‫‪nglish Department‬‬

‫دعاء قبل المذاكره‬

‫اللهم اني أسألك فهم النبيين‪ ،‬وحفظ المرسلين والمالئكة المقربين‪ .‬اللهم اجعل السنتنا عامره بذكرك‪ ،‬وقلوبنا بخشيتك‪ ،‬واسرارنا‬
‫بطاعتك أنك على كل شئ قدير وحسبنا هللا ونعم الوكيل‪.‬‬
‫دعاء بعد المذاكره‬
‫اللهم اني استودعك ما قرأت‪ ،‬وما حفظت‪ ،‬وما تعلمت فرده لي عند الحاجه اليه انك على كل شئ قدير وحسبنا هللا ونعم الوكيل‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند التوجه لألمتحان‬
‫اللهم اني توكلت عليك وسلمت امري اليك ال ملجأ وال منجي منك إال إليك‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند دخول لجنه االمتحان‬
‫رب ادخلني مدخل صدق وأخرجني مخرج صدق واجعل لي من لدنك سلطانا نصيرا‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند بدايه االجابه‬
‫رب اشرح لي صدري‪ ،‬ويسر لي امري ‪ ،‬واحلل عقدة من لساني يفقهوا قولي‪.‬‬
‫بسم هللا الفاتح‪ ،‬اللهم ال سهل إال ما جعلته سهل يا ارحم الراحمين‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند تعسر االجابه‬
‫ال اله إال انت سبحانك اني كنت من الظالمين‪ ،‬يا حي يا قيوم برحمتك استغيث‪.‬‬
‫رب اني مسني الضر وأنت خير الراحمين‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند النسيان‬
‫اللهم يا جامع الناس ليوم ال ريب فيه اجمع علي ضالتي‪.‬‬
‫الدعاء عند النهايه‬
‫الحمدهلل الذي هدانا لهذا وما كنا لنهتدي لوال ان هدانا هللا‬

‫‪1‬‬
 nglish Department
Skill Title Pages

Comprehension • The Enchanted Forest 6

• The Wonders of the Ocean 8
• The Journey of the Monarch Butterfly 11

Literature • Three Cheers For The Nanny State 15

• Ban The Ban. Soda is harmful, but… 18
• From Follow the Rabbit-proof Fence 21
• Flowers for Algernon 25

Grammar • Nouns & pronouns 30

• Verb mood 32
• Clauses 34
• Adverbs & Adjectives 36
• Direct object 38

Writing • persuasive essay 41

• Informative essay 45

2
 nglish Department

Comprehension

3
 nglish Department
Here are some effective tips for answering comprehension questions:

1. Read the Passage Carefully

• First Reading: Get a general understanding of the text. Focus on the main ideas.
• Second Reading: Pay closer attention to details, noting key points, arguments, and
examples.

2. Identify the Main Idea

• Determine the central theme or argument of the passage. This will help answer questions
related to the overall message.

3. Highlight Key Information

• As you read, underline or highlight important sentences, phrases, or terms that may be
relevant to the questions.

4. Look for Context Clues

• Pay attention to words or phrases that help clarify the meaning of difficult vocabulary or
concepts. Context can provide insights into the author's intent.

5. Break Down the Questions

• Read each question carefully. Identify what is being asked (e.g., specific details, inferences,
author's purpose).
• Look for keywords in the questions that indicate whether they ask for information,
opinions, or interpretations.

6. Refer Back to the Text

• Use the passage to find specific evidence that supports your answers. This ensures your
responses are grounded in the text.

7. Paraphrase When Necessary

• If a question asks for a summary or rephrasing, practice summarizing key points in your
own words while retaining the original meaning.

8. Eliminate Wrong Answers

• If you’re working with multiple-choice questions, eliminate obviously incorrect options to

improve your chances of choosing the right answer.
4
 nglish Department
9. Make Inferences

• Some questions may require you to read between the lines. Consider what the author
implies rather than states directly.

10. Manage Your Time

• Allocate time wisely. Spend more time on questions that carry more points or are more
complex, but don’t get stuck on any one question.

11. Review Your Answers

• If time permits, go back and check your answers. Ensure they align with the text and
address the questions fully.

Example Application

If the comprehension question asks, “What is the author’s main argument about renewable
energy?”:

• Identify the Main Argument: Look for sentences in the passage that summarize the author’s
viewpoint.
• Support Your Answer: Use a specific example or statistic from the text to back up your
response.

By following these strategies, you can improve your comprehension and effectively answer
questions based on the texts you read.

5
 nglish Department
The Enchanted Forest

Deep in the heart of the countryside lies an ancient forest known as Eldergrove. This forest is not
just any woodland; it is a place of magic and mystery, where the trees whisper secrets, and the
streams sparkle like diamonds under the sunlight. The towering oaks and graceful willows create
a canopy that filters the sunlight into a soft, golden glow, illuminating the forest floor covered in
lush green moss.

As you walk along the winding paths, the air is filled with the sweet scent of wildflowers and the
melodious sounds of chirping birds. Occasionally, you might catch a glimpse of a deer gracefully
leaping through the underbrush or a rabbit darting playfully among the ferns. The deeper you
venture into Eldergrove, the more enchanting it becomes.

At the center of the forest lies a hidden glade, a magical clearing where vibrant colors come alive.
Here, the flowers bloom in every shade imaginable, and butterflies dance in the air, their wings
shimmering in the light. Legend has it that a wise old owl resides in this glade, offering guidance
to anyone who seeks it. Many villagers believe that if you listen closely, you can hear the owl's
gentle hoots, echoing like a soft lullaby, guiding lost souls back to safety.

However, Eldergrove is not without its mysteries. Some say that the forest is home to mischievous
fairies who play tricks on unsuspecting travelers. They might lead you off the beaten path or hide
your belongings, only to return them with a giggle. Despite these playful spirits, the forest is a
place of peace and tranquility, a sanctuary for those who seek solace from the hustle and bustle of
everyday life.

As the sun sets, the forest transforms into a different world. The golden glow fades into shades of
purple and blue, and the sounds of the day give way to the gentle rustle of leaves and the distant
call of the owl. Eldergrove is a place of wonder, where every visit feels like stepping into a
storybook, inviting you to explore its secrets and embrace its magic.

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the name of the forest described in the passage?

A) Whispering Woods B) Eldergrove

C) Mystic Grove D) Ancient Pines

2. What do the trees in Eldergrove do?

A) Grow fruit B) Whisper secrets

C) Produce flowers D) Provide shelter for animals

6
 nglish Department
3. What is found at the center of the forest?

A) A small village B) A hidden glade

C) A river D) A mountain

4. What color are the flowers in the glade?

A) Mostly blue B) Every shade imaginable

C) Only red and yellow D) White and pink

5. Who is said to reside in the hidden glade?

A) A wise old turtle B) A mischievous fairy

C) A wise old owl D) A magical deer

6. What do the villagers believe about the owl?

A) It sings beautiful songs. B) It can grant wishes.

