The Pharma Innovation Journal 2019; 8(12): 88-96

ISSN (E): 2277- 7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.03 Sapindus mukorossi: A review article
TPI 2019; 8(12): 88-96
© 2019 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 28-10-2019
Surender Singh and Methab Ali
Accepted: 30-11-2019
Abstract
Surender Singh Sapindus mukorossi, well known as soapnut, belong to family Sapindaceae. It is popular ingredient of
Himalayan Institute of ayurvedic preparation such as shampoo, cleansers and medicine for treatment of eczema, psoriasis and
Pharmacy and Research, for removing for removing freckles and also have gentle insecticidal property and traditionally used for
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India removing lice from the scalp. The species is widely grown in upper reaches of the Indo-Gangetic plains,
Shivaliks and sub-Himalayan tracts at altitudes from 200m to 1500m. It is also called as Soapnut or
Methab Ali
Aritha tree, it is most valuable trees of tropical and sub-tropical region of Asia.
Himalayan Institute of
Pharmacy and Research,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Keywords: Sapindus mukorossi, antifungal, antibacterial

Introduction
Sapindaceae is one of the important family of plant kingdom consisting about 150 genera and
2000 species [1]. The genus Sapindus includes both deciduous and evergreen species widely
grown in upper reaches of Indo-Gangetic plains, Shivaliks and sub-Himalayans track at
altitude from 200m to 1500m. The soapberry family comprises nearly 2000 species, which are
primarily tropical. Also known as soapnut tree (Reetha), it is one of the most important trees of
tropical and subtropical regions of Asia. It flower during summer. The fruits appears in July –
August and ripens by November – December. The genus Sapindus includes two major species
S. mukorossi and S. emarginatus in north and south India. S. mukorossi is one of the most
important sources for saponins. The pericarps contain 10-11% soapnut and are locally used for
protection of petsts and micro-organisms. Other species of genus have been investigated for
their astringent and pharmacological uses.
The major compounds isolated from genus Sapindus are saponins, triterpenoids, fatty acids
and flavonoids are well known for their antimicrobial, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, molluscicidal,
fungicidal and anti-inflammatory activities. However several other compounds isolated from
this genus may contribute important biological activities in their crude extract.

History
Sapindus mukorossi is an acient fruit, leving some clame the origin in China, while other states
in India. Ancient Indian text make references to soapberries. The book “saint Heritage of
India” points out the Hatha yoga founder Machindranath was converted under a soapnut tree
some time during his life in the 9th to 10th century. The “Chronological Dictionary of
prehistoric India” explains that the paper title “Some Notes on the History of Soapnut, Soap
and washermen of India – between 300 BC and AD 1900” hints at even earlier roots [2].

Traditional uses of Sapindus Species

The member of genus Sapindus are well known for their folk medicinal values. Pericarp of S.
mulorossi have been traditionally used as an expectorant as well as a source of natural
surfactant [3]. Due to presence of saponins, soapnut is well known for its detergent and
insecticidal properties and traditionally used for removing lice from the scalp and used in
dental carries [4]. The seeds of S. mukorossi are used to remove tan and freckels from the skin.
The fruits are of considerable importance for its medicinal value for treating a number of
diseases like common cold. pimples, epilepsy, constipation, nausea etc [5]. The leaves are used
in bath to relieve joint pain and the roots are used in the treatment of rheumatism.
Since acient times S. mukorossi has been used as a detergent for shawl and silks. The fruits of
Corresponding Author: S. mukorossi was utilized by Indian jewellers for restoring the brightness of tarnished
Surender Singh ornaments made of gold, silver and other precious metals [6]. The fruit of S. saponaria is used
Himalayan Institute of by local population as soap for washing cloths, for curing ulcers and external wounds [7]. Fruits
Pharmacy and Research,
Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India of S. trifoloatus have been considered as a tonic, stomachic, alexipharmic, astringent and
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sedative to the uterus and also useful in chronic dysentery,

diarrhoea, cholera, hemicranias, tubercular glands, paralysis
and epileptic fits of children. The root of S. trifoliatus used as
a collyrium in sore eyes and opthalmia. The seeds of S.
trifoliatus are used to stimulate the uterus in child birth and to
increase menstruration [8]. Pericarp of S. delavayi are also
used as natural surfactants, being exported from China to
Japan as a substituted of S. mukorossi [9]. Seeds of S.
emarginatus contains anti-inflammatory oil, traditionally used
to purify the blood.

