Mathematics Unit 4 _ 5

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
SEMESTER-1
UNIT – 4
(Multivariable Calculus – I)
UNIT – 5
(Vector Calculas)
Mor.r, Z
Multirsariable Calculus - I
(Multiple Integration)
Muttipl€ integalis anaturai extension of a definite integ.ral to a fimction oftwo\-ariabtes (double

int€sral) or thrce variables (triple intesral) or mor€ variables. Doublc and tride integrals are
useful in findirgarea, i.olume, mass, centroid and moments of inertia ofplane and solid regions.
4.I. DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The definiie int.gral id fl:rr dr rs rlrrrn.,rl rs the limits oftho sunr )iijr + ltrr)ar" + ... + l(,r,, )dr,,
J"
rvhen n + - and cach ofthe lengrrhs drr, &,, tends to zoro. ^,rl
&r. llere dr| iirr, ..., &1,, are /r sub-
...,
intenals into $'hich the range 6< has been divid€d and xr. r:, .....-,, artvtrrues of .r h,ins
respectively in the first, second, ...,,rr, sub inter"vat-
A double integral is its counterpart in two

dimensions. Let a single-valued and boundad function
lla,, )) oftwo indepcndent vadables r ] be defined iD a
closed resion R ofthe {t-plane. Divide the rcSion R inro
sub'.egions bv dmwins lin€s parallel to co-odinar(] r\es.
Numbel the .ectansles which lie entircIy insidc the
rcgion R, fron 1 to n. Let (r,,:!,.) he anv point insidc the
rth rectanglc uhose area is iiA,.
Consider the sum
lr1'J1)6Ar + Jr2)dA1] + ... + flr,,1.)dA,
^J-r,
= ) A,,r.lor, ...(1)
Let the number ofthese sub-r€gions increase indciinirely, such that thc t{rgest linear
dimension (i.e., diagon'r]) of5A, approaches zero. The limit ofthe suln ( 11, ifit cxisrs, inespecti\'e
ofthe mode ofsub-division, is callcd the do.rblp izresral olj4x,.,,r over.the resion R.rnd is denoted
r,, ii ,r. , aa
398
I\,IULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION) 399
In other words, Lit

^r,,r.)5A,=JJ ^x,:l)dA
which is also exEessed as
JJ" n",rrr,a, * JJ R,, -,r ar a"
4.2. EVALUATIOI{ OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS
The methods of evaluaring the double intcgrals depend upon the nature ofthe cuNes boundingthe
resion R. Let the resion R be bounded bv thc dt=lL'l=t:.
(;) When rI .l2 are functions of Y and
:ylJ2are constant:. Let AB and CD be the cun'es
Y
rjl = Qr0) and rj] = a2(Jl.

Take a horizontal strip PQ ofwidth 6). Here
the double integral is e\.aluated first vr.r.t. x (treating
], as a constant). The r€sulting expression which is a
lunction ofy is intesrated 1l.r.t.] between the limits
y =,rr and-r = r:. Thus.
=q:(r)
l[* r.,' t a, at = l; r' l\x' v) dt d.J
thejnte$ation beingcarriod llomtheinnerto Lhc outer rectanglo. Geomet cally, the integral j n
the inner rectangle indicates that the integration is pedbnned along ihe horizontal strip PQ t
(keepins-r co stani) rvhile tbe ouior rcciangte corresponds to the sliding ofthe stdp PQ from AC
toBD thus rorering th€ entire regionABDC of integ'ration.
(i;)Whenlr,r, are furctions of:r andrr, r,
are constants. Let AB and CD be the cuNes Y
y: = O,,(r) Take a vcrtical strip PQ ol
-1r = 0lr) and
width iix. Here tbe double integral is evaluated first
w.r.t. .y (treating x as constant). The resulring
expression \i hich is a functn)n ofx is integrated \a.!.t.
r between thc iimits x =.ri and x = r:r. Thus,
Ilotr''tta'at= f: fl.x,y) dy
the intcgration being carried liom the innd to the ou ter recl anglc. Geometricnllv. the integ al in
the i.ner rectangle indicates that the inteltarion is performed :llong the vertical strip PQ (keeping
r constant)whiie the ourcr rectangle corresponds to the slidirg of the strip I'Q from AC to Uil
thuscoverinstheentil.eregionAnDC ofinteglation.
ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEF NG ]\,!ATHEMATICS
(iii) $lhea qrz,!r !2rta constante. Here the

region of integration R is the rectangle ABDC. It is
immatedal whether we integrate first along the
horizontal strip PQ and then slide it from AB to CD ; or
we integrate first aloog the vertical Btrip P'Q' and then
slide it from AC to BD. Thus the order ofintegration is
immaterial, provided the limits of integration are
changEd accodingly.
!l*fl',t a' ay =
fi l" fl,, vt a, d)
a" dr
i, l'' n''
',
Note 1. From cases (i) and (ii) above, we observe that iteerutian is to be pifo ne<l t.r.t. tlnt
&riable hdting tutiable limits first and thcn u.r.t. th..nrntble uth constant lintits.
Note 2. Ifl& ]) has discoDtinuities within or on the boundar,\' of the regiorl ofintegati.,r, l.hen l.he
change of the order ofiniegratioD does not rcsult into the same i.tegrals.
ILLUSTRATIYE EXAMPLES
Exampre 1. pro,e rnd t r.,t t at a, = t.u *,':t a, a,

l" !' "'t 1' J'
4
s"r.
J f,,r.,,,r,d, =J:[J' *-,,1,,
Jll . ."-J, '' " i' " a"
= !:(:,. u ",1
*=
[..,",,,,,],
=t +2tet e:t) 1p, "r1=4*",-",
Ji!i,,t. t, a, at, = ll[ff , r,,..l * = 1il2. *)i,*
=fp',"' -i-u)0,=[l'i r]*
=l!t *rlo=rr*"' !4 -""-2! *"n -,"
L4 I 4
Hence the result.
lr,4lJLTlVAB|ABLE CALCULUS I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION) 401
Jr'A
e*u pt"z.tuoruor" I tu
l' u'
(A.K.T.U.20161
'l't ""t
.".f1;' dt dy
r lr
= ro;ro sl,,-r,, "
1,r_,, nr_
r'
Jo
il-r-
r, I
1.,,,,,1',."
l"
f, I n,_. ol , ]1"
=k-tr4r"t-i ' n n n-
["- zz +
ExamDre J. -sroa thot

' I dt lt -!--)= a," , f'a" i' * '. ,1..
k Jo,,-,, k'Jt,,,,,t
sor. LHS-f*l',,-',1' r, l*11,1.,',,, r,
=f'12,,x+vr-'?
-2
t4-1 l'd,-ll -',y,' -Ll'*
Jo
L .lo L,r *-_r
ro ln
., t r l t rl ., r,1,r
, lr. ' '"-J ,, ,'' '"=J, L_ a,
.'
=L,-r,
=[ rl'=-1*,=1
x+1ri, 2
L 2
nHs=
1'a, f !ffi *= f * fi
"
[,,-,r
"h]
=l:[ + "
Gt'u)')1
=t t1"*";1-
"* I
=l[ +.,iP.i ]l*=tj ,;;f1a,,= 1,'fra'
r]'=12 ,=
=[L1+r.lo I
2
.. The two integrals arcnotequal.

a ".1t.,' rtv dr
Example 4. Euofuolc IJa Jb
l -:--7---..
/ I-lJ_
so,. ,=I [t'*n*r;,*]*

402 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGLNEEF NG MATHEMATICS
=rJml"^'fr..,]]'.'-
-Irri_,"
=l ' -l1.n-r.L-latr,otdr= f' &
-'"" tr4nv[=
= f fr* r, - r[-r l]l = i n"r,t *,t, -,og 11 = ] bg (,q + r).
",, ..tj- _
'=f[I- r@a-a")a,
=t " ;"'''"'r'"" I l'" '^

o'
_^,, ,,_^[,, "']_^."

-4r- il o 'l :r 6
-:b triangle bounded bt r !

Exa:mpre 6. EoaLuate
ll e\ ,tr d! olEr thtt = a, = 0 and
I' Sol. The region R of intesration is thc triansle

OAB. Here ir varics fron 0 to 1 and J laries ftom
.!-anis upto the line r +] = 1 i.e., from 0 to 1-r.
.. The region Rcan beexpressed as
0<r<1,il<l<1 n
[[ ",.,,,r,,i,
JJR
;' 1r
= JO
' -;,7, 2,
JO "-L
t1
=IJ. l"'?*" 'ta
L3 J,,
lrl .-"r)d.r
= Jo
1.1
=*[ "' .-]*1,= * [(u.1r; 1",.;;1

MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS _ I (MULT]PLE INTEGRATION) 403
= ; [ ""- r.ii"' 'r]

=+ k' t)'|2e'-'-1)
=jr"-tr'rr,*rr
Example 7. Eualuate
JJ*t
a.4, *n " n ^ the tesion bounded br ttre parabotas
\' = 4Y o a r" =.Iy_
Sol. Solving:': = 4:r and rz = 4J, we have
l! -,1' ". r.r 64 =o

t",^)
Whenr=4,"r=:1
..
Co ordinates ofAare (4,4)
The resion R can be expressed as
u
=. +. I t, < Z'f
= 4'
= I il,').,,.*=i Ii l* ;il*
_t r, ," r:-2 1024 _1d
2 dr) o 2i lJO I J
r""-rr" s. r,"r,,r" lJ k + :, )2 d :t dy ox e r t he area baun de d b! t he e t tip-

i
.
i- =,
(I I,K,T,LI, 201] )
Sol. For the ellipse
h -
;=1,11 , or )'=a !atn-
.. Thc rcgion ofintceration Rcan be exprcssed as
Dh
o-, u.- \o. t.-!- ln- r.
,'. JJR
ii " ,, a,a, JJR
ll , , 2t'Lt\dt
= !: lll,i.I"E'.' . t2 + z'rY)aY ax
404 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEI4ATICS
. v\ a* n
f , l,l,i"ljr -,', ", ",
= t". rr,,,,t;:,,' av
I' lj""'*" " 2t"*f)dYd'to

ISince (r'! + y'z) is an ever flrnction ofJ and 2ry is an odd fuction of]l
J.1" " d'l .,,:

_, *l t.. ,- , r.hl ,o,,_,-a,
)
"1, ,,ta" t a.
ela -
=-1"]i.,i,. /' u,")" , :," '1
=ol'b.o 0. o cos 0. i .,' .o. eI ,"o"eao

r l, "inr 30'
on puttinsi =a sin e andd:r = a cos 0 de
nl.("'r,"i"'u
Jo
.o. 0 "h'
- ms 0]d0
_nlozo 1.1 1. n
.r *,,b,.3
3 422;4
1=1,,,r,*,a.t=!-,hto, +b2).
422 4
t:
Example9.Er]o/rd.J).vAd\ouerthe.partofthepLaneboundeLlbrtlLeliner=rand
the parabola y = 4x :c'!.
Sot. The line y = r meets the parabola 1 = 4r - x' in t\!o distinct points O(0, 0) and
A(3.3).
The regior of integration R can be expressed as 0 < x,< 3, r <r < 4t -:r2.
!l*,a,*=ll" ",*a*
= Jol2 f"l{l dt
J,
=f,|'ru*-ct' *'t o,
=L!' ts", t,,,a,\a*
=i('r.t'-*"J,=T
MULTIVARIABLECALCULUS I (MULT PLE INTEGBATION)
Exampte 10. Wtrer fie resion R of intesratiotL i.s the triangle giuen br j = 0, r = r and
, = t.shou ,h,,ll-\';,, , ,,4, :ll *l
Sol, The region of integration R can be expressed as 0 < r < 1, 0 < J : x.
.. JJn'
ll J4r' r.z d:/r' - JoJo'
I Lla,, ,,,tu,t,
'[1,,/4-,, ' + ]. a,, .i. .-t'l ,i,
- JoL2-'
f
-, 2 2,)"
l'll,,9.'*a,'
= Jo 1]a,
21 6)
lJIr .2^ * '_l,, l,2n I
2 3 3 30 2 3 3 3
= rlr.6l
3[3 2 )
Exetmple rt. Eratuat" ll ,',,G a, ay, *here S is a trianste uith uetties 10, 0),
l10,1Jand.l1,1).
Sol. Let OAB bethe iriangle whose verticesare(0,0),(10,1)and(1,1)asshowninthe
figure.
The equation oftheline loining O(0,0) and A11. 1) is
10
\ 0- I ot.r 0) ) \ .r
The equation ofthe lineioining O(0.01and B(10, 1)is

10
-, 0-..l{l {l rr 0 , ,r- l0r
Hence the region ofintegration can be expressed asJ < r < 10), 0 <J < 1
.. lJ.,6 ,r a,ar = ff"'.,,6:7*r,

a,
= iJl?- "t11' d" = Jl{o,'r''
= rs
I r,ar = *[+J. = ,,(+)=,
406 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGlNEEBING MATHEMATICS
Example 12. Let D bt the ftrst quadrant bounded 4' the

be the rcgion
'urues
fl = 16'
:.=\,,\=0an.t:t=S.sketchtheresionof nteEt1tnnof rhe fotlounE ntreerct J)r'&dr and
oaluate it br eqr.ssingit os an (lppropriate t.peated itiqral.
Sol. The straight line:! = J intemects the hvperbola ry = 16 at A('1, 4). The line a = I
intersects the hyperbola :ry = 16 at B( 8, 2 ). The shaded portion in the followhg figure is the region
ofintcgation.
To e\.aluate the given integral, we divide the area OABNO into two parts bv A[{ as shown
.l in the figure.
thol. llr,/rd' =1, I", d'd',J J" ".,,a*

= i ,r, i'2" , i', a, i1.,, - [', '', * [., ,
"
JoJuJqt' '
f.*'J-ra'a'=too t"
= 6'1+ I (64 16) = 64 + 384 = 4'18.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Enluatethe lbllobinF ottualrulN l1 1O):
r. J'f r,' * r,rr,i,,i,

,.
fJ',, r, - , , .r ,, ,,
, J;Jii: ,l:l:!#
_ll
MULNVARIABLE CALCULUS -I (MULTIPLE INTEGNANON) 407
s J,,
d'
.l,, '' './J u.fJ'o'*r,*ar,r.
?. li,J,, "''' d\.?r * J.l. .r, a, /,
" JoI J,I trr,,:rd.a, 10. r,'z+y'z,drd,.