C) It offers guidance to lost travelers. D) It protects the forest from harm.

7. What happens to the forest as the sun sets?

A) It becomes dark and scary. B) It fills with more animals.

C) It transforms into a different world. D) It becomes a place for picnics.

7
 nglish Department
The Wonders of the Ocean

The ocean covers more than 70% of the Earth’s surface and is home to an incredible diversity of
life. From the smallest plankton to the largest whale, the ocean teems with organisms that play
crucial roles in our planet's ecosystem. The ocean is divided into various zones, each with uniqu

In the sunlit zone, where sunlight penetrates the water, vibrant coral reefs flourish. These reefs
provide shelter and food for countless species, including colorful fish, sea turtles, and crustaceans.
Coral reefs are often called the "rainforests of the sea" due to their rich biodiversity. However,
they are also vulnerable to climate change, pollution, and overfishing, making their conservation
essential.

Deeper in the ocean lies the twilight zone, where light begins to fade. Here, creatures adapt to the
darkness in fascinating ways. Some, like the anglerfish, have bioluminescent features that attract
prey. Others, like giant squids, are elusive and rarely seen by humans. This zone is a reminder of
how much we have yet to learn about the ocean's mysteries.

At the ocean's depths, in the abyssal zone, life exists under extreme conditions. Organisms here
have adapted to high pressure and low temperatures. Some, like the giant tube worm, thrive near
hydrothermal vents, where they rely on chemosynthesis rather than sunlight for energy. This
fascinating ecosystem highlights the resilience of life and its ability to thrive in seemingly
inhospitable environments.

The ocean is not just a habitat for marine life; it also plays a vital role in regulating the Earth's
climate. Ocean currents circulate warm and cold water around the globe, influencing weather
patterns and helping to distribute nutrients. Protecting our oceans is essential for maintaining
biodiversity and ensuring a healthy planet for future generations.

Answer the following questions:

1. What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered by the ocean?

A) 50% B) 60%

C) 70% D) 80%

2. What is one major characteristic of coral reefs?

A) They are located in the twilight zone.

B) They provide shelter and food for many species.

C) They are only found in cold waters.

8
 nglish Department
D) They are not affected by human activity.

3. Which creature is mentioned as having bioluminescent features?

A) Sea turtle B) Giant squid

C) Anglerfish D) Coral

4. What is the primary energy source for organisms living near hydrothermal vents?

A) Sunlight B) Chemosynthesis

C) Photosynthesis D) Organic matter

5. Why is it important to protect the oceans?

A) To maintain biodiversity and ensure a healthy planet.

B) To increase fishing opportunities.

C) To reduce ocean temperatures.

D) To promote tourism.

6. What role do ocean currents play in the global ecosystem?

A) They only affect marine life.

B) They help to distribute nutrients and influence weather patterns.

C) They keep the ocean warm all year.

D) They prevent overfishing.

7. How do organisms in the abyssal zone adapt to their environment?

A) They grow larger than those in shallower waters.

B) They develop bright colors to attract mates.

C) They adapt to high pressure and low temperatures.

D) They rely on sunlight for energy.

9
 nglish Department
8. What threats do coral reefs face according to the passage?

A) Natural disasters only.

B) Climate change, pollution, and overfishing.

C) Competition from other species.

D) Lack of tourism.

10
 nglish Department
The Journey of the Monarch Butterfly

Every year, millions of monarch butterflies embark on an incredible journey across North
America. These small, orange-and-black insects travel up to 3,000 miles from their breeding
grounds in Canada and the United States to their wintering sites in Mexico. This migration is one
of the most remarkable phenomena in the animal kingdom.

As the seasons change, the butterflies begin their journey in late summer and early fall. They
navigate using a combination of environmental cues, including the position of the sun and the
Earth’s magnetic field. Monarchs are known for their resilience; they face numerous challenges,
such as harsh weather conditions, predators, and a lack of food sources along the way.

During their migration, monarchs rely on their natural instincts to find milkweed plants, which
are essential for their survival. Female monarchs lay their eggs on these plants, ensuring that the
next generation will have a source of food once they hatch. This connection to milkweed is crucial,
as the plant is toxic to many predators, giving the butterflies a defense mechanism.

Upon reaching their wintering sites in the mountains of central Mexico, the butterflies gather in
large clusters on the oyamel fir trees. Here, they enter a state of dormancy, conserving energy
until the warmer spring months return. As temperatures rise, the butterflies prepare for their
return journey, which will take them back to their breeding grounds.

The migration of the monarch butterfly is not just a fascinating natural event; it also highlights
the importance of conservation. Habitat loss and climate change threaten their survival. Efforts
are being made to protect milkweed plants and migratory routes, ensuring that future generations
of these beautiful butterflies can continue their journey.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the primary destination of the monarch butterflies during their migration?

A) Canada B) The United States

C) Mexico D) Central America

2. How far can monarch butterflies travel during their migration?

A) 1,000 miles B) 2,000 miles

C) 3,000 miles D) 4,000 miles

3. What environmental cues do monarch butterflies use for navigation?

A) Sound and smell

11
 nglish Department
B) Temperature and humidity

C) The position of the sun and Earth’s magnetic field

D) Landmarks and rivers

4. Why is milkweed important to monarch butterflies?

A) It provides shelter.

B) It serves as a food source and breeding ground.

C) It helps them navigate.

D) It protects them from the cold.

5. What happens to the butterflies when they reach their wintering sites?

A) They continue to migrate.

B) They enter a state of dormancy.

C) They breed immediately.

D) They die.

6. What are some challenges that monarch butterflies face during their migration?

A) Friendly insects

B) Harsh weather and predators

C) Abundant food sources

D) Too many rest stops

7. What is the significance of the migration of the monarch butterfly?

A) It shows how butterflies can fly.

B) It emphasizes the need for conservation and protection of their habitats.

C) It highlights the dangers of climate change.

12
 nglish Department
D) It illustrates the beauty of nature.

8. What actions are being taken to protect monarch butterflies?

A) Increasing the number of predators

B) Protecting milkweed plants and migratory routes

C) Banning butterflies from migrating

D) Introducing new species of butterflies

13
 nglish Department

Literature

14
 nglish Department
From " Three Cheers for the Nanny State"
1.According to “Three Cheers for the Nanny State,” what item did New York City attempt to
ban?
a. large sodas
b. unsafe cars
c. sugary snacks
d. imported clothing
2. As explained in “Three Cheers for the Nanny State,” why were some people resistant to the ban
discussed?
a. They found the ban’s language hard to understand.
b. They feared punishment for disobeying the ban.
c. They did not like being told what to do.
d. They wanted a ban that was stricter.
3. What psychological concept discussed in “Three Cheers for the Nanny State” explains the
reason the mind does not always make the best decisions?
a. cognitive bias
b. talk therapy
c. deep hypnosis
d. long-term memory
4. According to “Three Cheers for the Nanny State,” what do opponents of the ban discussed in
the essay fear?
a. increased poverty
b. more regulations
c. higher prices
d. busier stores
5. Which of the following situations could best be used to illustrate the meaning of rational?
a. wearing sunglasses at night
b. laughing during a sad movie
c. staying inside during a storm
d. walking barefoot in the snow

15
 nglish Department
6. If you think that a past action is justifiable, which of the following must be true? Base your
answer on the meaning of justifiable.
a. You believe that the action was unimportant.
b. You believe that no one noticed the action.
c. You believe that you can defend the action.
d. You believe that the action is dishonest.

