural areas in implementing juvenile rehabilitation programs, particularly in Eastern Samar. The
research found that lack of trained personnel, inadequate resources, and geographic isolation
were significant factors limiting the success of rehabilitation programs. The study emphasized
the need for tailored interventions that address these specific challenges to improve program
outcomes and reduce recidivism rates in rural settings. (Cruz et al., 2020), explored the
effectiveness of behavioral modification programs in juvenile rehabilitation centers. Their study
compared juveniles who participated in structured behavior modification programs with those
who received unstructured interventions. The results showed that the juveniles in structured
programs exhibited significantly lower recidivism rates, supporting the notion that targeted
behavior interventions play a critical role in long-term rehabilitation. (Martinez et al., 2020),
examined the role of therapeutic community programs in rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Their
study found that participants in these peer-led therapeutic programs were less likely to re-offend
compared to those who received only individual counseling. The findings underscored the value
of community-based rehabilitation models that foster peer support and collective accountability.
According to (Reyes 2018), conducted a longitudinal study assessing the role of

counseling services in reducing repeat offenses among juvenile offenders. The study tracked
juveniles over two years and found that consistent, structured counseling significantly improved
their attitudes and coping mechanisms, leading to a notable decrease in recidivism. The
research highlighted counseling as an essential component of successful rehabilitation.
(Gonzales's 2019), study on juvenile rehabilitation in the Philippines, the effectiveness of
various rehabilitation programs was evaluated. The study showed that programs incorporating a
combination of counseling, behavioral modification, and community-based support yielded
better outcomes in reducing recidivism among juvenile offenders. This research emphasized the
need for integrated rehabilitation models tailored to the unique needs of each juvenile.
Addressing the individual needs of youth offenders is crucial for effective rehabilitation.
(Dillard et al., 2019) advocate for a community-based approach to juvenile justice that
emphasizes balanced and restorative justice. This perspective aligns with the principles of
positive youth development (PYD), suggesting that fostering competencies in young offenders
can lead to better rehabilitation outcomes (Dillard et al., 2019). Public attitudes towards
community safety and the treatment of youth offenders also influence rehabilitation efforts.
(McArdle et al., 2018) examine the relationship between perceived community safety and
attitudes towards youth offenders, noting that communities that feel unsafe are likely to support
more punitive measures. However, this stance often overlooks the long-term benefits of
rehabilitation-focused approaches, which aim to address the underlying causes of criminal
behavior rather than simply punishing the act (McArdle et al., 2018). The role of social inequality
in determining the outcomes of alternative sanctions is another critical factor to consider.
(Sandøy et al., 2021) explore how adolescent drug offenders in Norway are affected by social
inequality, even within alternative sanction systems designed to be more rehabilitative than
punitive. Their research underscores the need for a more equitable approach to rehabilitation
that considers the socio-economic backgrounds of youth offenders (Sandøy et al., 2021).
Demographic differences play a significant role in shaping the perceptions and

experiences of adjudicated youth.(Pederson et al. 2020) highlight how these differences affect
youths' perceptions of staff in juvenile facilities, pointing to the importance of culturally sensitive
and responsive practices in the rehabilitation process. Such practices can help bridge the gap
between youth offenders and the staff tasked with their rehabilitation, fostering a more
constructive and supportive environment for change (Pederson et al., 2020). The
psycholinguistic and socioemotional characteristics of young offenders also warrant attention.
(Winstanley et al., 2019) investigate how language abilities and gender affect the experiences
and rehabilitation outcomes of young offenders. Their findings highlight the need for
rehabilitation programs to consider these characteristics when designing and implementing
interventions (Winstanley et al., 2019). Our research extends this discourse by emphasizing the
importance of comprehensive rehabilitation programs that address not only the criminogenic
needs but also the socioemotional and environmental factors contributing to gang involvement.
Our study also explores the effectiveness of community-based, restorative justice approaches,
resonating with (Dillard et al., 2019). They advocated for a positive youth development (PYD)
approach that focuses on fostering competencies in young offenders. This approach, our
findings suggest, can lead to better rehabilitation outcomes by emphasizing the strengths of
youth rather than their deficits (Dillard et al., 2019).
Related Literature
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory emphasizes that individuals learn behaviors through
observation and imitation of role models. This theory is foundational to juvenile rehabilitation, as
it suggests that positive role models and a structured, supportive environment are crucial in
helping juveniles adopt new, socially acceptable behaviors. This theory is often applied in
therapeutic communities and behavioral modification programs. According to (McCord 2021),
family support plays a critical role in the success of juvenile rehabilitation programs. Strong
family involvement has been linked to lower rates of recidivism as it provides emotional and
social support, helping juveniles reintegrate into their communities.
According to (Sankofa et al., 2018) synthesized rehabilitation of juvenile corrections and