JLrJ,
,,. n'.r".r" lJ (" +rr)dt., over the resion i! thc positivc quadrant for which a +, < 1
rz. lr.r".t" r'?:r' dr .ll over the .ir.le r'z + r'z = 1.
lJ
13. u'"1," "JJ '' /,,/J n\F.rh.uo-i i\. q',dJr,nru'rh? inl, r ,1 -..
14. r) Cumput(,tlr\alu(,fll y dr r/y, whueR s the resion in the first qua.]rant
JJP'
bounded h!-the
"mp* a*i=r.
n' h'
.,,, Evd ,arA fl^ t "', i, o,.r!or"r,hpnr-,q,,a,"", p* .'. n
"i,*" " L,,ntt l,t,,t
15. r*r,"," J)[[,"a, d\ ovp.har"pio, in,Lppo-.irpqu"dranr rorrL:c-, J
16. o"ar"ate
JJ 'r r" + rl a, d/ over the area bets,eenr = r, andy =r. I.LI.K.T. U. 241 1, 20 t2)
17. p".r,.t" f[ ryd].1],$hereArsthrdomrinboundedby,-axis,ordinater=2aandihecuNe

J.r A
lM.T_Lt_ 2012)
18. Evaluaiei[1.'?+r'zraraytt'.,ughuutthcarcacnc]osedbyth€cunest=4r,a+r=3,f=0ald
JJ '
) -2'
Answers
1. 12 2.30- 3. loso ios 6
4
o. 1t.,
2
l 6.t7 7-
1
2
a.
120
4l
tz. L
1
9.
2t{)
to lE 1r.o
24
rs. 9 14. ti)
nh2 (ii) ndh
15
1 3
16.
8 il 4 21 -
n. I3 18.
463
-
! 4.3. EVALUATION OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS IN POLAR GOORDINATES
ln evaluate J.
). f(t.q)drdfi ^ver the resion bounded by the straisht lines 0 = 0r, 0 = 0:
:ndthecurves.=.1,r=r,,wefirstinteglatew.r.t.rbetweenthelimitsr=rrandr=r",
ireating e as a consiant). The resultins expression is then intcsrated..v.r.t. e between tbe
rmits0=0rand0=02.
408 ATEXTBOO( OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATICS
Geometrically, AB and CD are the cures r =i(0)

and r =4r(0) bounded by thc lines s = 0r and I = 6, so that
ACDB is the region ofintegration. PQis a vedge ofangular
rhi.kne-: dd. Tl-"n | ,..,6'd. indr.ar.s rhar rhe

intesration is pcrformcd alongPQ (r./., / varies,0 is con-
stant) and the inrcgraiion w.r.t. e means rotation ofthis
st p PQ from AC to BD. dr indicates that the integration
is performed alongPQ(i.e., rva es, eis corstant)and thc
intesration w.r.t. 0 means rotation ofthis strip PQ from
AC to BD.
ILLUSTRA.TII'E EXAMPLES
t l
"/Examole t.Euotuare "a,l "o.6a
)o lJo ,'1o'-l arj1ae.
"., ne t
1'
sor. I- ^t)f
| I -'"
2
t" ' 2, dt de
,', ''
Jn 2 3t2 l'"'r,
=t'l
rri o-t
- ; J' /o"r'n"e o'rde T; ;]"l {*n 18
n
Exanote 2. E uatuate
!" f"
" "" "' ,, "in o a, a o .
. ,aL1 u.ol
Sol. r ,u| '-r/. .int,.i" ''^
|sin01
JJo
.oso'
o' y ,, o, q'lt' ) Put 1-cos0=t

3Jo 3 4lL,=!3 ", .. sinOd6=dr
ExamDle
- 3.-guolxar" ll .' a,
.).)
ao. ou", nn orea bounded betoeenthe circtes t = 2 cos s
Sol. The resion of intesraiion R is shown shaded. Here r varies liom 2 cos 0 to 4 cos 0 while
s varies from l to 1 .
22
. JJd
ll.'a"ao_ JI , /J.I ..." r drdo
I\4ULTIVAFIABLE CALCULI.]S ([,IULTIPLE ]NTEGBAT ON) 409
'2 r=2cose
=r:,[+],".",-
= l''',,losa *.' u 1G cos4 e) do
= ao !"'',"*n e ae = no J"" *J e ae
?xl lt 45
= 12O t 4^2 2 2 lt-
-
-.-=
Example a. Euoluatr J) r sin e b dB ouer the arca ol the cardioid r = a (1 + cos a) abotte
the initial litD .

Sol. The region of integration R is covered by
radial strips whose ends ar€ r = 0 and r = a (1 + cos 6),
the st ps starting from 0 = 0 and €nding at 6 = r.
.. ll ..i"ed,de ll r.'nodrd0
JJR Jo Jn
I
i,.-J" l'''"'''r..
- r" l.ine.,',t'"o.s,âe
121,, 2ro
= Ll
2 Jr
t',tt lPutting 1+ cos 6 =, .. sin0d6= dt
" "2
213 l. 3
otthe temniscate P =a'coszs.

i-"6xatnptes.Euatua- ll## ",",."e
toop
Sol. The rcgion of integration R is covered by mdial strips whose ends are / = 0 and
. the strips starting fro- e=-1..'d ending at 6=1.

=
" i[osr0,
410 ATEXTBOOKOFENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
rdrde r^/4 roJGzo. i i ,,i

-*=l J ,t+toI +h'- r") ''.2r dr de
,laz +r2
r,,1 [t ra' *.2,r: 1"""''/o
=tJ.tal2 1t2 l"
ao =
J''^,^rt.,'+
o'cos 20)r/' al de
= o f"'trr+ cos zstl rt .ze = oJ

, 'J2 '" o r'ao
:,J'/'rJr*"e- rrar=,. .1.''

=
[o"r.
=*tf + il=*(, ;l
TEST YOUR I${OWLEDGD
EDaludte the follotine intesrah (l 3):
r. ll tdr.ta 2. I I t tne, rhou 3. ll /rco,od.do

Jo Jo Jo Jo J, Jo
4. ll\aluate ff /r,r,,/6.whereAisthear.abetwccnihecircles.=u cos O an.l . = 20 .os e.

JJ\
5. ilrsf :4,
ll, I
Sho$ o 0 dr .70 = where R is the reeion bouded by the semi-circl€ . = 2a cos e.
above the i.itial line.

6. Evaldate ii, -,l,,le or", th" n.". uicluded between thc circles / = 2 sin 0 and r = 4 sin e.
ll
r. *' 4
28aa 4511
n
I
4.4. GHANGE OF ORDER OF II{TEGRATION
In integral, ifthe limits ofintegration are constant, l,hcn thc ordcr ofintegration is
a double
immaterial, pro\.idedthc limiis olintesation are chansed arcordingly. Thus,
..t tb
J J"t''',)',b )) t^,1'dr
But ifihe limits ofintegration arevadable, a change in the order ofint€gration nec€ssitates
change in the limits ofintegation. A rough sketch ofthe egion olintegration h€lps in fixing the
ncw limits of integmtion.
WorkingRule. Wlen it is requiredto change the order ofinte$ation in an integral for
which Iimits are given, we first find out the region ofintegration ftom the limits. When resion R
ofiniegrationis known,wenext assign limits ofintegratjon in the revorse oder from geomct c
IvIULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I ([4ULTIPLE INTEGBATION) 411
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Dxanrple 1. D{roluare lhe follouins ;ntesral br chalsins the order of integratian
frldiJr
J' I', ,
J,,
Sol. Thc sivcn limits sf.*r tfr.t ti" *gi". is bounded bythe cur-ves
"iintegration
r=s.,.r,=€,r=0,r=1
It is the area shaded in the diagram. It can also be
considered as bounded by
r.=0,r=logj,l=1,]=e
trt" .t\ d\ r rtur ,dr./v
ll-] lug =llJt Ju log
Hence. JuJt
)' -v
= I[.',]" *
=l 1.dv= y =e t.
Exampre 2. cldns" r he order ot.intesrutian ,, I f !* nntt h.nce e.atuote the
Sol. From the limits ofintegration, it is clear that

the r€gionof integration is bounded byr ='r,,r = o,r = 0
and y = a. Thus the resion ofintegration is ihe
and is divided inio horizontal st ps. For chansing ÔAB
the
order of integration, we divide the region of integrati on
into vertical strips. The new limits ofintegration become:
-v varies from 0 to r andr varics from 0 to o:
f f )da.tt ( l',dJdx
II----iIl---,
J0Jra-+!- J0J0 1"+/-
t" 11
=1, 'ran ,,1' d,
| dr=
= Jn4 4
Example 3. (i)-BualLate b./ chanELng th.e ord.et of int?Arution:
i,,J".. d.d,
\a- //
vtrholun," | | d) d.r lr rhan neth.h"dpro[intpErotion.
Sol. (i) The given limits shos,that thc region ofiniegraiion is bounded bythe lines:
r'=2J,1=2.Y=O,\=1
412 ATEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEIT,4AT CS
We can also consider it as bounded by I = 0, y =r/2, x =O, r=2
IJ:. t o, o, =
!lJ"'' u' o, o,
= Ji,,u'',,;'' *=;f ,t a'=]1"'tj=4rl

(ti) The givenlimits showthatthe rcgion of integration is
bounded bycurvesr = 0, jr = 2,r = 1 andy = er
It is the area shaded in thc diagram.It can also be consid-
ered as bounded by
a = log),, r = 2.1 = 1 and-y = r,
' I Jlll Jhp, a,.ty- = Jrl z- tog,.ry
=lzJ .v ue \ - vti - 13\ v tog Jr,
=\Jc 2,'!) 3 /-3
Exa:mple 4. Chalse th( or.ler af inteeration i, 1=J'J .r t (b ond heni,:uatuat?
(A.K.T.U. 2014i 2015, 2016,2017)
Sol. From the limits ofitrtegration, it is clear
that we have to integrate first with }espect toy which
varies ftomy = I to, = 2 -r and then v,rith respect to
r whieh vaxies from, = 0 to, = 1. The region ofinte-
gation iB divided itrto vedical strips. For changitrg
the order ofintegration, we divide the region ofinte-
gration i[to horizontal strips.
Solvingy =*2 andy = 2 -r, the co-oralinates of
A are (1, 1). Draw AM 1 OY. Ttre region ofintegration
is diyided into two parhs, OAM and MAB.
Forthe rcgion OAM, ir varies from 0 to jt and

] vades from 0 to 1. For the rcgion MAB,:r varies
from 0 to 2 -!, and] varies ftom 1 to 2.
o a, at t li l;t'a, *
", t-, 1'; ,, I ^,)' '
\\2 \t2.tr d,= ll \'/Jv+jl-
=1,'
[;] ',.J,, [z]" 2Jn' ' 2Jr
= ;[*]..;f* n,'.,",a,=].J[2,' +.+],

1*1[ls-E *4]-1, 1-llJ=1
=
6 2L\ 3 , I 3 4 8
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS - I (lr/lU LT PLE INTEGRATON) 413
Exa,nple 5. C hanee the order ol niesration in the follouins Lntesral and eraLuate:
I I. ,t,,t,
Sol. From rhe limits ofintegration, it is clear that we have to integate first w.r.t. ] which
laries liom \=1to1=2Jar

4o
and then w.r.t. r which varies from n = 0 to r = 4a. Thus
integration is rrlst performed along the vertical strip PQ which extends liom a point P on the
parabohJ=L(r.e.,rr=4o,rrtoihepointQontheparabola"',=2i;(i.e.,i2=4ar).Thenthe
st slidesfrom O ioA(4d,4a), the point ofintelscc-
p
tion of the two parabolas.
For chansing the order of integraiion, we
divide the resion of integration OPAQO into
horizontal stdps P'Q' which extend from P' on the
paraoola y/ - .tu, ,.,.., . ] ,"e *rheparabo.d

P = 4at, i.e., t = 2 J a:' . Then this strip slides fiom
O to A(,1o, 4o), i.€., J varies llom 0 to ,1o.
\
=i'"".t ^,,
lzJ't ;;a,,
I - ------
= 2'lo
,,, ,, '' = a -
3t2 )r -.la
.
| r2o 3 12d.
32a2 16a2 16a2
Exampte 6. C,4onge lne orrler ol nks ttion h the
,:r.:cral ",'.,|,',
I l') /ra \),1. ,7v.
J
"J
Sol. From the limits ofintesation, it is clear that
Ic have to integrate Iirsi r,!...t. r which varics flomx = 0
' ., 1o' , and rnen $.r.r.l whi, h varie" homy a
:o-y = a. Thus inte$attun is first performed along the
aorizontal st p PQ which extends from a point P on r = 0
' .v arrr' r" rh. p,,rnr Q.nrn^.r".1.'- \d- Jr
: r., r, + l', = a,). Thcn the stdp slidcs Irom B'to B.
ll
414 ATFXTBOOK OF FNGINEERING MATHEMAT CS
For changing the order of intesration, we divjde th{} rcgion ofi,rtesration B AQBPB' into
le.tical strips P'Q'which extend from P un ihe cii'LLc r = - .;;; ,' tu Q'on the circle
o'z - r'z . Then this strip slides from ]-axis (r = 0) to A, where :r = o.
I l'- r.,,'o,.iv I Jl"nr Jr) r.

t,x.v dvd(
Ex r\pte 7. By chansins th.e order ol urttErottotL, eatuate l'. | !--- Jt dJ
Sol. The given limits show thatthe area ofinte$a-
liunlie"b-r$,.n, - J,.' y.y 0.y=a

We Can consider it as lying between
f=r,l=Jo.r,j=o,r=a
Here the siveninte$a],
."fJ- vdrttt
r= .vl" '. I --
la r)\lo,r - J"
yl t,,-y'P'fc
- JoL o, o
,, L '=o
x
.
_l"to: x"t"" .h_ f"l , I a,
.112
Jo la rl Joto-x, Put r = o sin'? e .. dr = 2a sin 0 cos 0 d0
snle
- roYt'l'
1a cos'
1' .r,sinecosode
0./
| ,,,\tn'HdH=2n
= Jo
22 2
Pf ,2 dv d"
Jar"G; .lra _a, r,
Sol. The given limits show that the area ofinte-

gration lies bei*een l' = or,l = a, r = 0 and r. = a.
We (an consider it as lying betweenty = 0, J = o,
:r = 0 and r = y'?la by changing the order ofintegrar,ion.
Hence the gi\.en integlal,
t:.J;=* J,, ,.,,

r ri
:'=.4!.-r.="J, v'a. rr
o
F;rrl
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (I'/ULTIPLE INTEGRATION) 415
r ( t; t-$!t ]r' ,,1,.- {s ll'

"r,
=
h^,rt, ,Lo" ] \t'))^
il;1 "
71, ,
tsin{ (1) - sin 1 (0)l dy
o/,3)" o ta", ,*2

dt =
%l s )"= - t=-.
,Exampre e. ,Br .ho,s DLs the arder o[ intesrc^- d ]; l,:" '' st t px dx dv :hou t hrL.t
r .t4 p)' .tt

Jrr2
lt
sor.Let r=lfl. " *"'"ra"a.,

f" |P d\ d' =l-""i' la' I:'n''"' "''''
l,''"r' J r
Asain, ,=
[J,, " sin p;r &,rr
lcin pr
- I I , 'i" p!& - ,,,|
.t."
p. ,. 'p.osp..
o'l
l
- h| p ''-.J, ,a - f,,^ P 2
...,2
n
Hence f.om 11)and (2),
l- "ia4l,/, = 1.
Jo.2
Brample 10. siorr, ri,, I'' l cinx t ) dt dy = 4 - L

J"'' ";,, "i, "in
Sol. We have,
I .rn,,rv Jo| .rn '.in '"inr,,h

I Ju
Put sinr sio) = sin z sothat sinrcosT.r1.T.=coszdz
. r=i"
J0
drlJ0 :tus?d-
coi f
416 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING MATHEMAT CS
= l"'' ,, I,
, "b''
2 sin .r cos ?
12 8,,
d,J^ :d2
= l"
l''' a,l'
= Jo Jn
rjrlilgl. a,
Jcos, :- cos, r
ChangiDg the oder of integration, we get
,= J.-"J.=.
!6J" *J;
d(cos ,)
= J ''""'J. G,,'.;J; = 1"".-",*[","'*]1,"
l ',,,,,", 2nd, 2\2
- Jn nln.r-n
4
n
2
.
Example 11. Eualaate the following nxegruL by chansins the o Pr of intesration.
)"J.'; " *
ri
Sol. The eiven limits show that the area of
integration lies between y = :r, y = -, r = 0 and r = -.
We can consider it as lying between r = 0,, =1,
:l, = 0 and y = - by changing the order ofintegration.
Hence the given integral,
I I' drh=|IldxJv
Ju J, y Jo J,r y
=I;('J,*=1. " "'