Species Information [10-12]

Geographical Leaves of Reetha
Species Commom Name
Region
Chinies Soapberry, India, Southern (b) Fruit
Sapindus mukorossi
Reetha China The fruit is a small leathery-skinned drupe 1-2cm (0.39-0.79
Sapindus
- Southern Asia in) in diameter, yellow ripening blackish, containing one to
emarginatus
three seeds.
South India
Southern India,
Sapindus trifoliatus Soapnut, Three-
Pakistan
leaf Soapberry
Sapindus delavayi - India, China
Hawaii Soapberry,
Sapindus oahuensis Hawaii
Lonomea
Sapindus rarak - Southern Asia
Wingleaf Caribben, Central
Sapindus saponaria
Soapberry America
Sapindus marginatus Florida Soapberry Florida
Sapindus tomentosus - China
Southern United
Sapindus drummondii Western Soapberry
States, Mexico

Morphology [13-15]
(a) Leaves Fruits of Reetha
30-50 cm long, alternate, paripinnate; common petiole very
narrowly bordered, glabrous; leaflets 5-10 pairs, opposite or (c) BARK
alternate, 5-18 by 2.5-5 cm, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, Bark is dark to pale yellow in colour, fairly smooth and
glabrous, often slightly falcate or oblique; petioles 2-5 m having many vertical lines of lentioels and fine fissure
long. Inflorescence: a compound terminal panicle, 30 cm or exfoliating in irregular wood scales
more in length, with pubescent branches.