7. What is the most likely meaning of principle in the following sentence?

Doctors follow the principle of “do no harm” when treating their patients.
a.questionable practice
b.guiding belief
c.medical diagnosis
d.legal requirement

8.Read the following sentence from “Three Cheers for the Nanny State.”

"That’s what the government is supposed to do, help us get where we want to go."

Which of the following is accurate?

a.The statement is an opinion because many people would agree with it.
b.The statement is an opinion because it reflects the author’s belief.
c.The statement is a fact because it proves the author’s argument.
d.The statement is a fact because it is a true piece of information.

9.Read the following paragraph from “Three Cheers for the Nanny State.”

"Of course, what people fear is that this is just the beginning: today it’s soda, tomorrow it’s the
guy standing behind you making you eat your broccoli, floss your teeth, and watch PBS
NewsHour every day. What this ignores is that successful paternalistic laws are done on the basis
of cost-benefit analysis: if it’s too painful, it’s not a good law. Making these analyses is something
the government has the resources to do, just as now it sets automobile construction standards
while considering both the need for affordability and the desire for safety."

How does the author respond to the conflicting viewpoint?

a.She agrees with the opposing argument and then supports her own claim using a specific fact.
b.She proposes a solution to the opposing argument and then offers a relevant piece of evidence.
c.She points out information disregarded in the opposing argument and then gives a valid opinion.
d.She considers the concerns expressed in the opposing argument and then states her personal
belief.

16
 nglish Department
10.Which of the following best describes an adjustment? Base your answer on the meaning of the
Latin root -just-.

a.making something right

b.making something work
c.making something loud
d.making something hidden

11. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then answer Part B.

Part A In “Three Cheers for the Nanny State,” what point of view does the author most clearly
express about the ban on selling large-size sodas in New York City?

a.She basically supports the ban.

b.She opposes the ban in most cases.
c.She finds the ban completely ridiculous.
d.She feels the ban will lead to other restrictions.

Part B Which of these quotations from the text most clearly supports the correct point of view in
Part A?

a.Americans, even those who generally support government intervention in our daily lives, have a
reflective response to being told what to do, and it’s not a positive one.
b.According to Mill’s “harm principle,” we should almost never stop people from behavior that
affects only themselves.…
c.Of course, what people fear is that this is just the beginning: today it’s soda, tomorrow it’s the
guy standing behind you making you eat your broccoli, floss your teeth.…
d. And that’s why, as irritating as it may initially feel, the soda regulation is a good idea

17
 nglish Department
From “Ban the Ban!”; “Soda’s a Problem but …”

1. Why is Michael Bloomberg mentioned in both “Ban the Ban!” and “Soda’s a Problem but
…”?
a. He was a three-term mayor of New York City.
b. He tried to implement a law banning large sodas.
c. He appointed the members of the New York Board of Health.
d. He implemented a law banning smoking in public places in New York City.

2. According to “Soda’s a Problem but…,” which is a main reason the ban on large sodas failed
to be approved?
a. Mayor Bloomberg wanted to implement the law statewide.
b. Fruit juice, especially apple juice, has as many calories as soda.
c. The number of contradictions within the law made it impossible to enact.
d. People who really wanted more soda could simply buy two smaller drinks.

3. Which of the following ideas are suggested in both “Ban the Ban!” and “Soda’s a Problem
but …”? Choose two options.
a. The government should be more eager to get involved in people’s choices.
b. Taking away the option of purchasing a certain size soda is not right or legal.
c. Obesity, along with soda’s contribution to it, needs to be addressed by legal action.
d. People have no control when given the option to consume sugar, especially sugary drinks.
e. Placing a ban on smoking in public places is understandable because it poses a danger.
f. Schools and government offices should not sell soda or junk food to students or employees.

4. According to “Soda’s a Problem but …,” how does the proposed law regulating soda size
differ from the smoking ban that was implemented? Choose two options.
a. Public smoking poses a danger to others, whereas drinking soda does not.
b. The smoking ban had full public support, but the soda regulations were opposed.
c. The city’s Board of Health unanimously approved the smoking ban but voted against the
soda limits.
d. People are able to control their urge to smoke but are compelled to drink large-sized sugary
drinks.
e. The smoking ban limits where smoking can take place, not how many cigarettes can be
purchased at one time.

5. If a plan is implemented, which of the following must be true?

a. The plan is a good idea.
b. People voted on the plan.
c. The plan is carried out.
d. People will question the plan.

18
 nglish Department
6. Which word means the same as intentions in this sentence?
Paul has good intentions, but in spite of being well-meaning, he rarely completes a project.
a. goals
b. beliefs
c. friends
d. tools

7. Which of the following most clearly presents a reason for someone to intervene? Base your
answer on the meaning of intervene.
a. to stop kids from fighting over a toy
b. to show interest in a new hobby or activity
c. to ask an adult for permission to do something
d. to question whether a person is telling the truth

8. The author of “Ban the Ban!” claims that implementing the ban on large sodas is the
beginning of “a very slippery slope.” According to the author, where will this slippery slope
lead?

a. New York will become a boring place to live.

b. Obesity will become unmanageable in the United States.
c. People will be forced to eat unsalted and unbuttered popcorn at the movies.
d. The government will take away people’s freedoms, including freedom of speech.

9. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then answer Part B.

Part A
What is the main claim that the author of “Ban the Ban!” makes about the mayor’s soda ban?

a. The ban in inappropriate because government regulations are wrong.

b. The ban is inappropriate because it restricts freedom of choice.
c. The ban is inappropriate because soda is not a big part of unhealthful diets.
d. The ban is inappropriate because it fails to address the problem of obesity.
Part B
Which quotation from the text best supports the correct claim in Part A?

a. When he insisted on calorie counts being posted, I think many of us cringed but, again, it
made sense.
b. When you take away the option to order a soda over a certain size, you have now removed
my options.
c. obesity is an issue that needs to be addressed … with education, compassion and support,
not government mandates.
d. People might think it is not important because it is just soda.
19
 nglish Department
10.The word extract comes from the Latin root meaning “to pull or draw.” Use this information,
along with your knowledge of the prefix ex-, to choose the correct definition of extract.
a. take out forcibly
b. draw a landscape
c. pack something too full
d. place something outside

20
 nglish Department
from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence
1. In the first several paragraphs of the selection from Follow the RabbitProof Fence, where are
the three sisters living?
a. on a farm along the rabbit-proof fence
b. in a special school settlement near a river
c. in the Jigalong region of western Australia
d. in the downtown area of an Australian city

2. In the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, what is the most likely reason that the
three girls run away?
a. They need to go home so that they can help their family.
b. They are mischievous and enjoy causing trouble.
c. They miss their home and want to return to it.
d. The other girls have been very mean to them.