=
l-" '1. =' , ='
F;xalllpte 12. E, otuan l'll'sVtdt
ta-,t-, vt-
JuJ"
Sol. Here ttre limits arc t = 0, x = a ; y - O, ! = r
Evidently t}le region of idtegratiof, is OABO.
MULTiVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGRAIION) 417
By chaaging tlre order of integratiou,
t=rrJr +eeL-
l(a-x)\x-yl
J0
...(1) x=0
Putr=acos20+rsin2o
... a-r=o siu2 O-y sin20= (a-r) sin2 0
+ -dr = 2 (a -Jr') 6in 0 cos 0 d0, keepitrgy conrtant.
Also, * -y = o cos2 o +y (sin2 o - 1) = (a -r) cos2 0
WIen , =y then
r J=o
(d-J)cos'z6=0 - 0=t
1t1ten
.- a-a=O
(o-])sine6=0 or sin0=0 or 0=0
Thus i=a 0=0
:id s=t
I:
Now, t= \v) dv = n = zrrr'r - rrorl
!",r,f' [/rrr]'
TEST YOI'R KNOUTLEDGE
1 aLuate the follouins intesruls (1 21) br chansinE the o er ofinteErution:
z.
' 1"J" r" dv dx !l"f,"'"*at
, tt## nJ" J, xdxdr
, f lJ' ++
" ,1,, * t"
\u Kru 2ui2t
" J"J"
.t
âa.l* -'' 4 dt d\
;. o:
!'i,' + ata, o.K.r.u. 2o1o)
!"
s1 | l. xydxdy (u.P.T.U.2014)
o. l' f' "o" r,' ,,, or, a, s. l' [' .. ,, r, a, t.u-P.?_u_ 2a15J
"
418 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING MATHEMATICS
10. (, rrre t ur\ dx lM_T_u.2413) td

)o)'y,
. dxdy iG_B_T_U.201:l)
,. J" J, tx+j)t\d! n. f" !*"'" ri t v't av d,
f '[]' ,''.]',r,r,
",';
\LIKTLI 20tlt u.
J, J,
,. * r',,a, a,
J,,J ,,r,r' A.K r.L 2ot8) 16.

Jn Jn"
x dr ,1r
17. JoJo!i.\
l l rrdtdy * IJ.J', @ +1),h-.'z-!2
lM.T_U_ 2012)
I l'- j:lI)r,La.a'
rs. r, JoJ0!o ir
,,1JoJ,, ,'zdvr. tu.P_T.Lt_ 2415)
.
20. ruJr
II
r..iz
' drdy ,r. Ju
I
-a,
[' 4-
Ju l+ yrz
l,z ,r,rt ,rvrr
ChdnEe the order ol innsratbn DL (22 27):
22. \tt I l. t\x,\)d\,^ (;i) ' iG,1),rr d, IA_KT_U. 2018)

'i J'I"
,.'',,
23. I J. I (t + vr" c/r, 24.
J-.vLI,r)d,
dr
JL, Jo Ji,
f'[F rL.. r ar,r, 26.|l \?ir ! dr,i)
27. | | _f't.tcuctt
(lhansing rhe order ofintcsration in the doubte Lnte8rar I = ,, J rLlv,/r leads to the
J" J':a /r
*l*l= f'l'/, Jrdrdy uhaiisthevalueofq? iA-K-T.Lt- 2017J
Relerse the ordcr ofiniegration in the followiDg integrai:
r l" 1,,'ra',,
rr/ 't..r t,-t.tr. r;,",1r
1,..hu.,"",J,J ' ' fu,r, -
MULTIVAEIABLE CALCULUS _I {MIJLTIPLE INTEGFATION} 419
a
16
,. f,ntu ,, 4. "-3,l;
"
6
l
1 .: a- 1o2* -t. ttl :lna
(ii) 3/8
.12 8 8
l 1
0. (1- rO-r,r] .,,,]2
2 t coe 1)
2
11.
241
60
p.4*L
2a 20 t:t.
314 ,
1,4.
241
35 :lt,
-
il I"
.15. 16. ;o'b 17. o- re. rrc["*1]
2 "l
3 2 )
(ii) 27 20. 21.
, Tt
22. 'llJnf, J0
fn,,i
/t'.,rd, rr J"ll t,.) o,ct.,
J
,, t I r ."ct!(t!, | | ,,,.1.J..,1
za. la'l_1,+1ra.
tnt t tln
I Jttt
Jr I \.r..,J,dv_ | J,1v,,,-d,
J,," t
/, h,r "
l- ul..'d,, l,l
JL Ja
i.,.y,t.J.
,6. o !:!18= v\",rd.dy.!:!'"

&,= ve,rd.b,!'" f; vt,r).,,dr
:Ii. 4. 29. I I t,),\ d. l,

JJ.
4.5. TRIPLE INTEGRALS
l.nsider a function ir, ], .:) which is continuous at evcrv poinr of a hnire resion V of rhree
.-"n.ionrl.pcc".Driderh1 ".66ny,,ror:uh"egio .itr."p.cri,"uoi,n,,.oV..^\..;f:
-, ' v . ? , b" an JrbirrJr\ nuinr rnrlpr,.L,, rpsion
Consiiler the sum f, f A,.,t,,",1w. .
420 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATiCS
The limit of this sum as D + € and 6Vr + 0, ifit exists, is calledl}],ettiple inteeraL of
lr. )..?. u\er r hp rcsion v and,s donoiod by JJl, .. r.., ru.

For purposc ofevaluation, it can be exprcssed as the repeated integal
I l'l' t\x.r.,rdxdrdz, ...(1)
the order ofinte$ation depending upon the limits.

l,et:r1, n2 be function ofy, z ;t,r, J2 be function ofz and zl 22 be constants, i.e.,
Let:tr= frt1, ). q = fib,, z), J1 = Oi(z),.y, = $rQ) and zr= a, zr= b.
Then the integrat (i) is evaluated as followsi
dr dz
I J, =0,., r_:1:::
First flr, n z) is integrated wr.t. , (keepingy and z constant) between the limits r, and rr.
The resulting exprcssion, which is a function of, and z is then integxated w.r.t. f (keeping z
constant) between the limits rl andr2. The resulting expression, which is a function ofz oDly
is then integrated w.r.t. , between the limits 21 anal 22. The ordd of itrtegration is ftom the
innermost rectangle to the outermost rectaogle.
Limits involving two vanables are kept innermost, then tho limits involvhg
one varisble and ffnally the constant lisits.
lf x., xr; y.t, !, a.:d zr, z2 are all constEn-ts, then tlle order of integtation is immaterial,
i pmvided the limits are changeal accordingly. Thus
fli;f, =rr:r; tt\.!.,,dJd,dr | | | frx.:.ndzdt,lt
ILLUSTRATI!'E EXAMPLE S
dz dy dx
Exampre 1. Dr0l&ore J,,J,; l; ID
,t "-lt s- "-lt-+J
sor. Let I = J, J; l; d, dJ d*
l"tl-
=l,lLi-l' ' I dv dtt
l"
",".fi- lordrd.r
= l,l; rsin{1 sin
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGBATION) 421
=l,l!1.**=ZJ:,E v*
r '11
ll,Jf_,' , r.,. ,,1 r1"i, ,1=r.l=

= 2L z 2-- -)o= 4 42
.. "vu. . it. .'
Exanote z- tt oruorc
)"),, ) d) rlr c)z
,= l=,1:l (if- a,a" =

J'!";
g,-,; a'a,
=lJl;,.n.*.1 ,'"'"' t;ll"

= !' z, "i^' ot a" =
"l',-
* =
" t+).=
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Eualuat. the follooinA i tesruls (1 12):
, fff z.
l" l' l" o, + * * +: a' ar a,
3. ltJ'.r-'G+ r + ) dt,k.t n. l' l' l"' ,,, a, a, a,
, l'l' l' ''a'a'* u.

f [' !'.'t ,, *,a o" o, *
'l:' tG+r+d't"1,'L
,. * * tt o, o, o,
" l:l: !' ,!n ,l'",; ".
.' ,'4,a,aya, .14 2.r . + isL
" fl," '[. IAKTII 2017)
,O
J" J" J,,
"nt2 ar.\rt) !o' .,1, .,'..a..i,. ,,

,r. .J,,
,rJ" ,.Jll '))/o n1z
" J" J,, )', ,d,d,,to
13. Evaluate Ill

JJJR
t, Z, +.).t,dyd,, whercRistheresiondetcrminedhv0<,<1,0<J<a',
r4. Ev,lrrate [[[ rr+v+:r,l,,rr,l:utrerLR:0<r<1.1<!<2,2<z<3- l

JJJR
-[-'t.tJ.2016,2018]
15. E\aluaic Ilf ,,ir, where S is thrresion houndedbyihc surfaces-v =r',, =r + 2,42 =i'/+J? and
JJJs
422 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGLNEEB NG MATHEMATICS
13 1-
1. (e 1)3 2- 3,n'' 3.0 4.-:rogJ -
4
-4
35 ".
,o 1*, 2.9
8
e-9abc(a2+b2+c2)
3
A l9 5,3r
= ; ;
1
1O-:lrru 2 12.
"' 4a :l 9 64
11.
I
35 , '5 160
4.6. CHANGE OF VARIABLES

bv A suitablc
Quite oilen. the evalu:rrion of a double or triple inte$al is $eatllr sjmPlirred
dlange ofvariables.
Lct the va ables r, -t in the double integrar JJ flr,, r) ar dJ he changcd to u, t bv

neans of ihe relations x = (!(r., u), 1 = (u, o), then the double integral is transformed into
fr fr "*
*--nof,mnsforma,ion
j J, rr,1,r,,,,,r, vl,,,rr J I .j,1 du $'herc r =
#l =
I
from (r,r)to u) co-ordinatcs and R'is the region in the uu-plane which corresponds to th€
(U.,
rcgion R in the xJ plane.
i li ) 1'o t:haBe cartesi.atL co"ordhates (r, I to paLu co'otdLnates G, 0'
Herc $'e halex = r cos e,:i = r sin e so thatr' +v' = 12
gi * = :;: 1"1"",' =.r*"'e,"r"'er=.

t ,to
j j. ri,, rr a' a, = Jli. /(r cos e,

'
sin o) dr
' 'j0
i.c., rcplace r by i cos 0, y by r" sin e and dr d.y bv P (x, y, z)

rd.x10.
(r, e, $)
tii) To chanEe cartesian @'ordnrutus G, v, z) to
spherical paktr co-ardinaL.s lt,0, O.
llerc, r.e have I = r sin e cos A
J=rsin0sin0
z=.cos0
so that 12+f +22-tz
IIIULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS - I (irlULTlPLE INTEGBATION) 423
3r 3r dr
taoad O cos 0 cosd -rsin0sin()
aJ ,, al sin e cos
sin0sinO rcosesinO
,"
cose isino 0
taeA
I ll,ra,t,a a, ay a, =
J JJ .rr.
e *" 0,. sin 0 sin o' r cos o) r' sin 0 dr dB dg
"-
(.iii) To change cartesian co'ordinates G, y, z) to crlinclri.:aL co'oNfinates (t, b, z)'
Herc we have .t = r cos 6
l=rsinO
P(x, v, z)
(r.0, z)
dr dr dx
3y dy ily
0r dQ nz
azUdz
cosO -rsinO 0
sin0 .ros0 01
001
=r(cos2O+sin'!0)=,"
J lJ, rc, '.a a,

a' a" =
JJJ,.rr,*" 0,.
* o, z) r dr do (t?
Example 1. EuaLuate the follouing b! changin€ into pola' ?oordinates:
r:t= ) \lt'
Sol. Changing to polar coordinates by putting:!
+ ]' dt t1!
= r '2
::s 0 and y = r sin 0 so that :r2 +','2 = 1, we get B
(r=a)
t = !"'' J",' e.,., a, ae
";n'
=r1+1""*",,.
lIt o Y=o a e =0
5 22 n (r=o)
424 A TEXTBOO( OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Ilxurlrple 2. Change into polar coordinates and euoluot" c' -

dr d'.
!- !' " ':',t
HeMe shon that f a-

l- ' (U.P.T.U.2015)
)oe =\
Sol. For the region of integration in cartesian co-ordinates, y vanes from 0 to * and ,
also varies from 0 to -. Thus the region ofintegration is the plane XOY. Changing to polan co-
ordinatesbyputtingr=rcose,]=rsinOsothat12+]'=12;fortheregionofintegration
r varies from 0 to - ard 6 varies from 0 to 1.
2
l l "'"" ''dvdr.
.. JoJo ' I -I e' .rdrdo
Jo Jo
l l :. t,lt ,lo wheft t
= Jo = r?
)o2
t"''[-
= JolZ ]" ,l- a.
l.
r.^2 rtl" n
--:l2Jo i0-l)do=:10
- -- 2llo 4
I=
Now, let
J-e-' ar
Between the same Lmits, we have
r =Ji;:a
i = ,:= J;J;" - -.dtdy=IIe '' -' dtdy=i I Pmied aheady
"
,=G.
2
' "z "-tn ?
Exampre 3. Eudruale b), changing to polar c@rdindtes.
J" J'
Sol. In the given integral,J varies from 0 to l,8, - r' "od,

,rri"" from o to 2.
y-.,12*-,'z - J?=2t-t"
a=!
-2
o
I\,IULTIVABIAALE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION) 425
In polar co-or<linatea, we have I = 2r cos 0 or / = 2 cos O,

.. For ttrc region ofintegration, r varies from O to 2 cos O and O varies from 0 to I
In the givea integral, replaciog x by r cos 0, y by rsirt(-,dy drbyrdrdO,lr" h.r"2
o rcosgt.fd d0
,= d" ds
J" i" J" J"r
cos o
Ir']'-' 94
= Jn cos o d0
I 2cos3odo=2;=5
F;xrlrrrrle 4. Eodluate
ltff -;'-7
dr d! over thp seni-circle P =a*inttu +f
positiue quadmnt.
SoL Changing to polar co-ordinates, 12 + y2 = oa tlaDsforms into r = a co6 O. For the
region ofinlegradon R. r varies froE O to @ m6 0 aDil O varies froto O to I.

.. ll*r7-,r7a,*
0=
=J" J" 'lo'z t -'drde
l
= Jo I :to'| r'zlt'zt 2rt.trns
Jo 2
t^/2 1llo2 - 12 )stz)dn\a tl$

=l .to 21 3/2 l"
-'J rarstn3e o"'ds= "n
J 'si"1e t,,rc
o3lz i1 "3rn z:
- sL3 21 3[2 Br'
i. Euotuote
il m dx d.y owr the positiue quadrant of the circte
a . *r]1-r,"
Sol.ChangingtopolarcoordinateEbyputti[gr=rcos0,y=rsin0;*2+12=ltrans-
of integration R, r varies
forms into r = 1. For the rcgion
from 0 to 1 and 0 varies from 0 to l.

2
,= Il
,*nt llj lttt 11 711 72,
-1. J,iir;l 'drde=Ja J"T-""
426 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEI\4AIICS
N"., i;'F-r-,,. = t [r"r,#J,.

