VOLCANO

VOLCANO
• The process through which the magma is erupted from interior of earth is
called volcanism. The temperature in the interior of the earth is around
6000 degree centigrade. The earth is cooling from outside to inside.
Magma is a molten material which is formed due to intense heat, reduction
of pressure leading to reduction of melting point of materials.
• This is mostly present in the aesthenosphere.
• Magma which comes out from the interior of the earth releases the heat
trapped inside the earth. The magma which comes out of the volcano is
called lava.
• Volcanoes act as chambers through which heat is transferred to the
atmosphere. Volcanoes are erupted from different depths from around
150kms from the surface.
 MAGMA VS LAVA
• Magma is the term used to denote the molten rocks and related
materials seen inside earth. A weaker zone of the mantle called
asthenosphere, usually is the source of magma.
• Once this magma came out to the earth surface through the vent of a
volcano, it is called as the Lava. Therefore, Lava is nothing but the
magma on earth surface.
• The process by which solid, liquid and gaseous material escape from
the earth’s interior to the surface of the earth is called as Volcanism.
 STRUCTURE OF
VOLCANOS
• The structures through which magma comes out of the earth are
volcanoes.
• Under the surface of the earth there exists a chamber which contains
magma which flows onto the surface of the earth. The flow is through vent
of the volcano.
• The increase in pressure pushes the magma from its chamber onto the
surface of the earth where it flows as lava. When the upper part of the
volcano is denuded then it is called crater.
• When the lava erupts from the crater and later another crater is
developed within it, it is called ‘NESTED CRATER’.
• When the crater is filled with water they are called ‘CRATER LAKES’. The
largest crater lake is in world is lake toba.
 CAUSE OF VOLCANOS
• The first and foremost reason is the crustal disturbance in the zone
of weakness due to deep faulting or mountain folding.
• Heat generated by degeneration of radioactive elements inside the
earth which causes an increase in temperature inside the earth,
thus causing eruptions of the inside materials.
• Weak Earth Surface: Because of high pressure in the earth’s interior,
the magma and gases escape with great velocity as the pressure is
released through eruptions where opportunity is provided by weak
zones along the earth’s surface.
• Formation of gases due to high temperature.
 PLATE TECTONICS
AND VOLCANOES
Divergent plate boundaries
• At the mid-oceanic ridges, two tectonic plates move apart from each other.
• The release of pressure leads to partial melting of the mantle causing volcanism and creating
new oceanic crust.
• Most divergent plate boundaries are at the bottom of the oceans, therefore most volcanic activity
is submarine, forming new seafloor.
Convergent plate boundaries
• These occurs where two plates (oceanic and continental) slide toward each other to form a
subduction zone.
• In this case, the oceanic plate subducts or submerges under the continental plate forming a
deep ocean trench just offshore.
• Water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying
mantle wedge, creating magma.
• This magma tends to be very viscous due to its high silica content so that it often does not reach
the surface and cools at depth. When it does reach the surface, a volcano is formed.
 CENTRAL
VOLCANIC TYPE
• In the central volcanic eruptions, the lava comes out to the surface
through narrow pipes and thus causes an explosion, during the
ejection of magma onto the surface.
• The explosive nature of eruptions leads to the formation of
mountains which are known as volcanic mountains.
• The different volcanic Islands throughout the world are actually
volcanic mountains formed through Central eruptions.
 FISSURE
VOLCANIC TYPE
• In Fissure volcanic eruptions, the Lava comes out to the surface
through the cracks of the rock strata and hence the fissure eruptions
are not much explosive.
• The fissure eruptions are smooth and the Lava spreads to a larger
area, so they form landscapes such as plateaus etc
 VOLCANIC
LANDFORMS
• The lava that is released during volcanic eruptions on cooling
develops into igneous rocks.
• The cooling may take place either on reaching the surface or from
the inside itself.
• Depending on the location of the cooling of lava, igneous rocks are
classified as:
INTRUSIVE TROPOGRAPHY
EXTRUSIVE TROPOGRAPHY
 VOLCANIC
LANDFORMS
 INTRUSIVE
TROPOGRAPHY
• When the cooling of magma takes place in the interior of the earth,
the topography thus formed is called Intrusive topography.
• When the magma solidifies and disturbs the rock structure, then it is
called discordant intrusive topography.
• When the magma solidifies without disturbing the overlying rock
structure it is called cordant intrusive topography.
• If igneous rocks cools at the surface, it is called volcanic rocks .If
igneous rocks cools on the crust, it is called plutonic rocks.
 INTRUSIVE
LANDFORMS
1. Sill : When lava moves upward while volcano eruption but some portion
of lava moves in the horizontal direction and cooled within the crust is
called a sill.
2. Dyke :When lava moves upward towards the surface but cooled within
crust in perpendicular to the ground. A wall-like structure is called a Dyke
3. Batholiths : It is long, irregular, and generally, dome-shaped Magna that
cooled in great depth.
• As of now, many batholiths are exposed to surfaces, Chhota Nagpur and
Ranchi plateau are examples of Batholith rocks.
4. Laccoliths: It is like Batholith but found in mushroom-shaped and in
shallow depth within connected to the pipe
 EXTRUSIVE VOLCANO
LANDFORMS
• They are formed when the Igneous rocks are formed and when
molten lava is cooled on the earth's crust.
Some of the examples are-
• Cinder cone
• Composite cones
• Lava plateau
• Caldera with a cinder cone
• Volcano rock
 ACIDIC LAVA
• These lavas are highly viscous with a high melting point.
• They are light-coloured, of low density, and have a high percentage of silica.
• They flow slowly and seldom travel far before solidifying.
• The resultant volcanic cone is therefore stratified (hence the name stratovolcano) and
steep-sided.
• The rapid solidifying of lava in the vent obstructs the flow of the out-pouring lava,
resulting in loud explosions, throwing out many volcanic bombs or pyroclasts.
• Sometimes the lavas are so viscous that they form a lava plug at the crater like that
of Mt. Pelée in Martinique (an island in the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Islands).
• Andesitic lava flow occurs mostly along the destructive boundaries (convergent
boundaries).
 BASIC LAVA
• These are the hottest lavas, about 1,000 °C and are highly fluid.
• They are dark coloured basalt, rich in iron and magnesium but poor in
silica.
• They flow out of volcanic vent quietly and are not very explosive.
• Due to their high fluidity, they flow readily with a speed of 10 to 30 miles
per hour.
• They affect extensive areas, spreading out as thin sheets over great
distances before they solidify.
• The resultant volcano is gently sloping with a wide diameter and forms a
flattened shield or dome.
• Shield type lava flow is common along the constructive
boundaries (divergent boundary).
 TYPES OF THE
VOLCANOS
❖ Shield volcano
❖ Composite volcano
❖ Caldera volcano
❖ Flood basalt volcano
❖ Mid-ocean ridge volcano.
❖ Active volcano: Release of lava in recently.
 TYPES OF
VOLCANOS
Shield volcano
• It is the largest of all volcano on the earth. Example, Hawaiian
volcano.
• It is made up of basalt lava and very fluid when erupted.
• It became explosive if water gets into vent otherwise less explosive.
• At the top vent, it develops into a cinder cone.
• Composite volcanoes
It is characterized by cooler eruptions and vicious lava than basalt.
• Erupted Materials accumulated in layers; thus called composite
material.
• Caldera:
It is most explosive when erupts. It collapses rather than building a
tall structure. It makes depression is called a caldera.