3. According to the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, how does Molly know about the
rabbit-proof fence?
a. She read about it in history class.
b. It is part of a Mardu Aborigine legend.
c. She sees it from the dormitory window.
d. Her father is one of the fence inspectors.

4. According to the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, for what main reasons do Daisy
and Gracie agree to accompany Molly on the long journey? Choose two options.
a. Molly’s spirit of mischief is contagious.
b. They follow Molly’s lead because she is older.
c. They resent being bossed around by Martha Jones.
d. They know that Molly is familiar with the landscape.
e. Molly’s bossy attitude has always put her in charge.
f. They do not want Molly to make the dangerous trip alone.

5. In the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, how do the girls finally cross the river?
a. They build a raft to carry them across.
b. They find a small boat and row to the other side.
c.They follow the rabbit-proof fence to guide them across.
d. They use a tree leaning over the water as a natural bridge.

6.Which of the following is something you would be most likely to do cautiously?

a. walk across a slippery floor
b. eat your favorite meal when you are hungry
c. read the next book in a series that you enjoy
d. tell your best friend about your summer vacation
21
 nglish Department
7. Which sentence describes a person who acted nervously?
a. The soccer player scored the winning goal for his team.
b. The zookeeper couldn’t stop smiling about the birth of the baby panda.
c. The actress felt unsure of her lines, so she trembled as she took to the stage for her audition.
d. The mayoral candidate told voters that she would oversee the completion of a new library
building.

8. If a task urgently needs to be done, which of the following must be true?

a. It needs to be done in the future.
b. It needs to be done for another person.
c. It needs to be done without complaining.
d. It needs to be done right away.

9. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.

Part A What do the details suggest most clearly about the girls’ situation in the opening of the
selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence?
a. Molly and her sisters have lived in similar places.
b. Molly and her sisters have only recently arrived there.
c. Molly and her sisters have been there for a very long time.
d. Molly and her sisters have fled from the settlement several times before.

Part B Which quotation from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence best supports the answer to Part A?
a. The other girls were now getting ready for school, and the three watched
quietly amidst all the activity.
b. “The school bell’s gone. Don’t be late on your first day.”
c. “We’re not going to school, so grab your bags. We’re not staying here.”
d. She wanted to be miles away before their absence was discovered. Time
was of the essence.

10. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.
Part A Which phrase best describes the conditions of the settlement in the opening of the selection
from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence?
a. mysterious and frightening
b. cozy and comfortable
c. extremely fancy
d. simple and rough
Part B Which detail in the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence best supports the answer
to Part A?
a. the detail about combing one another’s hair
b. the detail about the leeches in the river
22
 nglish Department
c. the detail about raiding the granary
d. the detail about the toilet bucket

11. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.

Part A In the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, why do the girls think that it will be
easy to find their way to Jigalong?
a. They feel they are smarter than everyone who will pursue them.
b. They have heard about other children making the same trip.
c. They believe that the fence will guide them home.
d. They think that the fence will keep them safe.

Part B Which quotation from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence best

supports the answer to Part A?
a. “I know it’s a long way to go but it’s easy. We’ll find the rabbit-proof fence and follow that all
the way home.”
b. Many young people had stood under the same big pine tree and waited while someone went into
the stable or the garage to distract Maitland, the caretaker and stableman.
c. But these three girls from East Pilbara had no intention of participating, they had a more
important task ahead of them.
d. Molly was standing near a large river gum. As they stood gasping for wind she said, “We gunna
cross here.”

12. The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.

Part A In the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence, what is Molly searching for as she
looks for a place to cross the river?
a. a place where there are no leeches
b. a canoe, a rowboat, or another small boat
c. bull rushes that she can fashion into a homemade raft
d. a spot where the water is shallow and flowing slowly
Part B Which of the following sentences in Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence best supports the
answer to Part A?
a. Every now and then, the swimmers would sit on the coarse river sand and yank ugly, brown,
slimy leeches off their bodies and impale them on sticks and turn them inside out and plunge them
into the hot burning mud.
b. “The river is too deep and fast here, let’s try up further.”
c. As three pairs of eager eyes examined it closely, they knew that they had found the perfect place
to cross the flooded river.
d. The only sounds that could be heard were the startled birds fluttering above as they left their
nests in fright, and the slish, slosh of the girls’ feet as they trampled over the bull rushes.

23
 nglish Department
13. Read this sentence from the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence.

"On they went, dashing down the sandy slope of the cliffs, dodging the small shrubs on the way
and following the narrow path to the flooded river."

What mood does the language in the sentence convey most clearly to the reader?
a. the tense excitement of running away
b. the bitter anger at being forced to relocate
c. the deep sorrow at being so far from home
d. the perfect happiness of a lovely day outdoors

14.Read this sentence from the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence.

"The three girls watched the swirling currents and the white and brown frothy foam that clung to
the trunks of the young river gums and clumps of tea-trees."

What quality of the river does the description capture most clearly for the reader?
a. the river’s icy temperature
b. the river’s rapid movement
c. the river’s rainbow of colors
d. the river’s calming influence

15. Read this sentence from the selection from Follow the Rabbit-Proof Fence.

"The girls scraped mud from their feet then climbed onto the trunk and walked cautiously to the
end then swung down off the limb onto the slippery, muddy bank on the other side."

Which sentences best explain the main effects of this description? Choose two options.
a. The description helps the reader picture the girls’ activities as they finally cross the river.
b. The description helps the reader taste the fresh piney air as the girls finally cross the river.
c. The description helps the reader smell the eucalyptus trees that line both sides of the river.
d. The description helps the reader see the expressions of the three girls as they cross the river.
e. The description helps the reader hear the sound of the river rushing past as the girls finally
cross it.
f. The description helps the reader feel the scraping, the climbing and walking, and the mud on
the other side.

24
 nglish Department
From “Flowers for Algernon”

1. In “Flowers for Algernon,” what happens during Charlie’s first inkblot test?
a. He sees many pictures in the inkblot.
b. He cannot see any pictures in the inkblot.
c. He shows he has an extremely violent temper.
d. He performs badly, compared to Algernon.

2. In “Flowers for Algernon,” why do the doctors use Charlie in their experiment?
a. They see that he has bonded with Algernon.
b. They believe that he is motivated to try to learn.
c. They know that he can get a better job if his skills improve.
d. They realize that he is the only person who is willing to participate.

3. In “Flowers for Algernon,” why do Charlie’s fellow workers want him fired?
a. They become jealous of Charlie’s good fortune.
b. They think that Charlie has begun lying and stealing.
c. They become frightened by Charlie and distrustful of his new intelligence.
d. They resent Charlie for damaging the factory and making their jobs harder.

4. In “Flowers for Algernon,” what is one aspect of the text that shows Charlie is returning to
his old condition?
a. He learns German.
b. He says he hates Algernon.
c. He starts to spell badly again.
d. He asks Miss Kinnian to dinner.