* !' - n'u'''- tr" o'
=
# t
:!: "
=il#.;[5#].,where,=r2
,1. , ' r 1 ,r r r
,[' ']" 2'o ,'=r'z -z-t-z
r
'' r JI ln 2lae- 4 n-] n-'t/

2)2 8 4
!4
Example 6. li) E,ratuate [[l ,f,'ty'la,aya" ot)er the uotume of the cyLinder
? + y' = 1 intercepte.d br the planes z = 2 and z = 3.
(ii) Use crtindricat @otd.inotes to exatuate
lll ,; -fta,a,a, tuhen ouer th. resion
V bounded b! the paraboloid z = I x2 y2 and. the plane z = 0.

sor. (i) t= lll ,r,'ty'1a"aya,
I J,=o
=lJ,=, Ja=n I z.r'|.rdrdodz .j lrl= r
\
n5r
I f'.1'4 l
J2Jo ded, - 4..21'\1 l;l 44
u
'ii ,=
JJJ
,' , ,''0, o,o, - !'- l"l" '12.rtlzdrda 'r .rl= r
l""f * ;ra,"ae
9ra
= = f^l 6 ),,
"
729.1 243'.
"_(729
!4 6) 2
tl,.tr.i- r)z dt tt:

rhanging to sphantal
),.),. L il,.-.r' - f,'
Exarmple 7. ELaluote
?'".\
polar coord.inates.
I'/ULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS _ I (IVIULTIPLE INTEGRATION) 427
Sol. Here the region oflnte$ation is bounded by

(i.e.,8 + !2 + 22 =7)
t = ^,[1 ,' (i.e.,x2+y2=l)

r=0. a=1
irhirh is the volume ofthe sphere:r2 + 12 + z2 = 1 in the positive octant-
Chansins to spherical polar co ordinates by puttingx = . sin e cos O,J =. sin s sin Q,
? = rcos 0 so that x2 + | + 22 = r'2.
For the volumc of sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 in the positive ociant, r varies from 0 to 1, e
varies from 0 to 1 and d varics from 0 to 1.

22
Replacing dz dr di by r! sin 0 dr d0 dQ, we have
"sinedrd€drn 1, t1't 1- 1 11 721
t=l I | .:-:-'-'- _ JuJoJuJr
| | | "inodrr/oda
Jr. ."
-lJu rI Ji ' r J, .' sinur/rdHd.

IJr
= J-,,J",,
",. [","
, .
[.8=
.;"_ , .]1" * *
=
["1," "''[i I L)aoao=.1,,"][-*",]"" o = 1-";*
=i i= I
Note, Forthe lrhole volume ofihe spherer':+:y2 +22 = 02,0 <r<a,0 <0<r.0 < O < 2r.
Example 8. li) Et'alrnte the follotoins integraLs through the uolume of the sphere
:;t + y2 + z' = 1 by changing tnto sphertuol polot ootdiLates:
r"t JJI
: a" at a, at Jll r"' * t' t,' r" rh dy dz, @ > o)
(ii) Exatuate
[ll ,r. a, ut a, ouer tha p.)sitiae oct.)nt ofthe sphere r, + ),2 + z2 = b2 br
'rauformins to spherical polar coordinates.
tut Euntuate
JJJ
..,t,'-,'+,'l'' d,dx,1, tahe throu1h the positiue octant ofthe
:phere x2 + y' + z' = b' prcuided n + 5 > 0.
au) use sphericat coor(tinates to euatuate the i,t"g*r lll -!!$-- n*," "*, tn,,
"' Jr'+!'+?'
.eSion V in th.e first octant boundetl by the canes e = 1 .rn.) e = turn1 2 and the sphere
I
fl
424 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING MATHEMATICS
Sot. (D (a) r=
lj"l. lj; *", e ., sin o dr ds ds
= I""f [*J' """,, ",", o,,,
= "-", 0 € ae ao = ! t,i" e sin3 0) ds do

; J"'f "- l'" l"''
2 t2,f 2) 2 l .2n
-'-' -" 3l-- - 4n
I l(-.os0l,l'--.lh-
= sJoL 53 l5
(6) ,=
I^[f.- 12 siro ar ae ai =
], Jo J,,
s,n 0 d0 do
1 12^ 4n
= r^.3 J"
I coso)x do = 2m + 3
(iD I= , r.rn 0 cos o., r sin 0 sin o,, r cos 0, 17 sin 0 dr do do

J0 J0 J,
= "U.1,
"J, ""*' osin o ds do
e -" o cos
b6 1111 f2 f1 b6
6 2f2 2f3 ,{8',
(iii) I - J" l" l",rsin e.o. o',rsin 0sin o,,rcosA ., .7 sin 0d.dodo
-Yi'f" cos q sin 6 dq

f/'sin3 e cos e de
8(n+6)
(,r) ,=
ff'' lil'' Jf i r sin e dr de do = a
J-"r- *" erl1i', 7a
tn(t l) Jnf r l,
2 lJ5 J2, 2 lJ2 Js )
Ex ttpres. Euatuate
I I I O'f + if + ,' x2) da d.J dz oyer tlrevollume ofthe sphere
Sol..ir = / sin 0 cos O,y = r sin I sin O,? =. cos e

0<r< o, 0<0< 7r, 0< O < 2r
ll1
[I
MULTIVARhALE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION) 429
I I i rr','
JJJ
t,'.' *.','td, clu a.
(.2 sin'zs cos2o sinze sin'zO + r2sin2e sin'?O . r'cos'o

= I ,J" l" . 12
+ rr cos2o . r2sin2gcos2o)r'sine d. d0 d0
= .J" r6(sin5o cos'?O sin2o + sin3e cos26 sin2o + sin38 cos'o

,| , .|"
cosro) dr de dO
= ', ,J"" J"

' ,"inrs coszo sinro - sinJc cos'zod0 do
s"'l4 2 s2W, l2la2 n)

7 s 3 2s z1n 2)
8o7 r il q
-
$ I .7.
-30 15 -fi|
35
Cxample r0' Euoluo u J)*r, + vP a" at, uhere R is the panttetoqram in the xv'ptane
with uertices (1,0), (3, r, (2,2), using the tronsformation u=a +! andD =r-2v.
(O, 1),
Sol. The vertices A(1, 0), B(3, 1), C(2,2), D(0, 1)ofthe parallelogram ABCD in the i:v-plane
become A'(1, 1), B14, 1), C'(4, 2) and D'(1, 2) in the ru-plane under the given trarsforma-
The rcsion R in the xy-plane becomes the region R' in the uu-plane which is a
rectanglebourdedbytheline&=1,L=4ardu=-2,r=l.Solvingthegivenequationsforx
andJ, we have r = itz" +,1, t = ]u -,1
D'\1,-2) \=-2 C',14, 2:)
ax dx z L
#* '* '*= "+ :l= ;
'' Jl*o*'l o",' = !l^,xttv"a, = f,li; |a"a,
f"+f+];, = 111
du =1' B=21
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\,IATHEI4ATICS
ll^. i.\ Let D be the region in the lirst quadrctti bouwLed by a = 0, r = 0 an(l
r. + = 1 - Change ttut uariables r, r' to u, u, u here x + r = u, J = uu and el)alu atr
y
ll"u,,, tl'" d' aY.
t.ii) Usin9 the transform.Ltion x + ), = u, y = w; shou that

I I Prl'.'rd!dr=- (e
1
7)
Sol. (,) Since r=rr(1-u),r=au

aa Ar
dv d)
du du
clxcly= | J I dudL)=ududx ...(1)
xr (.1 x i1t2=u(1 u)uu11 u)1/2 ...(2)
Also,
Hencc the limits of, are from 0 to 1
the limits ofu are from 0 to 1.
Jl,"ir ,,r",rr r
1/)
- JL",, , t)112 dtdy = auax
=J[ "',, u)t2ut7 xiuduttu
= SlD., r tl Li (tu du
112
u
.. Requiredintegral=
J','rr-,1" a,f .rr Oa,
= | u4-r o-d\31r-1 au l' u'-'lt u)' 'a, = p(4.312) 0i2.2)

MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS I (MULTIPLE INTEGBATION) 431
r(4) f(g) r(2) r(2) r(8)r2f2

= r(+:) f(4) _- r (+)
1"tr.r.r
2""" 16
= 9-7-5 3 1 L-g45'
22222
(ii) Since x=u(l-u'),1=uu
dlx.y) j6u aul lr-u ,l

l4a, l
r= orr.uj-
"v &J=l u ul=u-uu+uu=u
ar; I
.. clx d.x= J dudn=ududLl

Also, jr=0 ) u(l r)=0 = u=0,u=1
l=0 = I'iu=0 = u=0,0=0
r'+l=1 - u=7
Hence the limits of ll are 0 to 1 and the limits ofl'are 0 to 1.
. I J,L'-'
J,,
rtvdt-l
- I z
JII
Jtdudt
'I
I
o
),,) ," ,,,' z , o= 2'o-t''
Sxampre r2. usrng r he trunsformatu'nx +y =,, t =,, *.1,.k I; !' l.,s G + t)ldx dv .
Sol. Let I=fflcosc+rrlarar ...(1)
Consider transformation ,i + \t = u,
then,
d(r, y) 1 1
Now,
" atu,u) - aly ly = 0 1=1
a" a,
dtdy=lJl du d.x ...(2)
A]so,
Now, (1) becomes,
r=
J"a,J'. r*"" a, ...(3)
J", *", a,-'

J"'"i," " I
a, = " -", a,. I I a,
1. r L
J"r-"i," "
=
J"'*" " r, - J,, -", a" *
J"." """, a,
432 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATICS
= lsm l]Jr lsrn u)tr/,, (srn 4Jn

= 1-sinu-(0- 1) {sin (,r + u)-0}
=1-siru+1+sinu=2
.. Frcm (2), t= l'z au = ztr.
Dxample 13. Using rre transfomation x - y = u,, + ! = u, shau that
rr ("-"\
ll ein I I d, d.\t = o. uhPft R is bound.ed br the co ordinate o-res and r +r = 1 in
\t+!)
firct quadrant. -
Sol. R tu AOAB in ry-plane.
at 1 1l
3u l1 1l=2
aJ
.. d.udt=2dr.dy ...(1) | ... J l=2
We have r r=u, .ir+-y=u ...(2)
By (:2), =u+vanj2y=p-u ...(3)
If:r= 0,y = 0then (3) gives
If, +, = 1 11rcn 12; gir..
Corresponding domain in au-plane is bounded
bya=-...u,u=u,a=1.
lhe domain in uo-plsne is APO'Q.
Take a strip parallel to u-axi6. One end of this
strip lies on u = - u and the other end on = u. For this
staip, u varies fiom u = 0 to 0 = 1.
. /u \1 1 rr l-cosrr,/,rl'
,= ijf. sn\ul2
- - dl.h= | drt-l
2)o \lut ),,
1rl
=r)., { cos I + cos (- 1)} du = 0.
E$nlterL.Trandorm 9
P! o^ oo ou,* substitutiohx= sin q cos
! ' !tt' Isine 0,, = siz O
sih e and show that its Dalue is fi.
Sol., = 6in 0 cos e,y =sin0sin0.

Eviclently, 12 +r2 = sin2 0 ana 1=6og
r
O andO both varies fro a 0 tn rd2,
This shows that the givet integral is taken over the
positive quadrant OABO of tlre circle I + 32 = 1. Limits ofy
are ftom O to 1. Limits ofa in terms ofy are from O to 1/iJ.
I
MULTIVAR ABLE CALCULUS I (MULTIPLE INTEGRATION) 433
ar bt
,[a]= ae
,)!
a{|
a:y
ae ao
sin O sin 0 cos o cos 0

sin O cos € cos o sin 0
Now.
Jo Jo
,,ffi,*,.=fl.n-{ffi}61--
rrr,/r-]' lsino dydx 1r1u4- - 1 dy tht
I
=tJoJo =l I
!.in 0 sin d cos o J,Jo cos qr
J"t" ,i *" e
.'.,1- L
= J"J" r- --:-;-
#"*=I['"' fi1'r t"' + 1'1
fr,/, t,r .b t ,!u

l-l-rs,n Jlr.,.-
J.r ,r,,2 'L]r l.r,,
I n d\
J"2r' 2 2Jr i
,,
ExamDlets.E,u/rdi, ll,,,. a,t,,t,t, R..th, 4urpttt.t,tLto.trtt.l

' JJ
F
I,-\t- yl
I the x! plant .
Sol. Put r +r = u,: =usothatr=& u,f, = u.

(t) orisin (0, 0) in,J-plane:
r=U J , r=(l
1=0 r ri=0
.. O sn] (0, 0) in r]'plane corlesponds to (0, 0) in ar-plane.
(li)r-a-'ris:r = 0
= i]=0 .. x=u
Since r>0 .'. u>0
-'. x :1xis translorms to u axia in &u plane.
(iii)J-axis:rf=0 J u=u
Sincc r > 0 =J.'>0
. . J axis transforms to line a = r, in au plane.
(i.,)Anypointr> 0,y > 0:
Snrceu='r>0auda 0=x>0 .. ri>u
Hence entire I quadrant in r:) platle gets transformed to ihe resion between L'axis and
...r=!!r4=r
d tu,o)
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
'a,
li'll
- Jnl -.^' I
-1"',', z,a" -2 | *'a,,
fi
JA TJl]
=il **r.[' "-n)=z

Example 16.Proue that the arca in the positiue quadrant bounded bv the eutus
!2 = 4.1x, y2 = 4b!, ry =,2 ona q = d' i"

1,.0' -
e, (!), o, ", u, ".
^,
Sol.LetL=a and rf, = u so that} = x'l3 Dv3 and x = u 113u2/3 ..(1)
I ar ajr _:i-413;t3 2u vsu-113
'-!!.!
'' - t)ru,ut
a,
dY
;,
'tY lr-nrutt, !uurr-r,"
du dD
1.2, 1
993
1
"3ut=-
t.I
The bounding curves then become u = 44, L = 46 atd,: = c2, u = d2.
.,, r t
,, rr= """
Requ,red arca JJ JJ tlldur, =),l*r_0"0,
RR'
- : I ,r"c,,l: d,, ; roc
l" J, d,
t.a-
=3 -t,,r
",tu*,6l
the t"kc*l
Example 17. Transforn
lll {x + y +:r,:y-':? & d} d, taken ouer the
nlume bounded br r = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + ! + 2 = 1 su bstituting u = t + y + z, x + y = ut), v = uuu

and then euaLuate it.
Sol. Wc have, u. t + y + z, x + \ = uu,y = Lrro so that
t = uu{l- u).y = uuw and z = z(1- u)
- ,,il h) ut7 u)
atu,D,u) 1_ u 0
dt dy dz = u'zu tlu du dw
+ uu(1- u) =0 = &=0,D=0,.0=1
+ &=0,1,=0,L'=0
t = l' !' I'

" ,,"'(\ - -)' ""' *' . u2 i1 - t)2 . u2 t. tlu du dw
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS _I (I\4ULT]PLE INTEGIIATION)
- ,nl'*'rr-,' au
Ju' t ,l
.l',' - a, I ; a,,
* Jn- *-
- p,3.3,. p,6.3, ttil

