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IS 13162-5 (1992): Geotextiles - Methods of Test, Part 5:

Determination of Tensile Properties Using a Wide Width
Strip [TXD 30: Geotextiles and Industrial Fabrics]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 13102 -( Part 5 ) : 1992
(Reaffirmed 2003)

Indian Standard
GEOTEXTILES - METHODS OF TEST
PART 5 DETERMINATION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES USING
A WIDE WIDTH STRIP

UDC 677’06 : 624’13 : 620’17

0 BIS 1992

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
February 1992 Price Group 3
Geotextiles Sectional Committee, TX 029

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard ( Part 5 ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft
finalized by the Geotextiles Sectional Committee had been approved by the Textile Division
Council.

Tensile characteristics of geotextiles are of particular importance if the geotextile has to perform
the reinforcing function. The test methods for these characteristics depend on the type of
geotextile that is woven or nonwoven. Among the popular tests are the strip tensile test, the grab
test and the wide width strip tensile test. The methods for strip tensile test and grab test as
given in IS 1969 : 1985 are equally important for geotextiles.

This standard prescribes wide width strip tensile test. Most geotextiles can be tested by this
methods. Some modification of techniques may be necessary for particular geotextiles, for example
strong geotextiles, meshes or geotextiles made from glass fibre, to prevent them from slipping in
the jaws or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the jaws.

The basic distinction between this method and other methods for measuring tensile properties of
fabrics, is the width of the specimen. This width by contrast is greater than the length of the
specimen. Some geotextiles have a tendency to contract ( neck down ) under load in the gauge
length area. The width of the specimen specified in this method reduees the contraction effect of
those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected fabric behaviour in the field and a
standard comparision of geotextiles.

This standard is based on draft international standard ISO/DIS 10319 Geotextiles - Wide width
tensile test.

In reporting the results of a test made in accordance with this standard, if the final value,
observed or calculated, is to be rounded off, it shall be done in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules
for rounding off numerical values ( revised )‘.
 IS 13162 ( Part .5 ) : 1992

Indian Standard
GEOTEXTILES-METHODSOFTEST
PART 5 DETERMINATION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES USING
A WIDE WIDTH STRIP

1 SC0P.E IS No. Title

1070 : 1977 Water for general laboratory
1.1 This standard ( Part 5 ) prescribes an index use ( second revision )
test method for determination of the tensile
properties of geotextiles and related products 1969 : 1985 Methods for determination
using a wide width strip. The method is appli- of breaking load and elonga-
cable to most geotextiles including woven fabrics, tion of woven textile fabrics
non-wovens, layered fabrics, knitted fabrics ( second revision )
and felts. The method is applicable to geogrids 6359 : 1971 Method for conditioning of
but thespecimen dimensions may need to be textiles
altered.
13162 Geotextiles - Methods of
1.2 This method covers the measurement of ( Part 3 > : 1991 Test: Part 3 Determination
load elongation characteristics and includes of thickness at specified
-procedures for calculation of secant stiffness, pressures
maximum-load per unit width, strain at maximum
3 DEFINITIONS
load and equivalent strain at maximum load.
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile pro- following deficitions shall apply.
perties of both conditioned and wet specimens
are included. 3.1 Extension at Preload
1.4 The measuring device can be either The extension corresponding to an applied load
mechanical, optical or infra-red. In any case it equal to 1 percent of the -maximum load or
shall not damage the sample. 350 N which ever is less.

2 REFERENCES 3.2 Maximum Load

The following Indian Standards are necessary The maximum tensile force ( in kN ) obtained
adjuncts to this standard: during a test ( see Point D in Fig. 1 ).

SECANT STIFFNESS

STRAIN (“/.I

Fra. 1 TYPICAL LOAD-STRAIN CURVE

1
IS 13162 ( Part 5 ) : 1992

3.3 Secant Stiffness 5 APPARATUS AND REAGENTS

The ratio of change in load per unit width to a
stated value of strain ( in kN/m 1 for examDIe 5.1 Tensile Testing Machines
in Fig. 1 the percent‘age secant stiffness * is A constant rate of extension ( CRE ) or a
( K/CA ). constant-rate-of-traverse ( CRT ) tensile testing
machine as specified in IS 1969 : 1985 shall
3.4 The Gauge Lengtb be used.
The distance between the two reference points 5.2 Jaws which are sufficiently wide to hold the
of the sample. They are placed on the sample entire width of the specimen and with
symmetry axis which is parallel to the applied appropriate means to limit slippage or damage.
load and are 6 cm apart ( 3 cm on each side of
the sample symmetry center ). This distance 5.2.1 Compressive grips will be used for most
can be adapted for the geogrids in order to materials. For materials where the use of com-
include an entire number of nodes in the gauge pressive grips gives rise to excessive jaw breaks
length. or slippage, capstan grips may be used.