aftercare programs are efficient in reducing juvenile delinquency rates. Researchers examined
segments of criminology, sociology, and social welfare disciplines based on coding methods to
determine variables or recognizable factors. The study offered insight into two major
components of juvenile correctional experiences, such as treatment and evidence-based
practices. The influences are based on identities, masculinities, and preparations for reentry.
Analysis was vital to current policymakers and stakeholders in the era of juvenile justice reform
programs as resources have been challenged based on the results of recidivism programs and
their effects on reducing delinquency among juveniles over punitive punishment techniques.
The study considered its analysis based on before, during, and after the era of criminal justice
reform. Therefore, raising considerable questions about the effectiveness of reform strategies.
This study supports both aspects of the research questions for state and private aftercare
programs to make a positive impact on reducing deviant behavior (Sankofa et al., 2018).
According to (Sankofa et al., 2018) synthesized rehabilitation of juvenile corrections and

aftercare programs are efficient in reducing juvenile delinquency rates. Researchers examined
segments of criminology, sociology, and social welfare disciplines based on coding methods to
determine variables or recognizable factors. The study offered insight into two major
components of juvenile correctional experiences, such as treatment and evidence-based
practices. The influences are based on identities, masculinities, and preparations for reentry.
Analysis was vital to current policymakers and stakeholders in the era of juvenile justice reform
programs as resources have been challenged based on the results of recidivism programs and
their effects on reducing delinquency among juveniles over punitive punishment techniques.
The study considered its analysis based on before, during, and after the era of criminal justice
reform. Therefore, raising considerable questions about the effectiveness of reform strategies.
This study supports both aspects of the research questions for state and private aftercare
programs to make a positive impact on reducing deviant behavior (Sankofa et al., 2018).
According to (Kuptsevych-Timmer et al., 2018) examined the associated risks and the
relationship between general strain and juvenile delinquency. The outcomes showed fear of
sanctions and level of social control in relationships between general strain and juvenile
delinquency at different degrees, depending on the types and frequencies of exposure to the
sanctions imposed by punishment or the level of social control imposed by societal rules. The
study produced mixed results regarding parental guidance, which may affect the linkage
between strain and delinquency. It did not specify any aftercare programs or tailored treatments
and determined that further research was required (Kuptsevych-Timmer et al., 2018).
Limited resources have been challenged based on the results of recidivism programs
and their effects on reducing delinquency rates among juveniles over punitive punishment
techniques. Study analyses are based on before, during, and after the era of criminal justice
reform, raising considerable questions about the effectiveness of reform strategies (Sankofa et
al., 2018). By identifying and predicting these behavior characteristics in young offenders,
specific treatment strategies can be applied for remarkable results toward reducing recidivism
based on strain theory. For example, group environments in treatment and aftercare programs
may lead to a willingness among young adults to conform to social norms associated with the
strain theory (Van den et al., 2018).
Theoretical Framework
This study is to determine the level effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing

repeat offenses among juveniles as perceived by local social welfare and development
personnel in selected municipalities at eastern samar. The researcher will gather information
that correspond to the theory selected.
This study is based on Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura (1977), which
suggests that individuals, especially juveniles, learn behaviors through observation, imitation,
and modeling. This theory is highly relevant to rehabilitation programs for juvenile offenders, as
it emphasizes the importance of observing others within a social environment and suggests that
positive role models and reinforcement can lead to behavior modification. The effectiveness of
the rehabilitation programs, measured by the reduction in juvenile recidivism or improvement in
behavior, is the dependent variable, while the specific rehabilitation programs provided serve as
the independent variables. According to Social Learning Theory, these programs are effective to
the extent that they provide positive behavioral models, reinforcement mechanisms, and
opportunities for social interaction in a controlled environment.
Conceptual Framework
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE
The factors affecting in reducing repeat

The level of effectiveness of
rehabilitation programs offenses among juveniles as perceived
Counseling Services by the local social development
Milieu Therapy personnel.

Behavioral Modification
Therapeutic Community
Figure 1. Paradigm showing the flow of the study.
This diagram shows the relationship between the level of effectiveness of rehabilitation
programs (objective 1) and the factors affecting the juveniles behavior as a result of participating
in the rehabilitation programs, as perceived by the local social welfare development personnel.
(objective 2).
Statement of Null Hypotheses
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the rehabilitation programs and its level of
effectiveness in terms of reducing recidivism repeat offenses among juveniles.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES

Social welfare development is an inseparable part of national development where social

According to (Hernandez et al., 2021), conducted a study on the challenges faced by

According to (Reyes 2018), conducted a longitudinal study assessing the role of

Demographic differences play a significant role in shaping the perceptions and

According to (Sankofa et al., 2018) synthesized rehabilitation of juvenile corrections and

According to (Sankofa et al., 2018) synthesized rehabilitation of juvenile corrections and

This study is to determine the level effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

The factors affecting in reducing repeat

Counseling Services by the local social development

Milieu Therapy personnel.

Figure 1. Paradigm showing the flow of the study.

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