,', ,'o ,ojoo
Bxaltrlpte 18. Euatuatp br chdnsins the ,q,tabtes,
"'i' ll R k + !2 rlx d1, tl)ht)re R is tht
rcgion bounded by the paraLLeloereLm a + ! = 0, :e + r 2, Sx 2r
= = 0 and Jx - 2y = J.
(UPTU 20l't)
sol. Let ir+y=!,and3r 2y=usothat
r=|',, ,' "â r -
j,:,-,'
2 tl
Now, - a(r, y) 551
315 lJ =;
d(u, u)
55
dxdv=tJtd dL=]dudn 5
The limits then become u = }to u = 2 and u=0tou=3.
civ€nlntesral t=ll;.,*; 6'6t - l,:1,:", :*r,
=*f[*)''=1r ' I
TEST YOUR KNO\4'I-EDGE
Evaluare
Jl sjrrrl+r,JrdJovertheFsionboundedbythecircte,,+rr=lbychancinslo
r'lEvatuatel.l tor-x2 12t da.t! !\er the semi-circle rt +J, = or in the positive quadrantby
changing to polar co-ordinates.
.r...ir- ,'
vitE,aluste IJo JnI' Lx2+y2t dxdt bv chansins into polar co-ordinates (Op.?a,..20ll)
3, Evalus'e ll ,r'+ L? 77,/,dro\errl-ecirrj,,r-r,/

' I
JJ
.1.
tt - -^
5. ivaluate the following by changing inro polar .o-ordinates:
,il1:["F# ti,t!'"ffia"a, riiii I Jt.t4o

Jo
-2 -,2
l- r___j- ar av
x- + .y"
436 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING I\,IATHEMATICS
!'o' +r\d,d! tc.B.r.u.2012) ,,, i' i' " 41!l

ti,)
!" !'l'
6. r'"r-," ll , dr d.,uhF'FDi'rh-.ps'onbu-ndFdb) r-- ' a
n,.1,"t" ". ^l) adr uadrant ofx' +3>0

Jl,',l, * "
u\ er the positive q + r'? = 4, suPposins
7, '
I12?7
8. t,,r,,,"JJr o,. h', t" oprrnFp^5rr'\pq'rco'dnr orrnaF'l'p'p,,
;
Jl,*-*;.
Hinr.Pir. I lJ I t' i
" \]i obdxJYr
dx. . - b\ ... rr,",
; y'
T."1-lo,min{r
- e'"r".r. f' f' ,'ri1,i,o-od/ de
J,, JO
polar coordinaies wher.r R is the rcsrun
10. Evaluatc ihe iniec1al
JJ J.'? + r'z a, ar bv "l,o"sins to
in thc rr'plane bounded by the circles ! + l'' = 4 and r'+ r: = 9

rrinr. I=
Jo
j, r 1r dr de
11, Iry transibrmi,rg into cylindrlcal coordinaies, evaluate the iniesral G2 + t2 +.2 t ,tx dy dz
JJJ
rakeD over the reg:ion 0 I z. a2 + !2 < l.
T .i "rr.L I
lrli.t.r=l I lot+22 r,trtledz

l
12. L\aluate fft !fl- l4' ta ken throushout the volume of ihe sphere rr + ,'? + z'! = a'1.
JJ) tr' r'+)'l
f .rr^t.o. 1
lu;-t.t=
L
| | | +.lsinodrdodsll
Jo'u'!r
Usins the t*nsfodRtion, +r, = u, .y = ru, prov" th"t k)(1 -, vr]" a' av = ft turc,,
\ JJ
ovei the area of trimdte bounded by the thes .r = 0, y = 0, r + v - 1-
j
us;ng Lhe rrdsrormat;on u -r r.,=r , '.p.","th,tjJ os 'drdr = ;s'n I
where R is bounded bya = 0,y = 0,, +y = 1
I
Ilior., - z- 1,, .,,*rr,*l',t-'2'll
- r . 2-
u r r,
l---"'
15. Evaluaie ihe intesral Jlp'r - r')'os'G + J)dr dv where R is the rhombus with vertices at
(& 0), (2n, r), (,r, 2n) and (0,,I).
ll
I
IIint. Put I -x=r,y+r =ri J =:.J
MULTIVABABLECALCI]LUS IMULTIPLEINTEGRATION) 437
16. F'-,-" )))lil ,'t' d,dio: vh,.r,.! i.n.rh"r," orllo, r,.r,-..'

; ',r.,"^ I
Hi.t.I=| | | ,r .,']sLnedrd0r/,f
l
17. E""letc Jj r,! + \ I rdr r/-v $hcr" R i" ihe resion in lhe first quadrant bounded by a'/ l'1 = o,
,' r -1.2vlr,.nrr ,l.o q-h-O-.-n

Hint. T"^F , ,']. r. rr - , J
'2 (, , .')
o"a".t. JJ rr r)dr.lr wheie D is the re""" ," ', ,*"" 0",. o"o ny the stmishl linesI =a + 1.
, ,-., i, ',.s Hini. Pu, . ., = , , . ' , :J-;

n'ur"". J)
[[ ,.r 'lrrr'+'drd.yuhereRrsthesquarcwithvcrucesat(1,0].(2,11.(l.2lan.l(0,1).
[niot.
rot, *r =,,, -, =,, lrl =;] (M.T_Li.2413i
Euluat, Jl Lv Jr d\ shere R r\ ihF regLon in ihc firsl quadrant bounded by the hvPcrb.l,s
r'z - r2 = 6' and the circles,t' + 12 =.2, a2 + r,2 = d2 ililh o < a < b
J'z = o'] and r' <. < d.
JHint. r' l' + y2 = r i J = SJ}l
= z, r:
21, The function o(r) = e is fundamental in p.obability
"
(a) Sketch the graph ofO(r). Explain shy it is callcd a "bell .urve".
(a)EvaluateI= |'
" "a' ,"i.g tlr" following
bdlliant stratcgJ ofGauss.
,,.1n{p"dot pu'pl - J . 'r' *

'ornp.LirAl...1 l .'
!rrlRe$ritllzasnmtesrclufthelb.m [[ Orr,rU: dy.s'noen;s theentire cartcsian plane.
"JJ
(l,i) Convert that integral to polar coordinates.

(iu) Evaiuate to find I'2.
Ansv/ers
,,i, J'n'
2o
1. -''',,,5M
9 i.
64 4 9
1
4.
u
7. ,,7 (rn) 6l;-; ld
(u) : los (J2 + 1)
I
n(l- e-" ) 7.-2n+g
n+4
8.
l l,! - zr 9.0
438 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATICS
3
ll_
6
12. 4fia it-:
3
16. ln(e-1) 18,-8
:l 4 5
!o' "'t o'z "2). zr.(u G

20.
4.7. AREA BY DOUBLE INTEGRATIO

(o) Cartesian Co-ordinates. The area A ofthe region bounded by the curwes y = /r(r),
!-/-r ondrh. l,n,sy a. \ = 6 i. given by [6[" dyd,.
- A = JoJl,.t '
The arca A ofthe rcg;on bounded by the curwes r = i(y), r = lr0,) and the tines t, = c,), =.t
jssivenbrA= dtl
| |
)
&dy.
rt J1\t
(6) Polar Co-ordinates. The area A of the region bounded by the curves r = fr(0),
r-l.e and rhe I'rp. o . o. 8 - p is siven br A J0['l'"
J/r i3l
,a,ae
4.7.1. Area of Curves civen by Parametric Equations
Wo know that ihe area betweer the cune I = the axis of j! and the ordinates at jr = a
tb .h
r
and = A i. pquat ,o vdr
J"
^rl,
"r J"i,r,dr
Also, the area between the curve r = l(r,), the l-axis and the abscissae ! =o and a=bis
n)
Fven b, , dy or f I I rdv.
J,, J,
In casc ofparametric equations, the above formulae will be replaced by
LI "-ud'
dt
a, o, J,l' a,d'.tt a,
Cr and 0 are vatues of t corresponding to the values a and b of, ory.
",herc
4.4. VOLUME AS A DOUBLE INTEGRAL
(a) Cartesian Co-ordinates. Consid€r a surface
z = ltx, !)
...(1)
Lci the orthogonal projection ofiis regionR'on the
ri]'plaoe be the region R given by
" O(x'f)=O ...12)

Nolv eqn. (2) rcpresents a cylinderwith generators
parallcl toz axis andthe guidingcurve given by (2). LetV
be the volurne ol this cylinder betwcen R and R'.
Divide R into clomentary rcctangles olaroa &r 6y
br drawing ljnes parallel to the a-xis of:r andy. On each of
thcse rcctanglcs, erect prisms of lengths parallel to
: axis. \rolumc ofthis prism between R and R'is z & 51.
th, rolun " \ i..nmp,,..d ol"L,.h pri"ms.
o(x, v) = o
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS _I (NIULTIPLE INTEGFATION) 439
v= Lr t:sr6y=[fzardr.
JJR
6r r0
(6) Cylindrical Co-ordinates' Let the equation ofthe surlace be z = O)' Replacing
Ne eetv = lJrzr ar
^r,
d, dy by r dr dq, aO
Exarnple 1. Find the areel Uing betueen the parabola v = 4t i and the Line r = x'
Sol. Let two curves intersect at points whose abscissae arc given bv 4r -:'? = r
ir'?-3t=0 i.e. r=0,3.
Using veitical stdps, the required area lies betw€enr = 0, n = 3 and v = 11,7 = 4x 12
. . neoulrea area =
J"J, dy d*
=
iiL,l. dx
=J" l4x t2 - :t) dx =

I' ts' ,'t a,
,'l 27 --"'
=13"
. -; ;-"_^.
"lu
Exanple 2. Find the smaller of the areas boun&:d b! the ellipse 4? + 9r2 = 36 and the
straight line 2a + 3r = 6.
sol.Theequrrion ofrh".ttip"" i' I I -1 ...(1)
and rhc tinc i" '1, t, = t ...(:2)
Both meet r-axis at A(3, 0) and J axis at

B(0, 2). Using hodzontat stdps, th€ required area
+-:qh<""^
,=lo 7 andr=o,r'=2. .,,,\\a(:
't,,-iG x' o
Requircdarea= t" [",T **
= llf,$} -o 'ta'
440 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\,IATHEMATICS
r[.'11 ' ,4.-, r--2,,,'

2 2 2 2'ta
=1rz"i,,'o +.zt=f,lr.i r)=l* r,.

Example 3. ,ere, mine th? arca af resiotL bounde.l br the curues rr = 2, 4 =:.2, ! = t.
(u.P.T.U. 2014. 2015)
SoI. Required area ofshaded resion
l-drJr
-l J. =1J a
=tii,,r;;,,
-
Bur,, 1n. rl,
212 ..\o
t6
=z-['I 3- z-'""-r
tnn z1-21
3]
=
_2A 4tog 2
Exa,mple 4. Find. the area bound.ed by the parabola
y'z = lar.1nd its latus rectum.
Sol. Required area
= 2(area ASL)
=z l" 1""' a,a'
= z Jol" z"6i a"
=qal!:)'=8"
l3t2 ta 3
Example 5. By daubk integration, fincl the uhole area
ofthe curue a2x2 = ys (2a y).
Sol. Required area = 2 (area OAB)
I -21
*, ,,,, dy
| dx ...11,
iTIULTIVAFIABLE CALCULUS I (MULIIPLE INTEGRATION) 441
From (1), Requircd area
t=zJ" rrrtat =!f," t''' .t-r"' ot

2 to')
=; )"
tzo
"in'
el"' n/i,. zo ."i,,' o .44 sin 0 cos o .lo Put l = 20 sin'z 0
.. dt = .ta sin 0 cos e de
-qina
= 32"'I H.,,s': e,i0
31- 1
t \st2 1,3,2t-32u _z: z !^ . \/-' 1r
=i,2ht 2tt4, 2X2 I
Exampte 6. Find, bJ .louL)le integratian., ttrc atea lviiq insidc. the circLe t = a si o nn'l
aulsi(re the &rdioid | = o(l - ros 0).
Sol. Eliminating r between the equations
.f iNo.uNes- sin0= I cos 0orsin e + cos e= 1
Squarins l + sin 20 = 1 or sin 2e = {)

20=0 or7. t.e.,O=0or1
For the requircd area, r varies from
a(1 cos 0) to a sin e and 0 vnries tiom 0lo :.2
Reouirtsd arca Jo
I JaLt
I r'JtdA
' r,.o
= r t+1."'".", do =
;t:'"/ Lsin': e - (1 cos o)'l de
: --,
- 1,, '.'" , I cnsô 2(o.H'
", d0
o [- ,:.-.0 2to.9,JF , l-^.].

2Ja I l/
Exzrtple Fincl b double inte€ration th. .tfta in(l.udd bet een th? ':loDes
7.
r =a Ge( O + cos 0) and its as\mptotes.
Sol. The given cun'e is . = a (sec 0 + cos 0)
Its asymptote is
... Requircd area
"r/2 .,lse.€+60) rdr do
='J" 1"""""
. -.a(sec0+cos0)
I = rl"''l
Jo
L\ do
/ \2l"*"u
= "ti""" o * el'z scc'elae
"'ln "o"
442 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
= n,l'''
Jo
1.n., a*zt a.s
ft n\ ,ln I sn
-, "ltlz.z-r r)-""\.q'fi)= 1o
,
.
Example 8. F;nd, 6y doubk integftrtion, the area bing inside the caxlioid r = al1 + cos o)
and outside the circlz r = a.
Sol, Required area = area ABCDA = 2 (area ABDA)
.tr/2 rlor Edrd
=' )"="),
,d,d'
,". -.","
n?
,,(
=r)" J" rd\dr A _'\i.::
i:,,
=21 1l de
)o \2)" ol
Bri l
B 0--0
= o, et' l ae ili
I""rir* "o" c
= o, e+z e) de
J"/'(cos, "o"
=",{1 1* 2l= 41n * s1

\2 2 ) 4
ExaD.ple 9. Find by d,ouble integrdtibh, the area fuing inside a mrd'ioid r = 7 + cos 0 and
outsid.e the parabola t (1 + cos 0) = 1.
Sol. Required area = area CAIBEDC
= 2 (area DAFBED)
I J,I rn
=z Jo rdedr
o*,bol,
=2f''1,'l
Jo \2J r
,ls
."'flrltcosot
.lr" r
-
I
d0 ,1,
I ,1- co" ei l
No*, e)' ae = tr * * z. oset ae = ! !+z=lll+z

f/' {r +
"n" J"' "o"'
e
}+ 24
put9=o
and
lJ" or:* * =, f" ""c !a. =
1
J""
*.' 6 1z aor
...
2
d0 =2db
=
1J"" rr*t.,,, 41
""", o ao =
|!' rt t,t at,
It ,'\' 2
=;l'.: l"=n
... From (1), Required *." = *, - .1=T. i
----.1
IVULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS ' I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION)
Ex,lt I)le !o. Find. the area incluilzil between the curue x = 4 (e- sitv 0), r =a (1- cos 0)
and. its base.
Sol.When0=O, *=0 and y=0
When g=2n, r. =2dfi and r=0
.'. The limits for 0 are from 0 to 2r.
.'. Required area = area OPAO
=l:",*,,
= Jr" a{r cos e) a{r cos e) rJe
=., f"o *"er'ae = aoz J'" air. en ae
s,, o aq
lp*9 =.1
= J" "i", \2)
= so' . z f" "i.,' o ao = rc"' .l li =s,*'
Example 11. lind
arca ofthe loop
f,i,€ ofthe curue ts + f = Satv
Sol. Changing to polar co-ordinates, we get
f(coss 0 + sin3 0) = gaf sin e cos 0
3a sin e cos 0
...(1)
'=
For a loop, puting r = 0, we get
"t"tor*;%
sinecosg=0
sine=0 and cos0=0
0=0
(Two
and s=rJ2
consecutive values)
Hence as e varies lrom 0 to r/2, we get the loop.
.. Required area =
']" J"
r d'ds
3d sln 0 cos 0
t.tt r! ,.t a.",-'a 9a, r^r sin?0cosz0
-1" l;l = z J" ,"i,,e-.".''tr"
9a2 a1/2 tan2 8sec2 e ,^
I
- 2 Ju rl+fanJOlr
puttu"3e=r
I l
\.. 3 tan" o. sec'z e ds=dr,
-dO
3o2 r- dt 3a'zl t)- 3 "
=, J" ,t*t'" = 2 | r. t )"= e'"
444 A TEXTBOOK OF ENG NEEBING IT/ATHEMATICS
Example 12. F z.l th.e wlume bounderf by tlrc ctLinder / + y' = a ond th.. pLanes
| +z=,1 nnd. z = 0.
Sot. From thc figurc. i1 is clear that ? = 4 y is
to bc intcgrated over the circle r2 + 1, = 4 in the
r') -plan€. To cover the shaded halfofthis circle, r varies
r."- 0 i" Ja"T $,h er varies iiom 2to2.