3.5 Increase in Gauge Length 5.2.2 When capstan grips are used, the reason
for their use and the separation between the
The measured extension minus the extension centre of the capstan at the beginning of each
at the preload. test should be kept to a minimum. The use of
capstan shall be specified in the report.
3.6 Strain
NOTE - It is stressed that it is essential to choose
The increase in gauge length of a specimen jaw faces that limits the slippage of the geotextile
during a tensile test expressed as a percentage that may occur especially for stronger geotextiles.
of the initial nominal -gauge length. Examples of number of jaw faces that have been
found satisfactory is given in Fig. 2 (a) to2 (c).
Other grips which limits slippage may also be
3.7 Strain at Maximum Load acceptable. Examples of jaw designs suitable for
testing geogrids are given in Fig. 3 (a) and (b).
The percentage strain corresponding to the
maximum load ( see Point D in Fig. 1 ). 5.3 Extensiometer
3.8 Tensile Strength ( kN/m ) 5.3.1 Extensiometer may also be used for testing
in place of CRE or CRT tensile testing machines.
The maximum resistance to deformation per The extensiometer shall be able to follow two
unit width developed for a specific material reference points on the sample without any
when subjected to tension by one external damage or slippage. Examples of extensio-
force. meters include mechanical, optical, infra-red or
electrical devices.
3.9 Strain Rate
5.3.2 Care should be taken to ensure that the
Strain rate of testing is defined as the speed of measurement represents the true movement of
the jaws expressed as a percentage of the initial the reference points.
jaw separation. The initial jaw separation shall
be as defined in 8.1.1. 5.3.3 If any irregularity of the stress-strain
curve due to the extensiometer is remarked,
When testing with capstan grips, the strain rate this result shall be discarded and another
shall be defined on the basis of the increase in specimen shall be tested.
gauge length at maximum load divided by the
duration of the test. 5.4 Distilled -Water

4 PRINCIPLE For wet specimens only ( see IS 1070 : 1977 ).

A test specimen is held across its entire width 5.5 Non-Ionic Wetting Agent
in the jaws of a tensile testing machine operated
at a ~given rate of strain, applying a longitudinal For wet specimens only.
force to the test specimen until the specimen
ruptures. The tensile properties of the test 6 TEST SPECIMENS
specimen are calculated from machine scales,
dials, autographic recording charts, or an 6.1 Number of Test Specimens
interfaced computer. The rate of strain is fixed
6.1.1 Cut a minimum of five test specimens
at 20 f 5 percent per minute for all geotextiles
in the machine direction and the cross direction.
and related products, if constant rate of exten-
sion tensile testing machine is used. In case of
6.2 Selection of Test Specimen
constant rate of traverse tensile testing machine,
the rate of traverse shall be 20 f 5 mm per 6.2.1 The specimens shall be selected as specified
minute. in IS 13162 ( Part 3 > : 1991.