5. Which phrase best describes Charlie at the end of “Flowers for Algernon”?
a. sad but hopeful
b. relieved but bitter
c. angry and threatening
d. proud and conceited

6. Which of these situations would most likely arouse suspicion?

a. You are running late for school, and your little sister is ready to go.
b. You are studying for a test, and your little sister is working on her homework.
c. Your piece of cake is missing, and your little sister has chocolate stains on her shirt.
d. Your piano recital is on Saturday, and your little sister has invited two of her friends
to attend.

25
 nglish Department
7. If a person’s vision experiences deterioration, what is happening to the person?
a. The person’s vision is improving.
b. The person’s vision is becoming worse.
c. The person’s vision is remaining the same.
d. The person’s vision is unable to be tested.
8. What kind of behavior would be most typical of someone who is introspective?
a. warm, outgoing friendliness
b. consistent disobedience
c. thoughtful self-analysis
d. heartbreaking sorrow
9. What conclusion about Charlie is most clearly supported by this excerpt from the first
section of “Flowers for Algernon”?

"I hope they use me. Miss Kinnian says maybe they can make me smart. I want to be smart.
My name is Charlie Gordon. I am 37 years old and 2 weeks ago was my brithday. I have
nuthing more to rite now so I will close for today."

a. He cannot control his temper.

b. He has below-average intelligence.
c. He sees and hears things that are not there.
d. He cannot hold down a job and support himself.

10.Choose the conclusion a reader can most accurately draw from this excerpt from “Flowers
for Algernon.”

"They called the mouse Algernon. Algernon was in a box with a lot of twists and turns like
all kinds of walls and they gave me a pencil and a paper with lines and lots of boxes. On one
side it said START and on the other side it said FINISH. They said it was amazed and that
Algernon and me had the same amazed to do. I dint see how we could have the same amazed
if Algernon had a box and I had a paper but I dint say nothing."

a. The doctors find Charlie amazing.

b. Charlie finds Algernon amazing.
c. Algernon is running in a maze.
d. Algernon is able to read.

11.The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.

Part A In “Flowers for Algernon,” what is the main reason that Charlie wants to increase his
intelligence?
a. He is very competitive and wants to beat Algernon when they are tested.
b. He knows that he is different and wants to be more like other people.
26
 nglish Department
c. He wants to please Miss Kinnian and is afraid he will disappoint her.
d. He is a lonely person with no close friends or social life.
e.
Part B Which of the following quotations from “Flowers for Algernon” best supports the answer
to Part A?
a. Anyway that test made me feel worser than all the others because they did it over 10 times
with difernt amazeds and Algernon won every time. I dint know that mice were so smart.
b. I don’t understand why I never noticed how beautiful Miss Kinnian really is. … I think
from the beginning I had the feeling that she was an unreachable genius—and very, very
old.
c. How strange it is that people of honest feelings and sensibility, who would not take
advantage of a man born without arms or legs or eyes—how such people think nothing of
abusing a man born with low intelligence.
d. I see that even in my dullness I knew that I was inferior, and that other people had
something I lacked—something denied me. … Even a feebleminded man wants to be like
other men.

12.From what point of view is “Flowers for Algernon” told?

a. irst person, from Charlie’s point of view

b. first person, from Charlie’s doctors’ point of view
c. third person, telling the thoughts of many characters
d. third person, telling the thoughts of just Charlie and Miss Kinnian

13.In “Flowers for Algernon,” Charlie feels happy and excited when he hears that he will have
the operation. How does the point of view of the story affect the way readers learn about his
feelings?
a. The story is told by Charlie, but readers must guess how Charlie feels.
b. The story is told by Charlie, so readers hear about his feelings directly from him.
c. The story is told by a narrator, so readers get an outsider’s explanation of Charlie’s
feelings.
d. The story is told by Dr. Nemur, so readers learn what the tests show about Charlie’s
feelings.

14.In “Flowers for Algernon,” which of these themes are best supported by the allusion that
the character named
Fanny makes to the biblical story of Eve and the tree of knowledge? Choose two options.
a. It is wrong to want something that you don’t already have.
b. Nature is a source of spiritual comfort to human beings.
c. People should not try to change what God has created.
d. Change can be unexpectedly frightening.
e. Knowledge can be very powerful.
27
 nglish Department
15.The following question has two parts. Answer Part A first, and then Part B.

Part A What main theme about science is most clearly suggested by Charlie’s experience in
“Flowers from Algernon”?
a. Science always helps improve the world.
b. Science often harms the environment.
c. Science may do unexpected harm.
d. Science often wastes money.

Part B Which quotation from “Flowers for Algernon” best supports the answer to Part A?

a. I figured out a new way to line up the machines in the factory, and Mr. Donnegan says it
will save him ten thousand dollars a year in labor and increased production. He gave me a
$25 bonus.
b. Contrary to my earlier impressions of him, I realize that Dr. Nemur is not at all a genius. He
has a very good mind, but it struggles under the specter of self-doubt. He wants people to
take him for a genius. Therefore, it is important for him to feel that his work is accepted by
the world.
c. How strange it is that people of honest feelings and sensibility, who would not take
advantage of a man born without arms or legs or eyes—how such people think nothing of
abusing a man born with low intelligence.
d. Algernon died two days ago. Dissection shows my predictions were right. His brain had
decreased in weight and there was a general smoothing out of cerebral convolutions as well
as a deepening and broadening of brain fissures.

28
 nglish Department

Grammar

29
 nglish Department
Nouns& Pronouns
1. Which of the following is a proper noun?

A) city B) happiness

C) Sydney D) dog

2. What type of noun is "team"?

A) Common noun B) Abstract noun

C) Collective noun D) Proper noun

3.Identify the abstract noun in the following sentence: "Her kindness was appreciated by
everyone."

A) kindness B) everyone

C) appreciated D) her

4.Which of the following is a collective noun?

A) flock B) river

C) beauty D) chair

5.Which of the following nouns is a common noun?

A) America B) ocean

C) Mount Everest D) Shakespeare

6.What type of noun is "freedom"?

A) Proper noun B) Abstract noun

C) Collective noun D) Common noun

7.Choose the proper noun from the list below:

A) country B) Amazon

C) teacher D) car

8.Which of the following sentences contains a collective noun?

30
 nglish Department
A) The children played in the park. B) The herd of cows grazed in the field.

C) The sun set behind the mountains. D) The book was on the table.

9.What type of noun is "beauty"?

A) Proper noun B) Abstract noun

C) Common noun D) Collective noun

10. Identify the common noun in this sentence: "The cat slept on the couch."

A) cat B) slept

C) couch D) both A and C

11.Which of the following is NOT a type of noun?

A) Proper noun B) Adjective noun

C) Collective noun D) Abstract noun

12.What type of noun is "class"?

A) Abstract noun B) Common noun

C) Collective noun D) Proper noun

13.Choose the abstract noun in the sentence: "His bravery saved the day."