.. Required volume
=21 I
J rJo
zrlrdr
.z ..1i.:-
=, )_,1; t4- r) dx 4,
=zl'"t+ euEi a
=21 a,la v'dv 2l
J I '
vJ+ v'dv
J 2- '
=a l',.,fu} at =rc ll ,A:7 *

=16 [,,'/n2 , ,1",. ,1]' =16 12 sin I 1l
2
= 16r.
| ' ')"
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. ',Frno.b\,,ouopr.rpCr" r.n.rh.a,F1Fn,l..Fohj rn"" p..'r..', r.
'r;,I-in,lI-,.dr,.oul'o olJqurdr-nl ol rhFpl 'p*

'o'b"", l,
2. (i) Find, by double intesation. the smaller of the a"eas bounded bv ihe circle r' +,r'! = 9 and thc
(li) Irind. by double integraiion, the aiea ol'the regron enclosed by thc cun'cs x2 + t2 = a2. t + t = a
ln ih. fiNt quadrant. IU.P.T.U- 2014)
rP
3. Show. bydouble integration. that the area hetweenthe parabolasr'/= +,' andr':= +ar i* o'
tu.P.T.u.20t5)
lt) Fn1d,br doublc inte8ration, the shole area ofthe cune d\' = ar (2a rl
(iil Fird, br doublc jntcETatioD, the voiume of the sphere r2 +.1': +:2 = 9.
5. (i) Show that thc arca bct'cen th€ cun'es rir' + 2l = ;,."a I r i l- r"g a - i
'r':l
= +y l.
I :.t., ,t I
iai.t.e=l,, J.'
I 4
.t\d\
(iilFindthcarcaofthcrcgionoc.upiedbyth€cun'est7=randr'2=.1 r. (;.8.7.U.2013)
445
MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGFATION)
t
Find the whoie area of the cuNe gi!c' bI the equations ' = o 'os3 r' =
6 sinr
6. ''
Find lhe area bounded blr thc circles r = 2 sin e and' = 4 sin e'
7.
r' a2 cos 2€'
a. l,l Find, by double irtegration, ihe area of one loop of ihe tcmaiscate = (G B,T,U, 2A]1)
(i/) Iinil, th. a'ea ol thc cadioid r = oi1 + cos e)'

by double integration.
(iitl Compute the arca bounded bI the lemniscate r': = d'z (N 2e l{l'P T tJ' 201t1)
the a(1 + 0)'
(;) lind ihe area outside the circle I = 20 cos o and iDside 'ardioid '
=
'os
its aslmptot(:
(itl Fnrd. by doublc lnte6ration, Lhe area bounded hvthe cune-v'1(24 'l = xr and
+ 2 sin 0 aId outside r" = 2'
10. Deterrnine the arca of the region that lies inside r = 3
o2(n
,.,r 91'
z)
1. (i) mb '4
zr lii) 4
(.i) r,az (jj) 367x

-..rrr -16J2
h. t- 1,*t
4. 1 8
7. 3,!
a. o rna'
ro. 14 *
1, 11
9. '' 2
ti 3na2
32
.r5
4.9. VOLUME AS A TRIPLE INTEGRAL
d' d'
rhe volume v of a threc-dimensional rcslor i" c'""" b" v = JJJ" '4
Iftheregionisbounded,bvz=l/x'r)'z=l.2tr'r');"rr=d,(r)'l=4,('{)and:!=a'r=6
a. a, a,
"
= J" J'ii,fi')''i
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATICS
The oder of integ.ation may be changed wiih a suitable change in the limits of
integation.
In cylindrical co-ordinates, we have v = r dr dO dz

JJJV
ln sphericai polar co-ordinates, we have V = 12 sin 0 d/ d0 dO.

III
ILLUSTRATT!'E EXAMPLES
Exatuple l, Caliulate ttu uolume of the solid, bound,ed. bt the surfoce e = 0, ! = 0,
r+!+2=1andz=0.
sor. Required vorume =jil 'I ' 'a,ata,=!'!'''rt-x-y)dydt
tl -.r11 '
-J.,i'-" ';l dx
., l ' -,zl
=
I {''-' '., - ', }d'
=;)o\t 't d'
1.. .rr lir =
1
6lr1
. Example 2. A trianguLar ptism is formed by planes whose e(tuations are ay = bx, r = 0
j andx=a.Find.theaolumeoftheptismbetaeentheplanesz=0anctsurfacez=c+xy-
G.8.T.U.2010)
- a, a: a'
_
Sor. Required vorume l " Jnl
- J,,[' Jn
6r
= I es ^'^
l l ,," , tt'dt ot ,0\ z)n
dx
h'''/ ' h- "a"

ltlt -'^' )o'-,1
=f',\0 2l" rsl7)"
_ ao, , bza)
ob
- ,c" ob,
2a8
ExaDnple 3. Find the Dolume of the cJLi drical column stand.ine on the area common to
r = y2, y = f as base ancl cut off b) rhe surfoce z = 12 + r L r U.P.T.U. 2014)
the parabolas
sol. Required votume = ,,J ,,J" d,

J"
=JodrJ . r12+r i'?rdr

MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (T'IULTIPLE INTEGMTION)
1ct
.r I vr r"r
,1"'
= Jo drl12r+, ],l
['lrz', ' "2

= Ju[ t" - 12,' l"
2
,"14,
)
=1.,',,.'; i,''' n,, i.?1.

a+ 12 11569
_ -47 -_ 4--+-=-.
10 5140
Example 4. Fihd bv triplL i tegration, the uolume of the p&rdboloid of eDolutiott
*+ f = 42 cut-off bY the Phrne z =
4.
Sol, By sldmetry, the required volume is 4 times the volume itr the
positive octant'
yz_planes; from
tr".ro-to-""lo"tft"pos-iiive octaot is bounded on the sides byt-hezr and
rf*. il, tf." pf."" i = 4 aod belo\i/ by the curveil surface 12 + f = 4z-
llre section ofthe paraboloid by the plane z = 4 i_s the circle x2+12 = \6' z=4endits
projection on the ,y_plane is the ci&le r'z + f = 16, z = 0'
The volume in the positive octart is bounded bv z =

14! z=a'J=0 ]= J16 x' and
.. Required volume
.! ^.h6 .'] .,r
=, J^ l; )..,.,,,"0,0'*
=* fi1"" 'f,,{*1d,,/,
r,[6-'
i +l
"
=,f [[-+J, dx
=, ti
[1'"+).nu= ]oe''"r"]a'
=a J"
[]rra-,'r,rio-r -]rre,'r"'la,
?f iref"
f, J" m,,r,, -"3 e
a, = . 4 cos e ds, where ij = 4 sin 0
=
St2 ft2 . .-
^ od$=
512. 3. 1 ,r ^-
= Jo "o" B Lr.r=n.L.
"
44A A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\,U-'HEIVATICS
l Example 5. turd, br triple inleeratiotl, the

i aolume ol th. reeion boun.led by th. parubotoid
az = / + s' and the clLintier:i2 + y, = R,
Sot. Changing to cylindrical co-ordinates, by
puttingx = r cos 0,r = r sin e, the equation ofthe para-
bolordh"("m"so:-',,r? ond hF Fouarion ^fr he r
cylinder becomes 12 = R2 or r = R. On account of

symmetry, the required volume is four times thcvolume
rn Ihc po.irire urranl. ThL.. rn rhp,ommin r"Sion. ?
va es fiom 0 to I , r varies frour 0 to R and O varies
from 0 to 1.
2
. R.qu,r.d tolumc I J|ll Jlr

- a Jo t.d,drdd
=+ l'' f,t . a, ae =
4i'l:;:, *
-'l R',/A R' ,r ,IH'
aJn t 2 '?a
Dxampte 6. iind the aolunrc baunde.l abor:e b1 thc sptutre ? + y, + z, = a, and belout bt
the catre I +r2 =z')
Sol. The requircd volume lies between:, = r2 + 12 and 12 + r,2 + z2 = a2
,=E;A ^d."=J",-,-r,
v=!J^!ff!a,a,at
The surfaces r'z+1? + z2 = 02 and x2 + !) ,2 intersect on the cylinder
_r'+f'+t.t-+y.t=a. ) " " 1"

I"+J'=-a"
So thc base region A is the area inside the circle $i1h the same cquatior. This area can
he more easily covered by converting to polar co ordinates and takirg radial ps. Thcn A is st
encloseil bv r=0,.=* e=o.e=zr.
tr2
' vorume v-
!'" f'o !1"'
-"
a..,+ a, aet
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS _ I (i/IULTIPLE INTEGBATION) 449
=flq t i,1."'*=iI'[ [X,]"'..' -rll,, 2.,12

|
|
I1," ' o
Jz'n 3l,'' .21
.zn rz ."lz
'not
Exarnple 7. Fincl the uolume co,nmon to the cltincle.rs x' + y2 = ct2 oruL x2 + z2 - a2.
sor. Requirpd volLme =f t' " f" 'r,,r."a,

=fJ,J i'',.- , z.E
"
t a,a, q.l"
J
o. ., a,
ro--,,rar-nl,', *
=slJnL3J .lQ-
Example 8. ?te spi.pre x2 + 5P + z' = ct2 is pierced. by the cylinde.r lx' + t')' = o'(x' i t.
u
Protpthotthpuotttnco[lh,sphprpthotlips,n.d, tht "'itnJtr ,. i,' \ ' ., ']r'
Sol. Limits of : arc fto
^- ,Cl ,' - t" t, uli -'
"'
...(1)
Equation of cylinder is
'' '{:2)
Changing (2) to polar coordinals, we get
ra = arr2 cos 20 + 12 = a2 cos 20
Also, lSince lJ l=r
Limits of'r are from - ar6os ze to Zo .
"nt.""
Limits of e arc from t to
, .
-'*
. Require.r voiumo = rll:l"f::;],,1"' t, t, n = aJ','[ i'u, r',,
]""
[^"tt-,t "o.zo' - oo=to i ,l 2\2.n ode
3 Ji il Jo
8" l'''[r z,E f .i" s un 3H

il h I - \4 I
a 1176
t)
[r A,-*^.,r,* t=l '""r0 l"l

-3 ia lz J2' 3 o
I
8" n 3 J I 1l n .fn ; I,zJ
3 lq lz t t.l2 6)-x 4 3 3
450 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING I4ATHEMATICS
TEST YOI]R KNOWLEDGE

1. trind, by hlple integration. Lhe volumein lhe positive octani bounded bv the co_o.dinate planes
and ihe planea + 2J + 3z = 4.
2. Iind the lolumc ofthe portion of ihi, sphere r: +-v'z+ z'z=.r' llinc inside lhe .vlinder r' + ]' = aa.
- 1'1"
*'1r" *,. *]
[".,.,
Find the rolune bounded above bI the sphere rt+!2+21-2a2 md below bv ihe paraboloid
|
I ".ll-".tt--
si"r.v= ",,
Jo JnJ.,, dz t,,t,,tet.t
]
Find b) t ple integration, the volune of a solid bounded bl the sphere r'+l'+ zu = 4 and th'
paraboloid a'z+ t' = 3"
I .,"...,.8=,dzd,doI
l'{r"r.v=Jo
),)' 3 ,
5. Eind by t.iple int.gratio.. ihevolnme cut ofi'from the cvlindera'j+J'= 4, bv the planesz =,.r,nd
6. (i) Find the volune bounde.l by the l}'plane, the paraboloid 2z = r' + r' and thc cvlinder
r,+/=4.
(ii) I'nrd the volume ol the solid which is bounded by the surfaces 2z = t'? + ]' and 2 = I
iM T (i 2012)
7. -irind the volume of ihe rcgion bounded by z = t' + r!, ? = 0, a = a, a = o and != tL, ! =a
l28ar
8. P,ava rhr. rn, ul-hF., .lnqpd bprk'" n hp.!'nd"r- r - v "., :: = 20.'- rs and
9. Find thc volume bounded by thcrJ'pLane. the crlinder" +r'?= 1 and the plane r +l +: = 3
10. Findth.voluneboundedblthccylinde.x'+y'='landthehyperboloid:'+-v':'=1
11. Iind the volunie bounded by the paraboloid a: +!'z= e, the.ylinderr! +.r'1= 2ar and the plane
t2. Iird the volume of the solld under the surface o: = ir + ,: -nd whose base R is the ci.cle
13. l,ind the volume ol the cylinder r2 + -v'z 2ax = 0 intcrcepied belween th. paraboloid x'1 + 12 = 2dz
11. lir Find ihe loiumc cocLosed between thc two surfaces z = 8 r'! -r' ard: = r? + 3r:.
lc;.B.T.u- 2011)
lHint. Limits of: arc fromr'? + 3i'to 8-r'z r'2.1
(iil lind thc rolufue lJounded by thc elllptic paraboloids: =x'+ 9r: aDd: = 18 !' 9l'.
ta BT {I 2412)
... .," . ,
Hinl.Y=lJ:J "'.io-
lr.-
l\rc I
J,
.1, rr\t dj
MULTIVAF ABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGRATION) 451
15. (.r Compute

' J J JI lll ^'a'ata, overlolumeofrehhedronboundedbyr=0.r=0,:=0and
1+l+i =1 ;A_K_,1,_U. 2o1B)
(r) Evaiuaie [[ [ ,',*

' a, ar a. tr,-ushout rhe volumc bouniled by p]anes r = 0,r = 0,: =0
))J
o"6 111 1i = 1. tA K_,t_tj_ 2a0)

abc
16
2.1:rt1r 4) (+." ;)*'
9
19n
9
"
1.
ti 8
a,li)+n \i f,
7. 9.n g.:r-1 10. 4.f3,i
3 3
3mS
11. 72- 13. Sms.
2
-2
14. 0 8nl, Gi) 27n.
15. (r ) 60 2520
4.1O. CALGULATION OF MASS
I e) Fot a plane Lannru olarea A, ifthe density at a point P(x,I ) be p =^r, ]), then its total mass
r,rissivenby u= Jl, oa,ar=JJ rG.idx dy
In polar co-odinatcs, if p = 0) at a point P(r. 01, thcn