c
 IS 13162(-Par4 5 ) : 1992

SERRATED
WEDGE

Ii SAMPL .E-
GEOTEXTILE

3
0
COMPRE-SSIVE FORCE
EPOXY OR SOFT ADJUSABLE UP TO
METAL WEDGE LOOkN,MAXIMUM WIOTH
OF SAMPLE: 0.5m

(a) (b)
COMPRESSIVE BLOCK JAWS COMPRESSIVE BLOCK JAWS

STRAIN
MEASURMENT PRINT

GEOTEXTLE

(cl
CAPSTAN

Frc;. 2 EXAMPLESOF JAWS FACES FOR TESTING ~GEOTEXTILES

6.3 Dimensions of Test Specimens 6.3.3 For geogrids the specimen shall be of at
6.3.1 Prepare each finished test specimen least 200 mm width and sufficiently long to
200 mm wide ( excluding fringes when appli- ensure a length of at least 100 mm. The test Irmr*mr*an*l
cable, see 6.3.2 ) and of sufficient length to specimen shall contain at least 5 complete tensile
ensure 100 mm between the jaws with the length elements with the width and at least one row of
dimension being designated and parallel to the nodes or cross-members excluding the nodes or
direction for-which the breaking load is being cross-members by which the test specimen is
measured. Where appropriate and for slippage held.in the jaws ( see Fig. 4 ).
control, draw two lines running the full width i.
of the test specimen, perpendicular to the length 6.3.3.1 The reference points shall be marked h
dimension and separated by 100 mm ( except on a central row of tensile elements that are
for capstan grips ) [ see Fig. 2(c) 1. subjected to test and shall be at least 60 mm
6.3.2 For woven geotextiles cut each specimen apart. The reference points shall be mounted at
220 mm wide and then remove an equal number the central point of a rib and shall be separated
of threads from each side to obtain the by at least one node or cross member. If
200 mm, nominal specimen width. necessary, in order to achieve the minimum
separation of 60 mm, the two reference points
6.3.2.1 This helps to maintain the specimen can be separated by more than one row of nodes
integrity during the test. When specimen or cross-members. In this case, the requirement
integrity is not affected, the specimens can be to mount the reference points at mid-rib shall
initially cut to the finished width. be maintained and the gauge length shall then be

3
IS 13162(Part 5): 1992

Al

(b)
Fra. 3 EXAMPLES OF JAW DESIGN SUITABLE FOR TESTING GEOGRIDS

WIDTH (w)
-I

NOTES
1 The nodes and ribs on lines C and D are those by which the specimen iS to be held in the jaws ~of the
clamps.
2 Width W is greater or equal to 200 mm.
3 The gauge length shall be equal to or exceeded 60 mm aod shall enclose at least one low cross-members
If it is necessary more rows or cross-members can be included in the gauge length until it exceeded 60 mm.
The gauge length is always measured from mid rib to mid rib.
4 Cut all ribs at least 10 mm from any node.
FIG. 4 SPECIMENS OF GEOGRIDS

4
 IS 13162 ( Part 5 ) : 1992

an integral number of pitches of the grid. machine direction and cross direction tests,
Measure the gauge length within f3 mm. respectively, is parallel to the direction of
application of force. Where appropriate do
‘6.3.4 When both the wet maximum load and this by having the two lines, which were pre-
the dry maximum load are required, cut each viously drawn 100 mm apart across the width
test -specimen at least twice the required length. of the test specimen positioned as close as
Number each test specimen and then cut cross- possible adjacent to the inside edges of the
wise into two parts, one for determining the dry upper and lower jaws.
maximum load, and the other for determining
the wet maximum load, each portion shall bear
the specimen number. In this manner, each 8.3 Installation of the Tensile Testing Machine
paired break is performed on test specimens on the Extensiometer
containing the same threads.
Place the reference points on the sample. Ensure
NOTE - For geotextiles which shrink excessively that there will be no slippage of the points
when wet, the tensile strength is determined from during the mounting of test specimens or during
the maximum load in wet conditions and the initial
width before wetting. testing.

7 CONDITIONING ATMOSPHERE 8.4 Measurement of Tensile Properties

7.1 The test specimens shall be conditioned 8.4.1 Start the tensile testing machine and
and the test conducted in the standard atmo- continue running the test until the specimen
sphere for testing textiles as prescribed in ruptures. Stop the machine and reset to the
IS 6359 : 1971. initial gauge position. Record and report the
maximum load to an accuracy of 0’2 percent of
NOTES the full scale and strain to the first decimal
1 The test specimens may be considered to have place.
been conditioned when the change in mass of the
test specimen in any two successive weighings made
at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 8.4.2 The decision to discard a break shall be
0’25 percent of the original mass of the test based on observation of the specimen during
specimen. the test upon the inherent variability of the
2 Conditioning and/or testing at a specified relative geotextile and the provision of 5.4. In the
humidity may be omitted if it can be shown that absence of other criteria for rejecting a jaw
the results are not affected. break, any break occurring within 5 mm of the
jaws which results in a value below 50 percent
‘7.2 Test sp-ecimens to be tested in the wet of the average of all other breaks shall be dis-
condition shall be immersed in water, maintain- carded. No other break shall be discarded
ed at a temperature of 27 & 2°C. The time of unless the test is known to be faulty.
immersion shall be sufficient to wet out the test
specimens thoroughly, as indicated by nd signi- NOTES
ficant change in maximum load or stain follow-
ing a longer period of immersion, and at least 1 It is difficult to determine the precise reason why
21 hours. To obtain thorough wetting, it may certain specimens break near the edge of the jaws.
be necessary to add not more than 0’05 percent If a jaw break is caused by damage to the test
of a nonionic neutral -wetting agent ( see 5.5 ) specimen by the jaws, due to randomly distributed
weak place, it is a legitimate resu!t. In some cases.
to the water. it may also becaused by a concentration of stress
in the area adjacent to the jaws width as the load
8 PROCEDURE is applied. In these cases, a break near the edge
of the jaws is inevitable and should be accepted
8.1 Setting up of Machine as a characteristic of the particular method of test.