A) bravery B) saved

C) day D) his

14. Which of the following is a proper noun?

A) river B) Nile

C) water D) mountain

15.What type of noun is "group" in the sentence: "The group worked together"?

A) Proper noun B) Common noun

C) Abstract noun D) Collective noun

31
 nglish Department
Read each sentence. Then, write all of the personal or possessive pronouns in the sentence.

1. Text me when you get home from school.

2. Zoe and I went swimming in her family’s pool.
3. The kayak we bought is scuffed a bit, but I still like it.
4. Sue and Matt haven’t met yet, but she has heard a lot about him.
5. The neighbors asked us if we had seen their dog, Pepper.
6. We and our friends held a bake sale to raise funds for charity.
7. My brother Hakim gave me his old guitar when he got a new one.
8. My mother says I should set the table; do you want to help me

Verb mood

1.Which verb mood expresses a command or request?

A) Indicative B) Subjunctive

C) Imperative D) Conditional

2.Identify the verb mood in the sentence: "If I were rich, I would travel the world."

A) Indicative B) Imperative

C) Subjunctive D) Conditional

3.Which of the following sentences is in the indicative mood?

A) Please close the door. B) I wish I had a car.

C) She runs every morning. D) If I were a bird, I would fly.

4.What is the mood of the verb in the sentence: "I wish it were sunny today"?

A) Indicative B) Imperative

C) Conditional D) Subjunctive

5.Which sentence uses the imperative mood?

A) We are going to the movies. B) Can you help me with this?

C) Take a seat. D) If you study, you will pass.

6.Identify the mood in the following sentence: "He might come to the party."
32
 nglish Department
A) Indicative B) Subjunctive

C) Imperative D) Conditional

7.Which of the following sentences expresses a hypothetical situation?

A) I think she is at home. B) If I were you, I would listen.

C) He eats breakfast every day. D) Please pass the salt.

8.What mood is used in the sentence: "I hope she wins the competition"?

A) Indicative B) Imperative

C) Conditional D) Subjunctive

9.Which of the following is NOT a verb mood?

A) Indicative B) Subjunctive

C) Descriptive D) Imperative

10.Identify the mood in the sentence: "If I had known, I would have acted differently."

A) Indicative B) Conditional

C) Imperative D) Subjunctive

11.What is the verb mood in: "You should study for your exam"?

A) Indicative B) Imperative

C) Conditional D) Subjunctive

12.Which sentence shows the subjunctive mood?

A) She is reading a book. B) I wish he were here.

C) They play soccer on weekends. D) He will go to the store.

13. Identify the mood in the sentence: "Please make sure to lock the door."

A) Indicative B) Subjunctive

C) Imperative D) Conditional
33
 nglish Department
14.What verb mood does the sentence express: "I would go if I had the time"?

A) Indicative B) Conditional

C) Imperative D) Subjunctive

15.Which of the following sentences is in the indicative mood?

A) If only I were taller! B) She dances beautifully.

C) Close the window, please. D) I wish it would rain.

Read each sentence. Then, add the correct end punctuation to each one.

1.What is the capital of New Jersey

2. We admired the redwood trees
3. The movie is now streaming
4. What a great surprise that was
5. Please write your name and the date
6. What a close game this has been
7. Are bats the only mammal that can fly
8. What is the weather like there
9. Take a jacket and an umbrella
10. The skatepark opened in 2018

Clauses

1. What type of clause can stand alone as a complete sentence?

A) Dependent clause B) Independent clause

C) Subordinate clause D) Relative clause

2.Which of the following is an example of a dependent clause?

A) She ran to the store. B) Because it was raining.

C) He enjoys playing soccer. D) The dog barked loudly.

34
 nglish Department
3.Identify the independent clause in the sentence: "Although it was late, she decided to go for a
walk."

A) Although it was late B) She decided to go for a walk

C) It was late D) For a walk

4.What type of clause begins with a subordinating conjunction?

A) Independent clause B) Dependent clause

C) Main clause D) Compound clause

5.Which of the following sentences contains a relative clause?

A) The cat slept on the couch. B) She likes the book that I recommended.

C) He finished his homework. D) They are going to the park.

6.What is the function of a noun clause in a sentence?

A) To describe a noun B) To act as a subject, object, or complement

C) To provide additional information D) To connect two independent clauses

7. Identify the type of clause in this sentence: "When the sun rises, the birds start to sing."

A) Independent clause B) Dependent clause

C) Noun clause D) Adjective clause

8.Which sentence includes an adverbial clause?

A) I want to visit the place where you grew up. B) She left because she was tired.

C) The teacher who teaches math is very nice. D) The book that I read was exciting.

9.What type of clause is "that he would come"?

A) Adverbial clause B) Noun clause

C) Independent clause D) Relative clause

10.Which of the following is an example of a compound sentence?

35
 nglish Department
A) She went to the store after she finished her homework. B) I enjoyed the movie, but I
thought it was too long.

C) Although it was cold, we went outside. D) If you study, you will pass.

11.Identify the dependent clause in the sentence: "If it rains, we will stay inside."

A) If it rains B) We will stay inside

C) It rains D) Stay inside

12.What type of clause modifies a noun or pronoun?

A) Noun clause B) Independent clause

C) Adjective clause D) Adverbial clause

13.Which of the following sentences contains a noun clause?

A) Whoever finishes first will win a prize. B) The car that is parked outside is mine.

C) She sings beautifully when she is happy. D) The dog barked loudly at the stranger.

14.Identify the independent clause in the sentence: "Even though she was tired, she decided to
join us."

A) Even though she was tired B) She decided to join us

C) To join us D) She was tired

15. What type of clause is used to give more information about a verb?

A) Noun clause B) Adjective clause

C) Adverbial clause D) Independent clause

Adjectives

Read each sentence. Then, underline each proper adjective.

1.We looked at the Peruvian artifacts on display at the museum.

2. Laia said her design was inspired by ancient Roman architecture.
3. My Kenyan grandfather has promised to take me to Nairobi someday.
36
 nglish Department
4. Alejandro would like to become a Shakespearean actor.
5. Josh went to a restaurant that serves authentic Mexican food.
6. Much Renaissance art showed a new use of perspective.
7. That pie is made with Washington apples.
8. The gallery displayed a Navajo blanket.

Read each sentence. Then, underline each compound adjective. A sentence may have more than one
compound adjective.

1.My parrot can make a catlike purr.

2. Esme has collected sixty-five novels.
3. Human beings are a toolmaking species.
4. The Cilettis got a short-term loan to purchase a car.
5. It’s a little-known fact that Navajo art inspired abstract impressionism.
6. Evelyn grew violets in a hollowed-out log.
7. Twenty-five kids learned lifesaving skills.
8. Riding in the antique truck can be a hair-raising experience.
9. Anaya graduated from a land-grant college and is looking for a full-time job.
10. Road repairs meant that we had to take a two-mile detour

Adverbs

1.Which of the following is an example of an adverb of manner

A) Quickly B) Tomorrow C) Very D) Here

2.Identify the adverb in the sentence: "She sings beautifully."