• Flood basalt province:

It is the highly flood lava that spread in the large distances.
• For example : Deccan traps in India.

• Mid-ocean ridge volcano:

It occurs in the ocean, central portions of this ridge experience
frequent eruption.
 BASED ON THE
FREQUENCY
• Active volcanoes: Those volcanoes which get erupted frequently are active
volcanoes.
Example: Barren Island of Andaman and Nicobar
• Dormant volcanoes: Those volcanoes which are lying dormant from a very
long time but have the possibility of eruption are called as dormant
volcanoes.
Example: Mount Ararat of Turkey
• Extinct volcanoes: Those volcanoes which once were active but became
extinct due to non eruption are called extinct or dead volcanoes. The
magma chambers of such volcanoes lose all the magma which causes them
to become extinct.
Example: The Deccan Plateau of India
 VOLCANOS
IN INDIA
• There are no volcanoes in the Himalayan region or the Indian
peninsula.
• Barren Island (only active volcano in India) in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands became active in the 1990s.
• It is now considered an active volcano after it spewed lava and ash in
2017.
• The other volcanic island in Indian territory is Narcondam, about 150
km north-east of Barren Island; it is probably extinct. Its crater wall
has been destroyed.
 DISTRIBUTION
• Circum-Pacific region popularly termed the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’, has
the greatest concentration of active volcanoes. Volcanic belt and
earthquake belt closely overlap along the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’.
• Regions with active volcanism along ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’
• The Aleutian Islands into Kamchatka, Japan,
• the Philippines, and Indonesia (Java and Sumatra in particular),
• Pacific islands of Solomon, New Hebrides, Tonga and North Island,
New Zealand.
• Andes to Central America (particularly Guatemala, Costa Rica and
Nicaragua), Mexico and right up to Alaska.
• The countries with the most volcanoes United States – 173 (most of
them are in Alaska)
1.Russia – 166
2.Indonesia – 139
3.Iceland – 130
4.Japan – 112
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS

The following are negative effects:

❖ There is a lot of destruction of property and human life.
❖ The loss of crop and forest is there.
❖ It reduces the isolation of sunlight.
❖ It increases acid rains.
❖ It may create a Tsunami if occurred in oceans.
❖ In 1883, the Mt. Krakota volcano created a tsunami that has killed more
than 30,000 people.
 POSITIVE EFFECTS
The following are positive effects:
❖ The decomposition of volcanic rocks creates fertile soils.
❖ Volcanic dust and ashes also add fertility around the regions.
❖ Crater lakes and hot spring may be created form this
❖ It is a source of valuable minerals.
THANK YOU
JAI HIND