8.1.1 Adjust the distance between the jaws at 2 Special procedures are required for the prepara-
the start of the test to give a length of 100 tion of test specimens made from specific materials
f 3 mm except for geogrids and for geotextiles ( glass fibre, carbon, composite geotextiles. etc ).
when using capstan grips. Select the force range to minimize damage in the jaws. If a test speci-
men slips in the jaws or if more than one quarter
of the testing machine such that the break of the specimens break at a point within 5 mm of
occurs between 30 percent and 90 percent of the edge of the jaw, then (a) the jaws may be
full scale force. Set the machine to a rate of padded; (b) the test specimen may be coated under
strain or rate of traverse as given in 4.1. Test the jaw face area; or (c) the jaw face may be
modified. If any of the modifications listed above
the conditioned specimens in the atmosphere are used, state the method of modification in tho
specified in 7. test report.
8.1.2 For wet test specimens perform the test
within 3 minutes after removal from the water. 8.5 Measurement of Strain

8.2 Insertion of Test Specimen in Jaws Measure the increase in gauge length of the
8.2.1 Mount the test specimen centrally in the test specimen at any stated load by means of a
jaws. Take care that the specimen length in the suitable recording device.

5
IS 13162 ( Part 5 ) : 1992

9 CALCULATIONS where
J 8CC the secant stiffness in ( kN/m ) at the
=
9.1 Tensile Strength specified strain E;
= the determined load at strain E
Calculate the tensile strength ( kN/m ) directly F (in kN);
from the information obtained from the tensile E = the corresponding percentage strain;
testing machine using the formula: land
af = Ff X C ...(I) C = value obtained from formulae (2) or
(3) given in 9.1 as appropriate.
where
af = the tensile strength in kN/m of width; 10 TEST REPORT
Ff = the obsered maximum load ( in kN ); The test report shall include the following
and information:
C = value obtained from formulae (2) or (3) 4 Identification of the sample tested;
given below as appropriate.
b) The mean tensile strength in both the
For nonwovens or close woven fabrics or machine direction and cross direction
similar materials: ( see 9.1 );
C = l/B . ..(2) If applicable, the mean strain at the
maximum load in both the machine direc-
where tion and cross direction ( see 9.2 );
B = specimen width in metres, or
For coarse woven fabrics, meshes, grids or d) The mean secant stiffness corresponding
to the strain of 2, 5 and 10 percent, if
similar materials: required;
c = ZWNB . ..(3)
e> The standard deviation or coefficient of
where variation of any of the properties
determined;
Nm = the minimum number of tensile
elements within 1 m width of the f) The condition of the test specimens,
product being tested; and that is wet nor dry;
Ns = the number of tensile elements within 8) The number of test specimens tested in
the test specimen. each direction;
h) The make and model of testing machine;
9.2 Strain at Maximum Load
3 The type of jaw including the dimensions
Record the strain in percentage at the maximum of the jaws and the type of jaw faces used,
load ( see Fig. 1 ). type of deformation measuring system,
and initial ja.w separation;
9.3 Secant Stiffness k) A load-strain curve with the yield
To calculate the secant stiffness, determine load points;
for a specified strain, ( see Point B in Fig. 1 ) d Details of any deviations from the
and use the following formula: specified procedure; and
(FXCX 100) n) Strain rate reported to 1 percent
9 8ec = accuracy.
E
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.I
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Amendments Issued Since Publication

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