Bark of Reetha

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Phytoconstituent
Plant part used Chemical constituents
Fruit husk Hederagenin [1]; platycodigenine [2]; salikogenim [3]; oleanolic acid [4]
Hederagenin-3-O-α-L-arebinopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside [5]; Hederagenine-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-
(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranoside [6]; Hederagenine-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2→1)-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(3→1)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-[(2→1)gluco-pyranoside]-(5→1)-rahmnopyranoside [8]; Hederagenine-3-
O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arbinopyranoside [15]; Hederagenine-3-O-α-L-
arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arbinopyranosyl [16]; Hederagenine-3-O-α-L-
arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-4-acetyl [17]; Hederagenine-3-O-(3,4-di-O-
acetylr-β-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [18]; Hederagenin-28-di-O-
glycosides [19]; 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [20]; Hederagenine-12-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-
glucopyranoside-1-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-glucopyranoside [21]; Hederagenine-
Pericarps
1,12-bisglycoside-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside [22]; Hederagenin-1,12-bisglycoside-O-α-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-glucopyranoside [23]; 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside-12-hydroxy-all-trans-farnesol [24]; 1-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-glucopyranoside-12-hydroxyfarnesol [25]; 12-hydroxy-all-tans-farnesol [26]; 1-
hydroxylinalool [27]; GoshonosideF1 [28]; 8-hydroxygeraniol [29]; β-glucosidegeraniol [30]; 11(S)(E,E)-2,6-
dodecadiene-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,12-diol [31]; 11(S)-2,6(E,E)-dodecadinene-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,12-diol-1,12-bis-O-α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranoside [40]; Hederagenin-3-O(2,4-
O-di-acetyl-α-L-arabinopyranoside)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [41]; Hederagenin-3-
O-(3,4-O-di-acetyl-α-L-araninopyranosyl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [42];
Hederagenin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside [43]
Hederagenin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2→1)-α-L-rhamnopyranosy-(3→1)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(4→1)-
glucopyranoside [7]; Hederagrnin-3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(2→)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(3→1)-β-D-
xylopyranosyl28-arabinopyranosyl-(2→1)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(3→1)-xylopyranosy(4→1)gllucopyranosyl-
[(6→1)rhamnopyranosyl]-(2→1)-glucopyranoside [9]; Stigmasterol [10]; 3-O-{α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-
arabinopyranosyl-(3→1)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl}-hederagenin [32]; 3-O-{β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-
arabinopyranosyl-(3→1)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl}hederagenin [33]; Eupha-7,24-dien-3tetradecanoate [34]; Eupa-7,24-
dien-3-heptadecanoate [37]; Eupha-7,24-dien-32-nonadecanoate [38]; Eupha-7,24-dien-3-heneicosanoate [39];
3β,7β,20(S),22-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [44];
3β,7β,20(S),22,23-pentahydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [45];
3β,7β,20(S),22,25-prntahydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [46]; 25-
methoxy-3β,7β,20(S),22-tetrahydroxydammar-23-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [47];
25-methoxy-3β,7β,20(R),trihydroxydammar-23-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [48]; 4-
allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-6-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [50]; Hederagenin-3-O-(3-O-acetyl-α-
Fruits and galls
L-arabinopyranosyl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [57]; Hederagenin-3-O-(4-O-acetyl-
α-L-arabinopyranoayl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [58]; Hederagenin-3-O-(2,3-O-
diacetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [59]; Hederagenine-3-O-
(2,4-O-diacetyl-β-D-xylopyranosyl)-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside [60]; Hederagenin-
3,7,20(S)-trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [61]; 3,7,20(R)-
trihydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [62]; 21β-methoxy-3β,21(S),23(R)-
epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [63], 21β-methoxy-3β,21(R),23(R)-
epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [64]; 21β-methoxy-3β,21(R),23(R)-
epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-α-L-dirhamnopyranosyl-(1→2,6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [66]; 21α-methoxy-
3β,21(R),23(R)-epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-α-L-dirhamnopyranosyl-(1→2,6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [67]; 21α-
methoxy-3β,21(R),23(S)-epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside [70]; 21α-
methoxy-3β,21(R),23(S)-epoxytirucalla-7,24-diene-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-
D-glucopyranosside [71]
Leaves 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenyl-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside [49]
3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-Laradinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-
21,23R-epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21β-ol [51]; 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-L-
arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21β-ethoxy-3β-ol [52]; 3-O-β-D-
xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-
epoxyltirucall-α-7,24-diene-21β-methoxy-3β-ol [53]; 3-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-
Roots [α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21β-ethoxy-3β-ol [54]; 3-O-α-
L-arabinopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-
epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21β-methoxy-3β-ol [55]; 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D- glucopyranosyl-21,23R-
epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21β-ethoxy-3β-ol [56]; 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-
D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21S-ethoxy-3β-ol [68]; 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-
rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl-21,23R-epoxyltirucalla-7,24-diene-21S-methoxy-3β-ol [69]

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COOH COOH
OH
OH OH

OH OH
CH2OH 3
HOH2C
2 HOH2C

14
H CH2O=Glc
20
CH2OH 16
9 17
CH2O=Glc 30
3
COOH
OH
19 28
CH2OH
18

CH2OH
OH
4 29
CH2OH
R R

2 2
32 -ara(p)-ara-rham
2 3
1H 33 -xyl-ara-rham
12 2
15 -ara(p)-rham-ara(p)
2
43 -ara(p)
2 3 3
2 3
6 -ara(p)-rham-xyl 57 -ara-rham-ara-OAc
17 2 3
2 3 4
58 -ara-rham-ara-OAc
COOH 16 -ara-rham-ara(f)
2 3 2
2 41 -ara(p)-rham-ara Ac
5 -ara(p)-rham
2 3 4 4 Ac
17 -ara(p)-rham-xyl-Ac
2 3 3 2 3 2
3 18 -ara(p)-rham-xyl Ac 59 -ara(p)-rham-ara OAc
3 OAc
OR 4 Ac
2 3 2
CH2OH 2 3 3 60 -ara(p)-rham-xyl Ac
23 42 -ara(p)-rham-ara Ac
4 Ac 4
Ac