A) She B) Sings C) Beautifully D) None

3.What type of adverb is "never" in the sentence: "He never eats vegetables"?

A) Adverb of frequency B) Adverb of manner C) Adverb of degree D)

Adverb of place

4.Which sentence contains an adverb of time?

A) He runs fast. B) She will arrive later. C) The cat is outside. D) They
dancegracefully.

5.In the sentence "She completed the assignment very quickly," what does the adverb "very"
modify?
37
 nglish Department
A) Completed B) Assignment C) Quickly D) She

6.Identify the adverb of place in the following sentence: "The dog is playing outside."

A) Dog B) Playing C) Outside D) Is

7.What type of adverb is "almost" in the sentence: "I almost finished my homework"?

A) Adverb of frequency B) Adverb of degree C) Adverb of time D) Adverb of

manner

8.Which of the following sentences contains an adverb of degree?

A) She walked home. B) He is very tall. C) They will leave soon. D) The kids
played outside.

9.What is the adverb in the sentence: "He answered the question correctly"?

A) He B) Answered C) The D) Correctly

10.Which sentence uses an adverb of frequency?

A) She runs every day. B) They are here now. C) We will go tomorrow. D) He swims
well.

11.Identify the adverb modifying the verb in this sentence: "She quickly finished her meal."

A) She B) Quickly C) Finished D) Meal

12.What type of adverb is "here" in the sentence: "Please sit here"?

A) Adverb of time B) Adverb of place C) Adverb of manner D) Adverb of

frequency

13.Which of the following is NOT an adverb?

A) Softly B) Quickly C) Happy D) Loudly

14.Identify the adverb in this sentence: "They played soccer yesterday."

A) Played B) Soccer C) They D) Yesterday

15.In the sentence "She is extremely talented," what does the adverb "extremely" modify?

A) She B) Is C) Talented D) Extremely

38
 nglish Department

Read each sentence. Then, write the direct object or compound direct object on the line.

1.Minh chose lasagna, salad, and a roll for lunch.

2. I timed the race with my stopwatch.
3. Amalia played the song on her clarinet.
4. Clarence saves his money for a new video game.
5. Chloe called Juan and Farah.
6. Cyra and Olivia worked on their project.
7. The storm produced snow and sleet.
8. Emma plays soccer and volleyball.

39
 nglish Department

Writing

40
 nglish Department
persuasive essay

Writing a persuasive essay involves several key steps that help you effectively argue your point of
view. Here’s a structured guide to help you craft a compelling persuasive essay:

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing a Persuasive Essay

1. Choose a Clear Position

• Select a topic you are passionate about.

• Take a clear stance on the issue, whether you are for or against it.

2. Understand Your Audience

• Consider the beliefs and values of your audience.

• Tailor your argument to resonate with their perspectives.

3. Research and Gather Evidence

• Use credible sources to find facts, statistics, and examples that support your position.
• Gather counterarguments to anticipate opposing views.

4. Create an Outline

• Introduction
o Hook: Start with a compelling statement, question, or quote to grab attention.
o Background information: Briefly explain the issue.
o Thesis statement: Clearly state your position and outline the main points you will
discuss.
• Body Paragraphs
o Paragraph 1: Present your strongest argument with supporting evidence.
o Paragraph 2: Discuss your second strongest argument.
o Paragraph 3: Address counterarguments and refute them with evidence.
o Additional Paragraphs: Add more points as needed, but ensure they all support your
thesis.
• Conclusion
o Restate your thesis and summarize your main points.
o End with a strong closing statement that encourages action or further thought.

5. Write the Essay

• Introduction:
41
 nglish Department
o Use an engaging opening sentence.
o Provide context and background.
o Present your thesis.
• Body Paragraphs:
o Start each paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea.
o Use evidence and examples to support your claims.
o Use transition words to connect ideas and maintain flow.
• Conclusion:
o Summarize your arguments.
o Reinforce your thesis.
o End with a call to action or a thought-provoking statement.

6. Revise and Edit

• Review your essay for clarity, logical flow, and coherence.

• Check for grammatical errors and proper formatting.
• Make sure your arguments are well-supported and persuasive.

7. Practice Delivery (if applicable)

• If you need to present your essay, practice delivering it confidently.

• Use persuasive techniques like tone, body language, and eye contact.

Tips for Effective Persuasive Writing

• Use Strong Language: Choose words that convey confidence and assertiveness.
• Appeal to Emotion: Use anecdotes or emotional appeals to connect with your audience.
• Stay Respectful: Address opposing views respectfully to strengthen your credibility.
• Keep It Focused: Stick to your main argument and avoid unnecessary tangents.

Example Outline

Topic: The Importance of Renewable Energy

Introduction

• Hook: "Imagine a world where our energy sources are limitless and clean."
• Background: Brief overview of current energy crises.
• Thesis: "Transitioning to renewable energy is essential for a sustainable future."

Body Paragraphs

1. Argument 1: Environmental benefits of renewable energy.

42
 nglish Department
oSupporting evidence: Statistics on pollution reduction.
2. Argument 2: Economic advantages and job creation in the renewable sector.
o Supporting evidence: Case studies of successful renewable projects.
3. Counterargument: Address concerns about the reliability of renewable energy.
o Rebuttal: Advances in technology are making renewables more dependable.

Conclusion

• Restate thesis: "Investing in renewable energy is not just beneficial but necessary."
• Call to action: "We must advocate for policies that promote sustainable energy initiatives."

By following these steps and tips, you can create a persuasive essay that effectively communicates
your position and persuades your audience.

The Importance of Renewable Energy

Imagine a world where our energy sources are limitless and clean, where the air is fresh and
the environment thrives. This vision is not just a dream; it can be our reality if we transition to
renewable energy sources. The urgency of this transition is clear: renewable energy is essential for
a sustainable future, benefiting both the environment and the economy.

First and foremost, renewable energy significantly reduces environmental pollution.

Traditional energy sources, such as coal and oil, release harmful pollutants into the atmosphere,
contributing to climate change and health issues. According to the World Health Organization,
air pollution causes millions of premature deaths each year. In contrast, renewable energy sources
like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power produce little to no emissions. For example, a report
from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) indicates that transitioning to
renewable energy could reduce global carbon dioxide emissions by up to 70% by 2050. By
choosing clean energy, we can protect our planet and improve public health.

In addition to environmental benefits, the shift to renewable energy presents significant

economic advantages. The renewable energy sector is one of the fastest-growing industries in the
world, creating millions of jobs and fostering innovation. For instance, a study by the U.S.
Department of Energy found that the solar industry alone employed over 250,000 workers in
2020, a figure that has been steadily increasing. Renewable energy not only generates jobs but also
reduces dependence on imported fuels, enhancing energy security and stabilizing prices. By
investing in these technologies, we can strengthen our economy and create a more resilient future.