^r,
M - [[ o.r/.du ll r r.u,rJ..ie
JJ \, JJ\,
Also, if (t, ,) is the rcquired centre of savity then,
ll p-a, a, ff r, .2. .r.r

lJ oa, a, JJ o.',,t,
In polar coordinates,
.*"e ,a.ae p.rsin0./drde

' lJ JJ
', ,v= IJ
p-ine ll , 'a'a'
'xherc p is the density.
(bt,Eor a solid ofvolurne V, ifthe density at a point P(r, y,:) be p = fl:r,J, z), then its iotal
mass M is given by
u= JJJ o a,ar a'= JJJ fl!.,!,2) dx d.y dz
Ex]arnple 1. Find the mass of a plate in the shape
, -. j,r
, J
otth,,nt,l" -lrl
\a)I \6'
' t,thpd,aqityb,inEsttn
6yp=;.Lry.
sol- l.er rhe reouircd mass be \l which i. four
trmes rhe mass in tbc firsL quadrant.
From rh" pquar,on otrhP (una
x
.,io,
2/3 .1 i
l{l
\&l =r-lll
1"1
'ar['l
f )811'2
I y, .aY,
t va.., ftom
]
For tho rcgion OAB, :! to€s 0 a and y varies {iom 0 to J1.
.' *=rl;lJ'paya,=rJ'J''rL"rara,
=4 r"
f"u. Ir " a, zuJ',t,'a,
121,,
= ru,a-i t l*
zui'
L,l | a,
Put r = a sin3 e, then ar = 30 sin'z e cos 0 de
When r = 0,0 = 0;wh"", =.,, = ;

II = 2r6'z sin3 0 (1 sin' e)3 . Ba sin' 0 cos s .r0
J"r'zo
| -in udu G.,t'b 4 '2 6'4 '2 M b'|

-6r<,/L- ecosT
Jo 12.10.8.6.4.2 20
Exa]mple 2. Find the mass of a lamina in the form of the cardioicl r = a(l + @s 0) uhose
.lensit! at an! point uaties as the Equare af its distance from the initiaL line.
Sol. Let the iequired mass Le M shich is twice the mass above the initial line.
Sinc€ the distance ol any p.rint (,", e) ftom the initial line isr" sin e, the density at (r, e) is
given by
p = p (r sin 0), = u rr sin2 0.
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (MULTIPLE INTEGBATION) 453
For the region above the initial line, € vaies from r=a(1 + cos 0)
0 to 7r and r vanies from 0 to o(1 + cos 0).
. M=2ll prdrdl
2l I J. sm']odrdu
., i-,1' '
-2lpsin o. - dh
'0 t+to
! f'"i,, e.o'(l r,o.d'de
= 2Jo
. no" I lz.i".o"n.o Lrzcos ! s.o. " 0ae

2J"l 22) \
i
2)
n, ,r*" f-"in"
Jo 2 2
Put ; = r, then,Js = 2dt; when e = o, r= o;*h"oe = o,r= 1

.. M=32uaa Jo 9 7 5'3'l o=ar-"
[' 2"io'r.r.'ordr=64uo'12-10.A-6-4-2
' 2 32
4.11. CENTRE OF GRAVITY (C.G)
la) The C.G.(.i,y) of a plo.ne lomi,ra occupyins an area A in the jr] plane and
having density p = J) is given by
^r,
[[ 'pa'a, lln toa'at
^ -
ll^ oa'at' ll^ oa*at
In polar co'ordinates, if p = e) at a poiirt P(r, e), then the C.G. (;, t) is siven by
^r,
JJ "*-e o"a'ae- lJ . -'e"a,ae
l!, "l'ou ll, *a"ae
It ,"i"oe.a.ae
_ ll .'";"er,a.ae
n. a. ae o' a' ae
ll^ ll^
(.bJ C.G.G,',r) o/a solid occupying a volume V and having densiiy p = 1, is
")
:rven by "he ^r,
' IjJ.,r.,,,. .
JJ , p,1,,nl: ll|.,,a,o"o
ll, , d, a, a,
' JJ " ,r, a, ,, llJ "
,r' a, .i,
460 A TEXIBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATIEMATICS
t.
2
2.4
105 16
+ b +c) s- )
,\a 3'-soz
io(40 + 36) 6(30 + ab)l
7.
610+6 6Ln+6r l
l19.rl \.j 2)
'. \21, 12 )
a5 -l rz.(! ! ?'\
\.2 ) ''.f?,ol
13 8)
"
lt"5l 14. ?.o,8rn+,)]
b2
15. h* 4h
16. Divides the diasoral in the ratio 7 : 5
lsn 32
4(.311 4)
ASSIGNMENT IV
1. Evaluate the a.ea enclosed between the parabola J = r' and the straight line ] =,
(A KT U 2At8\
*,,,,* J'J' , *. ,.,,
*,*" I,' I: liu, a* at a" (G_B_T.U.2012)
4, 8,.r""" J;l: !'z

w2" d, at a"
5. Fird,hevsluFolrnrpsral lll,/x dyd?"\F@R: l' r l. 2.. -2--3' /' 3

R
6. Find the volune ofthe solid under the suface oz =r2 +r'?and rvhose base Ris the ci,cle,':+J2= a'z.
lo k" r, rr
7- E"ar,ate, (i) - rd, d), ri,, tA.r<.T-u- 2a18)
Ir"s3 Jr"s'". Jo
8. [[ t
e,"r,"," )) . )^'d!
- d.y whc.F D ,s bound"o b] I . a.d )'/ - 4J.
D
9. r",r,,,. l[ r'\dxd\ *here D ^ rhe reeion enclurld b\ ,." '- I = 1 11" 1'^1
)J'o'h' "llio.. 'n
D
MULTIVABIABLE CALCULUS - I (tvtULTtPLE TNTEGBATION) 461
d) d',,
10. E,"r,"t" J3 [' lr+v)'
fn J1 . rr. Evaluate
Ji,,, !\.',1,, * I ata,.
12, Find the area bounded by the cures.]r, = t3 and r, = Jr.
Find the area bounded by *
" ""-"" "f fi = "6
13. tt and, +.,, = d.
14. Find the area bounded by the parabola y, = 4or ind the straight tine, +r = Bd.
15. E\aluate I I I (r+v+,)dzd\ dx.
Jr Jn Jr
16. Findthetotalmassofthercgioninthecase0<a<1,0<J<1,0<z<lwithdeDsityatanypoiDt
17. Find the volune ofthe solid bounded by the planezt + 3r + 42 = 12, $t plane and the cylinder
18. u'",,"'" lJ I \rd,dr.when D,srhp,eainnbuund-db\ r-0.. 0 d|'." -,rr r.
Findthenassoftheregioninrl-planeboundedbya=0,.r=0,:+y=lwithdensitylJx:y.
Eraluate [-e "dr.
E'"r,"t" [[ .!,f'*,;;, a",

"r,-" R is the resion in ,J-plane bounded by x, + ], = 4 and
R
Change the order ofinteSration:
e tzia rd,ro '

r
J"J" t. " dx.t) )" )n r'^.,,a,a,
Eval"ate [-, '',i,. |A.K-T.U- 2011, 2018)
2!1. chanae the order ofinte$ation is dydr

J- J-lG,])
rs. n*r".'" ar a, . tu.P.T_u_ 2011)
J" J1r
26. (rhansiDs the order o{'intesration in the do!trlt inresral I = [o[" /L', r,,a*ar r".a" to
t= [" f" yr.,I r,r1 a*, lM_T U_ 2013)

"a].\l-hatrsp?
27. Determiue the volume ofthe space bclow the paraboloid x2 + :y, + z .t = 0 and above the square
in the }J-piaDe with vertices at (0. 0), (0, 1), (1, 0) and (r, 1).
IfVisthesolidregioninthcfirstoctantboundedbytheunitsphercxr+Jr+:r=1,findthemass
ofrl-pellio-uid - I '' l$irho"nsirrp.,.,.a. r-t -:.1

l,l 16l \,. 1
.1 .1 a
Whut does | |
Ju Jir
dvdr reprtsent?
I
462 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MAIHEMATICS
30. Ifthe volune ofan obje.t expressed in spherical coo.dinates as followins:
v= Jo
['" J[" f'l"i"o d.dodo Evaluate v. tA.K.,r u.2017)
'J,
31. Determine thc area enclosed by the cune ll'''-1+'' =1;,i.,beDspositi\einresers
\o) li.l
Fmd rhc orea pn.lospd b\" r.e.rr\F I r
o) t
Find the volume of the resion bounded by : = 0, t2 + t'z = 1, e +,r + z = :1.
Find the area of ihe cardioid. = o (1 + cos 01.
r:,rr,"," JJn
ll " drdr *h-retli"cnnL ,rrpsronbprrF"nrhFcill'- ' r''=o and
t. + r'
,r*rr-ur-rrnor"
Find the volume and nass contalned in a solid below thc plane z = I + v, bounded bv the
co ordinatc Planes and the vertical plane 2a + J = 2 and havins densitv l(x !'z)=x+z'
Evaluate:
r,rJ"
J, J" ,rz
,r'ar a: r;lrJ, , d\J d,
Jo .'d:
"' l. J l" os:d?'/"^ (,u)

Ir l" J'",' ***
rt]| I pdedp (iir | | ,3 d" ae
., ^.ri=
.o2+t2tdxdy
L,ii,JL, p sin edr/e ,r, J;
Jo J"
39. Compute thc mass of a sphere oI radius r if ihe densitv varics inveNell as Lhe squar' of rhe
distance fron the centle.
40. Theparabolicarc I -.ir, 1<r<2isrevolvedarounda dis. Find the volume ol'soLid of revoluiion'
|A-K.T.ti.2017)
., .n
I I
d, tt
41, Flv.lnair::
Jo JJ^ , Jnr ., 1,,
42. Conpute ihe volume bounded byaJ =:, z = 0 and lr 1)'+ (.! 1): = 1.
43. Compute ihe volume in the first octanL boundcd bv the cvlindcr, = 4 l'?andtheplanesz=r,
11. Compute the volume ofthe solid boundcd by the plane 2a + 4 + 4z = 12, aa planc and rhF
cylinder r'? + r'z = t.
15
1.
1
2- !! 4.4
6 4
5. 48
2
7.(i)8log8 16+e o91
MULTIVAFIABLE CALCULUS I {MULTIPLE INTEGRATION) 463
125\ 63
a. 10. ll_
35 "' 24
Ln
1,.21)
t2. ;l l3- ,n- \,, t5-

7
3 3 8
fJP+ 1lrf, + I)
16. Ill 17. 31t 18.
"fs4-clf-rf
lm n )
h1t
zo. lrl1J - :t
21,:
21
t: t;' 23.
1-
z.t1t
zt.
l- I'ra, t
,* at
1 t0
28.0 27,
I I
4n abc la2 + b2 + c2)
35
29. Area of a t angte with vetices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (0, 1) 30. irr
3
.f\2mLt"f1l
) l2n )
!J.l1l
a6 .1t4l tt0l
31_ "' 40 ,(21\
1L r l
- \20/
33. 3r st. lM'2 q<. ai6r ,,. 36.
5
:.2
2 16
47. ,,,!2 I
24 2 48
(r+ (i.i)
45n l
38. '2 IJ
39. 4hnt ,1O. 41. a 42. n

2
43. 1 11, i)n.
468 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMAT CS
Example l. Slroi, ,Lot if r = a sin at + b cos ot, uherc a, b , a dre constants, then
:d}; . -rx:-r=
and, d; aaxb.
-=-(D"r
d.t' dt
Sol. r=a sin(oa+ b cos rDl
dr
+ lrcosm(j)t
-=oCDcoscoi
t1"
.. ' =-i,,:,sinot-6tlcoso.,t=-r,lra sinor +E cosrui)=-o2 r
dr o, i
Also - (o .in o/ + 6 cos (l)l) / (o ro cos o sin coi)
=.(-;'isiaror+dxi cos'cor) r.7,i=d=i"dl

=.(-; "; s.r,zatt-i,i "os'or)= o7"d.
,t; ,t; iala', a",
EYample 2., ,n t ; ..)t16n \J h.1ttrl - -,al,n al at I
Sol. r. =o cosi, +osin//+ortan.rft
4L = - . .,.,; +,,,".t|- +"t:,nai
Llt
,l' r ,l'
- oc"-tt ,t sin/," drd - o.inti otr\tl
dt- dl"
ll
a, a2l t J h
dt .lt' -asrnl acosl aian(,

_ocost _asint o
=a2sinItancri a2 costtanaj + t2i

a7 a'| = "pR;;J;; ;F;;l = o, .,[*' o *r = o, o
dt dt2 "^ "",' """
4 /
rin o,'u-1 n t',n o
Al"o ' o.o.' osir/ 0 (Expanding by thid column)
tfl ,,. d, c.irr i,.o-/ n
= o tan tr(o2 cos2 i + (72 sin'? ,l = {r3 tan (1.

VECTOR CALCULUS
469
3:{,, d tlle unit tangent vector at any point on the curue r = t2 + 2, ! = tt

,_= 2t'
"_,E11-lh
- t;t, uhere t is dn)t L)aiable. Alsa d,etermine the utLit tatLgent uectot at the point t
5,
= 2.
SoL If ; is the position vector of any point (r, J, z) on the given curve, then
r =i +yj+zh = (t2 +2)i +@t- j +et, 6t)i

dr
: is along thc trlngcrrt at the poiDt (r.1,,,?) to rhc gjven cune
dr
Now
dt
=2ti+4;+(4t ,r*.1#l= + (.4t - 6)2
-12t+73
d;
The unit tansent vecto, i =,E .= ti +2j + (2t 3)h
d; J5.' 12r + t3
l,ttl
tt
Arso the unir tansent vector at the point f 2 2i=-!+-- s:!
+zj
= i
" .,1s, 4_t2 .2+13=)ei
B
:*,t.
Exatuple i
4. nnd. the elngte betueen the t@ngents to the curue = t, i + Zi + t3 i at the
d, .; .
Sol. ^'- ^.r;R rb a vecror atong the tangeDr at any point .t..
rfT, and T2 are the vectors along the tangents at, = 1 ard , = _ 1 respectively, then
T1=2i +2j +Bk aA ir= zi+z)+ai
Ifo is ihe angle betu.een Tr and .i'2, then
^ T.T t\B)2,-21 2\2) 9
tr,llr,I J4*4 I J4t4+e t7

o="o.-'rq).
t17/
Example 5. A partn e nlat:es oL th.e cu e):=2tr,!=t, tt,z=Jt 5,u)ht.etisLtr"
tilne. Findthe cat polltnts al udocit! an.d a.t:eteratin attiDLtt= li .the directn)n; JJ+2t1.
Sol. If ; is the position vector ofany porrt {x. r, on the siven curve. thcn
")
r'xt1lJazk 2l'i. tt'-4t\j+(31 h
,]; 4!i-(2t
D -,
Velocity -4\jtJh-41 _2i rJAarI_l
Acceleration - a2l
a= :=4i +2; att=r
472 A TEXTBOOK OF ENG NEERING ITATHEI,IATICS
5.1O. SCALAR AND VECTOR FIELDS
A variablc quarrih ivhos(. valu. ar any point i. a r.rgnD ofspacc depends upon re position
of
|he poiri, js called a paint l nt:ti.on't:ttctt:tir:t1\,orypeso{pointfuncLn,ns.
(a) Scalar Point i'unction. Lcr R be a rcgjon ol spac.r at each poinr ol s.hich a scalar
o = ibrr, r.:) is siven. then d is ralted a s..rk,.fun.r,o andRisca ed,;scatatfietLr.
'l'he tcrnperaturc distribution in a medium. rhe disrributioD olatmosphc c pressure rn
spac(i are cremples olscalar pr)inr 1unctions.
lb I Vcctor. Point Functi on. Lc r R be a rcgi on ol space at cach point of which a vector
,
|= L ir, r', is eiven thcn I is called a u!.tot paint fun.(:ti.on and R is catlcd a Ue.trr /,eld.
"r
ErL11lc, rur I ot ih"field i.. r pJjrrdrd r.- a tocatised vector attachcd to the coresponding point
'l'he vclo(ity oI r nol.ing flujd at rnr ir1sixtrr, the qravitationat force a.c examDt.s of
5.I I, GRADIENT OF A SCALAR FIELD
LetO(r,y,z)beatunctiondefiningascatar6eld,thenthevectori!t+799+ta?{iscaueatle
gladienr oI rhe 5calar fietd q and .: dcnoreo br grad q. Er " av d2
T1rus.
. :Ed / adr+f-ad
glacl0=rr+
dY tJy d2
The gradient o{ scalar licld o is otrtained by operaijng on d by the vc.tor operator
J
tl
'l'his opcrator. is (lenorLrl by thr: srlmboj \,. read as del (also caltcd nahr, r
'lhus grad o = V(tr
5.I 2. GEOMETRICAL II,ITERPRETATION OF GRADIENT
Ifa surlace o',r.1. - r . is dras n through an) poini psu,h
thar ar each poinr on the surfare, rhe funcrion has (he same
value as at P, then such a sudace is called a teuel surface
through P. For examp,e. iI o,,.y..:rrepresenrs po{cnriat
at the poirt (j,,, y, z), the equipotential surface (i) (r, ), z)
= c is a level surface.
Through any point passes one andonlyone 1evel sur-
face, Moreover., no two level sudaces can intersect.
Consider the 1evel surface through p at which the function has value and another
O
leveI suface through a reighbou ng point e where the value is + bO.
O
Let r aad r +6 r be the position v€ctors ofp and e rcspectively, then PQ= 3 r. Now,
j#.
]a, - $ a,.]
oo. 5; = ; r;a, * jor * ;o,r = ao
[,#' S). o, = ...(1)
VECTOB CALCULUS 473
IfQ lies on the same level surface as P, then 60 = 0,
.. (1) rcduccs to vo . 5i = o.
Tl'u.. fq, r. p.rp.ndi, ul.r ro pvcrl o. lling r', rl.. "urfacp.