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R1 R2

CH2OR 2
2 O-Glc-Rha
21 -Glc Rha
3 Rha

2 2
23 -Glc Rha -Glc Rha
3 Rha 3 Rha
2
25 -Glc Rha
OH
CH2R2 3 Rha

26 H OH

27 H H
R1 R2
CH2OR1
2 2
21 -Glc Rha O-Glc-Rha
3
Rha
2 2
23 -Glc Rha -Glc Rha
3 Rha 3 Rha
2
25 -Glc Rha OH
3 Rha

CH2R1 26 H OH
10 27 H
HO H

19 H
2 3
11 -ara(p)-rham-ara(p)
2 3
12 -ara-(p)-rham-xyl
COO-Glc 2 3
13 -ara-rham-ara(f)
2
R
14 -ara(p)-rham
34 CH 3(CH 2) 13CO
35 CH 3(CH 2) 14CO
OR 36 CH 3(CH 2) 15CO
37 CH 3(CH 2) 16CO
OR 38 CH 3(CH 2) 18CO
CH2OH 39 CH 3(CH 2) 20CO

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R1 R2
CH2OR1 2
20 -Glc Rha O-Glc-Rha
3 Rha
2
22 -Glc Rha Glc Rha
3 Rha Rha
2
24 -Glc Rha OH
3 Rha

31 H OH
CH2R2

OEt H

H OR

OCH3 R
6 1
49 Glc - Rha
OH O CH2 6 1
O O
50 Glc - Ara
56
O
CH3
OH
OH
OH OH
OH

H2C O
OR O
O
Glc
O
H
OR1 HO O Rha
O
Glc OH
O H2C
OH
O 40 Rha HO
HO
O
O OH
O HO HO
Rha
Rha
O HO R,R1= Ac
OH
HO

HO

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Pharmacological Activity
S.no. Author Activity Methods used Part used
1 Ibrahim et al. [16] Anti-Bacterial activity Ethanolic and chloroform extracts. Leaf
Garg et al. [17]
2 Spermicidal Activity Saponins Fruit Pericarp
Rastogi et al. [18]
3 Tiwari et al. [19] Anti-Trichomonas Activity Mixing of Sapindus and saponin
4 Geyter et al. [20] Insecticidal Activity Ethanolic extract
5 Chakraborty et al. [21] Anxiolytic Activity Metanolic extract
6 Man et al. [22, 23, 24] Anticancer Activity Saponin from galls extracts Galls
7 Ibrahim et al. [25] Hepatoprotective Activity Fruit pericarp extract Fruit
8 Upadhyay and Singh et al. [26] Molluscicidal Activity Extract Fruit
9 Virdi et al. [27] Piscicidal Activity Fruit pericarp
10 Tsuzuki et al. [28] Fungicidal Activity Crude extract Pericarp
[29] Crude extract / isolated saponin
11 Takagi et al. Anti-Inflammatory Activity Plant
and hederagenin
[30]
12 Huan et al. Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity Isolation of compounds Gall
[31] Tyrosinase Inhibition and Free
13 Chen et al. Methanolic extract Seed
Radical Scavenging

Uses & Benefits of Reetha pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. These methods may
 Reetha is used as the main ingredient in soaps and help in standardization, identification and in carrying out
shampoos for washing hair, as it is considered good for further research in Sapindus mukorrossi based drugs which
the health of hair [32]. are used in Ayurveda and modern pharmacopoeia.
 The jewelers in India use this plant to bring back the lost
brightness of ornaments made of precious metals like References
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 It has been placed as a popular herb in the list of herbs soapberry-Sapindus.html, Retrieved on 2019-05-19.
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In present study, a set of pharmacognostical standardization
Sapindus, Lat Am J Pharm, 2008; 27:922.
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Helicobacter pylori: in vitro and in vivo studies. World J 38. Dev I et al. Glyceride composition of Sapindus
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