Despite these clear benefits, some critics argue that renewable energy sources are unreliable
and cannot meet our energy demands. They point to the intermittent nature of solar and wind
power as a significant drawback. However, advancements in technology are rapidly addressing
these concerns. Energy storage solutions, such as batteries and pumped hydro storage, allow us to
store excess energy generated during peak production times for use when demand is higher.
43
 nglish Department
Furthermore, diversifying our energy sources can enhance reliability. Countries like Denmark
have successfully integrated wind energy to meet over 40% of their electricity needs,
demonstrating that a renewable energy system can be both reliable and efficient.

In conclusion, transitioning to renewable energy is not just beneficial; it is essential for a

sustainable future. By reducing pollution and creating economic opportunities, we can build a
healthier planet and a thriving economy. It is our responsibility to advocate for policies that
promote renewable energy initiatives and to support innovations that will lead us to a cleaner,
greener world. The time to act is now—let us embrace the power of renewable energy for a
brighter future.

44
 nglish Department

Informative essay

Writing an informative essay involves providing clear and detailed information on a specific topic.
Here’s a structured guide to help you craft an effective informative essay:

Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Informative Essay

1. Choose a Topic

• Select a topic that interests you and is suitable for your audience.
• Ensure the topic is specific enough to be covered in detail but broad enough to find
adequate information.

2. Research Your Topic

• Use reliable sources, such as books, academic journals, and reputable websites.
• Take notes on key points, facts, and figures that you can use in your essay.

3. Create an Outline

• Organize your information into a clear structure. A typical outline includes:

I. Introduction

• Hook: Start with an interesting fact or quote to engage the reader.

• Background Information: Provide context or background relevant to the topic.
• Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main idea or purpose of your essay.

II. Body Paragraphs

• Each paragraph should focus on a specific aspect of the topic. Use the following structure:
o Topic Sentence: Introduce the main idea of the paragraph.
o Supporting Details: Provide facts, examples, or statistics to support the topic sentence.
o Concluding Sentence: Summarize the paragraph’s main point and transition to the
next.

III. Conclusion

• Restate your thesis in a new way.

• Summarize the key points discussed in the essay.
• End with a final thought or call to action that leaves an impression on the reader.

45
 nglish Department
4. Write the Essay

• Introduction:
o Begin with a hook to grab attention.
o Provide necessary background information.
o State your thesis clearly.
• Body Paragraphs:
o Write clear and concise paragraphs, each focusing on one main idea.
o Use transitions to connect ideas and maintain flow.
• Conclusion:
o Reinforce your thesis and summarize your main points.
o Provide a closing thought or reflection.

5. Revise and Edit

• Reread your essay for clarity and coherence.

• Check for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors.
• Ensure that your ideas are well-organized and supported by evidence.

Example Outline

Topic: The Benefits of Renewable Energy

I. Introduction

• Hook: "As the world faces climate change, the shift to renewable energy sources has never
been more critical."
• Background Information: Overview of traditional energy sources and their environmental
impact.
• Thesis Statement: "Renewable energy offers numerous benefits, including environmental
sustainability, economic growth, and energy independence."

II. Body Paragraphs

1. Environmental Sustainability
o Topic Sentence: "One of the primary benefits of renewable energy is its positive
impact on the environment."
o Supporting Details: Discuss how renewable energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions
and pollution.
o Concluding Sentence: "Transitioning to renewables is essential for protecting our
planet."
2. Economic Growth
o Topic Sentence: "Renewable energy also contributes to economic growth."

46
 nglish Department
o Supporting Details: Provide statistics on job creation in the renewable sector and
investment opportunities.
o Concluding Sentence: "Investing in renewable energy can drive job growth and
innovation."
3. Energy Independence
o Topic Sentence: "Additionally, renewable energy enhances energy independence."
o Supporting Details: Explain how countries can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and
increase energy security.
o Concluding Sentence: "Energy independence is crucial for national security and
economic stability."

III. Conclusion

• Restate Thesis: "The transition to renewable energy is vital for a sustainable future."
• Summarize Key Points: Briefly recap the benefits discussed.
• Closing Thought: "By embracing renewable energy, we can create a healthier planet for
future generations."

Final Tips

• Stay Objective: Focus on providing information rather than expressing personal opinions.
• Use Clear Language: Avoid jargon unless it's necessary, and explain complex terms when
you do use them.
• Cite Your Sources: If you include specific data or quotes, make sure to reference your
sources appropriately.

By following these steps and using the example outline, you can create a well-organized and
informative essay that effectively communicates your ideas to your audience.

The Impact of Climate Change

Introduction

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues facing our planet today. It refers to significant
changes in global temperatures and weather patterns over time. While climate change is a natural
phenomenon, human activities have accelerated its effects, leading to alarming consequences.
Understanding climate change, its causes, and its impacts is crucial for developing effective
solutions to mitigate its effects.

Causes of Climate Change

One of the primary drivers of climate change is the increase in greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are some of the
47
 nglish Department
most prevalent greenhouse gases. These gases trap heat from the sun, creating a "greenhouse
effect" that warms the Earth. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels for energy,
deforestation, and industrial processes, have significantly increased the concentration of these
gases. For example, the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas for electricity and transportation is
the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.

Effects on the Environment

The effects of climate change are profound and widespread. One major impact is the increase in
global temperatures, which can lead to more frequent and severe weather events, such as
hurricanes, droughts, and heavy rainfall. Additionally, climate change contributes to the melting
of polar ice caps and glaciers, resulting in rising sea levels. According to the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), sea levels have risen by about 8 inches since 1880,
threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.

Another significant effect is the disruption of ecosystems. As temperatures rise, many plant and
animal species struggle to adapt to the changing conditions. This can lead to shifts in biodiversity,
with some species facing extinction while others may thrive in new environments. For instance,
warmer ocean temperatures are causing coral bleaching, which devastates marine ecosystems.

Health Impacts

Climate change also poses serious health risks. Increased temperatures can exacerbate air
pollution, leading to respiratory issues and other health problems. Additionally, extreme weather
events can result in injuries, displacement, and increased mortality rates. The World Health
Organization (WHO) has reported that climate change is expected to cause an additional 250,000
deaths per year between 2030 and 2050 due to malnutrition, malaria, and heat stress.

Solutions and Mitigation

Addressing climate change requires a multi-faceted approach. One key solution is reducing
greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and
hydroelectric power. These alternatives produce little to no emissions compared to fossil fuels.
Additionally, implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings and transportation can
significantly decrease energy consumption.

Reforestation and sustainable land use practices also play a critical role in mitigating climate
change. Trees absorb CO2, making reforestation efforts vital for reducing atmospheric
greenhouse gas levels. Furthermore, promoting public awareness and education about climate
change can empower individuals and communities to take action.

48
 nglish Department
Conclusion

Climate change is a complex and urgent issue that affects every aspect of life on Earth. By
understanding its causes and impacts, we can work collectively to implement effective solutions.
Transitioning to renewable energy, protecting ecosystems, and promoting sustainable practices
are essential steps in combating climate change. The time to act is now, as the health of our planet
and future generations depends on our efforts today.

49