Hence Vl| is normal to the surface o (r,r, = c.
")
Let V() = Vo ii[, where N is a unit vector nonnal to the surface. Let PA = 6,1 be the
perpendicular distance bctwcen the two lelel surfirces through P and Q. Then the rate of
change of O in the dircclion ofnormal to the surfare through P is
,/o t_l 50) t_i \o3r IBv (1)l

d,, .n Jo bn ,,;o iir
r,t r0lNd1=
- bnil] 3n
vo r'.. l.si=;N 6ilcoso=;ilcose=6n)
,,, _iu
\0|=:
t)tt
Hence the sradieLt a[ d Ncalar fieLd O is a uector notmaL to the surlace O = t and has a
Drasnitude equol ta tlte rate of change of a along this normal.
5,13. DIRECTIONAL OERIVATIVE
Let PQ = 6., then Lt !q=?q is called the directional derivative of (| at P in thc

ar+o 3r dr
direction PQ.
Let N' be a unit vector in the direction PQ, then ijI =

cosO N,N,
... ao Lr lN.N.!E'l= N. N.!E

61 6.-oL 6nl 3n
=N'N*=il N vdl= N'.va t ;vo =$."ait'1v01=vq]
'nt
't'hus, the ditectio al dcr;'"t,'r, ! i.s tne,esotued patt alYlintha direttiin N'.
sin,.P. t'\'.to- f0 j (u.je l\{D
)r
.. Vo gir,rs ttu mainu)n rate ol cha Ee at A and the jnosnitudt of this mod.mum
,s lvo
In othel words. we can say that the directional derivative oi a scalar field /at a point
P(:r,1,, iD thc dirccrion ofunit vector A is given by
")
df
= (lgrnd f). a.
474 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEER NG MATHEMAT|CS
5.I4. PROPERTIES OF GRADIENT
(a) Ild is a constant scalar point function, then V(i = d

(b) IfOr and 0, are two scalar point functions, then
(i)v(Q,tQ,)=vd,1vd,,
(i,) V (cr01 + crOr) =.1vqr + crv(])l], where c| c, are conslant
(ri,) V (O1Or) =Q1VO, +Q,V01 1,,r r 11.l=QI9,q;i'v9,r,ro

tq, I
ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
Example 1,,Endg.d.l q uhen q i!; sixan 4, b = 3x.'r |rz! atthe point (t, 2, 1).
l.;) .;) l".;l

Sol.erJoQ=\A- t ,3r2\ J.:
\ ,,.r J \t\ t:tz )
id,r,,,-,t,,,
a' tJ .l', ,-,,-*'l r'' ,.'
',\
=;rie,rt t .irs; 8),222) + it 2v3z)
= 12; sj 164 at ihe point (1, 2, 1).
-1 |- i
Example 2. S/roD ,iat vrn = ' r and hence eulluate
nrn uhere r = + yj + zk.
t. d
V/ =lr - +J_,l +t-,l Ilr'-
\ df, d:l dzl
= ;lû #), il"u'i,) u{,.''3:J .. (1)
,= r F.l,' * t' *,' or 12=i+!2+22 ...(2)

Differentiating (2) partially $,.r.t r,, $.e get
I
nr
nr ;r
lrt
Similarly,
Ay Azr
... Fmm (1), v*=i("*'il;l**' r)-r("",-'.r)
="*2t.ri+yi+ri)
VECTOH CALCULUS 475
...(3)
Putting n = t in (3), we get
vl1 ;
\
",t
Example 3. (r) 4rl = r + y + z, v = t'! + f + z', l) = rz + zx + xr, proDe that srad u. srad L
and grud u are coplanat wctots. IU.P.T.U. 2015; U.K.T.U. 20101
t.ii) Shou that Vla . r) = a wherc r =xi + ri +zhan.d a is a constant L)cctor.
Sol. (,) errdr-

l.o
I a
J.'k'
al \
J-.,;-j,b
' t.rjtr .). )
l,a -d *;,),,,
,a) \ _?"_2.,_2.i 2!b
",,0,_[,,_,;,
_
( a a k al
e,,,.r, r u, ,,y, ,,,
[,
= i{z +y) + jtz + r) + iry +:r)
ttlttt
gTadr.,Frdd, srad'/ = 2\ 2), 2, l=2 r y .
? i
J '-' J 2-J. r 1 I
111
=2)x+z+y 9+z+tc z+!+z I Applyins R2 J R, + R"
I ,+y z+x y+r
111
=2la+r+z) 1 1 1 =0
y+z z+x x+Jl
Hence grad u, grad u and $ad u are coplanar vectors.
(ii) Let a = aLi + a2j + d3h \\hcr€ a| a2, ar are constants.
a r =af +ait+a3z
, (.t.._'J-'h._
,o ,) -o jta.h=n
V,".,, d2) d-t to.,!-of,-r.t
tN
t d, '
Example ,1. li) Find o u.nit uectar tbmal to the sutAce i + yi + 3x\z = 3 at the point
(1, 2, - 1). (U,P,T,U,2014)
lii.) Ftnd a unit wctol trornal b the surf(lce )t2r + 2E = I at the point (2, - 2, :l).
(U.P.T.U.2014)
476 A fEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEI\,IATICS
Sol. (i) Let Q = tct + jtr + sxyz 3, then + = 3,'z + 3r,2,

p = ,r' * ,rr, p = ,r,
Jx'dy-dz"
.. vo-i D' jd' +to
dv "dy o, -
3v, .3y,:,i r,3ir r3r: I r,3,y,*
At 17,2, 1), vq=-si+9j+6.6
-
which is a vector normal to the given su aceat(1,2, 1).
Hence a unit vecto, nomal to the glven sudace at (1, 2, - 1)
= -:!::Lj!--
ri+qi+o;i-
,Jl4
L ci+s;+2h).
J, s,' . ,0,' et J14
(,t) Let i =:t2y + 2:cz 4
j.
(
a a ,ol " 2x. 4\
mado= i dr-j:+h-tx"v
"dJ d,)
t
= 2xt-22 i -.r 1-2th =-zi -qi+4h at,2.-2.3'
l$ad4 l=J4+16+16 =6
.- tlnit .
normsl vecl.or " o -i t2j
- srad
t2h
gTadel 3
Example 5, Wral i5 g reatest rate of increase of u = :rrz' at the point (J, A, 3)?
Sol, u = xyz2
Zu du .du
.. eradu-
'tJtdYd2''.
-J. -h- =v22t +,?i+2rv:A=9ia'\1.0.3
.. The $eatest rate of incrcase of u at (1, 0, 3) = l grad L L = I = 9. 9i
Example 6.-I/ vO = 0,2 h.rz3)i+G+2xj Pzj)j + (6zs -S*yz') k, find. O.
(u.P.T.U.2015)
Sol. Let F=VO
- . /Jo
F dr =vo dr =lll , il,.;*u.1 ,,.i
a,
a,1 ta,i'
= {a,*$ay*$a"=aq
ax d|" az
.. do = i.d;
= {b,2 -:Zx;rz\) i +G+Zr.y-x2z3) j + 16z2 3t2rz') .@x; +dr)+d,hr
= (12 2qtz3) d.t + l3 + 2!r - x2z9) dy + (.628 - k2rz2) dz
= b)2 d.x + 2i.J dy) - (.2xrz3 d:x + Pz3 dy + 3a2r22 tlz) + 3 dy + 623 dz
d ry: - d')-zr:-i d,iy

'\2)d f ^q.'l
it
- 6= '2+ i
ry, - r|,2 " + ,3t, za + c (on integration)
wherecisaconsiant.
VECTOF CALCULUS
Example ?. (l) i'ind tI e ansle bettEen the surfacos 1i2 + !' + 22 = I and z = f + i' :] at
the poin.t t2, 1, 2).
ln) ry O is tha dcute angle betwee the sutau.s r].2z = 3r + 22 and 3x2 y2 + 22 = 1 at the
J
potnt(t, 2,1), \frntr /Ioicos0= J.
/!O
Sol. (t) Angle between two surfaces at a poi11t is the anglc bct{'een the normals to thc
sLrdaces at that point.
Let o,=:r2+r?+z'-9=0 and (2=r'Z+!!-z 3=0
ThFn r.rador=2,/ -2Ji 2"i .nd gr,,1 o.-2,; ?!: i
Lei r'1 = srad (|r at ihe point (2, 1, 2) and n, = srail o]r at the poiDt (2, 1, 2). Thcn
n\=4i 2j+4k .rnd tt2=4i -2j k
Thc vcctors nr and n, are along normals to ihe t$'o sufaces ai the point (2, 1, 2). Ife
is the angle between these veclors, then
jr6 6"tEl
t,,l "; "t-16'"h6+4+1
6=.oq-r :l -f s I
l3J21l
(ii) Let $r= ry2z - 3t - z2 = 0 alrrd q2= 3d2 -y2 + 22 - L=0
/-r -: ^l\
Then, - t:+
vO,= l:+&+ \xy2z-Bx-z2l
! d.r dJ d2)
= (y2z - B)i + yzj + lxy2 - %) i
= i- tj + zi at (r, -2,L)
t:() :d ;dt
I- lJ 'h,dz) t3,r2 yr-22 lt=6xi-2fj-2k
AO"=
'z \ dx dy
= 6i + 4.i +2h at (1, 2, 1)
$e know that v01 and \'0, are along normals to the siven surface," .rt trny point.
IfO is the angle betweer these vectors thcn,
V01. V d2
'u"'= v,u, llt' .1,,
( 4)(,1) + (2)(2)
(1)(6) + 6 3
-7\6
\I 16-4\16 16 I ,21 ,sri
Let 0 b€ the acute angle sueh that e + o = n, then.
cos e = --.
7.'6
478 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEER NG MATHE]\,IATICS
Exa,mple A. l'ind the d.irectional detiuattue of the function f = r, y2 + 2? dt the point

Pl1, 2, 3J in the direction ol thc lnu. PQ uhere Q is the pont (5, 0, .1). IU.K.T.U. 20111
In uhat directi.on it biLL be matimum? Fincl al.so the maEnitude of this maximum.
]t.
sol.wphavp vt'- i"1 .;", .*', -z,i p,r,:,3,
nr "ih 12 2\.j
" a?i 2i 4;. r2Aar
Al.o PQ OQ-OP=,;i -4i ', .2i tt. a, .zj . t,
If ri is a unit vector in the alirection Pi, then , = =fiui z)*it

.. Directionat derivative oflin the directio" pQ = tV, . ,i
rzl +j+tz .lti zi+it=]:12t4)-1\
J21 '
= 2) + 12\1Jl
J21
2A 4-
=:=-\l2l
J21 3
The direciional derivative oflis maximum in the direction of the nonnal to the siven
sudace i.p.. in rhF dir.cr i^n .f pl-2i -4i. t2h
Ihe maximum value ofthis directional derivative = | V/ I
= Jr zr'z +r- 4rr +r12r'7 ="/ie+ = z"Ei.
Example 9. (i)srppose Db (tP) = ), D,, O\P) = 3, h = !L:--1L, tl

;.5 =:: :.L. pir,y61p1
(ii) 4 OG, y) =:c' tt t + r', find all points uherc the directio\al LleriDatite in the
dtrectton b = " ts2rra

2
Sol.,i foP.-i- ' ;l^ ;-JQ
We have, vO(P).d=1 + s# *a4 =5 uJ\

...(1)
a0
and VO(P)., =3 = a4 3aI =15 . .(:2)
Solvins eqns. (1) and (2), we gct
ax " dy -'
Hence, volP) = 3; j
VECTOB CALCULUS 479
(,i) Vrb = (2r r)i + ( r 1-+ 2l;

We have, V(). 6 = 0
2' :*J:t r 1+2r)=0
(2 t' * (2JB 1) -/ = .JB
"/:
Hence all rcquired points lie on the above line.
Example 10. ,'.,rd rr? dirat:LbtLal d(ltirdtiDe ol ri = i:'+y'+ z') 1t'atthepoitLtP(:],1,2)
in the direction ofthe uector tzi + z:et + xyi (u.P.T.U.201,1)
l/'z
O = (r'z + r/'z + z':)
eraa O= r
a
1,.'*,'*.'1 rz*; j;t1 txz + y2 + z2ru + k:-t tx2 + y2 + z2t-!2
.)\ oY
I 6' * r' +,')

=i
{- }r,' * r' *.' t''' rzo}* ;
\- "t' {zt t\
* i{ f;o'
* t' *.'t ''' tz.t}
r,,, + u; +,it
ei + i +zi
l4,t L4
Let a be the unit vector in the given direction, then
.
u= Jri -zxjttyk 2i +6j+3h
t- . - arro. r.z
\ll -z , rf, J "
.tq z,jt, .ri.t Jr2,
-a 'grdo'D - t,.6t th | 3, t.zh\ 9
ds 7 | ,.,,0 ] r r+,r+ ,re\ 14'
Example 11. Fot the fu ctian. = ,lin(t the nasnituLlc of the tliru)ti.)n.ol
'f-
tl.erit)atiue maknq an angle 3tl' uith the posltii"tr.ori" ot tn" pni,rt tt, t1.
Sol. Here,
,d, , 2J] a(| ir -] a6

a' and ;=0
o' * y')'' i (x'z + J'?)'
dd rltJ rld
Frad6=, - +J- +t-
t*2 --2t ^
Vq=.(x-;'^r..t ^ |-+--+-J=-J
(r- +y-)-
-
art0.ll
+ J-)-
Let li be th€ unii vector along thc lin(- making an .rngle 30' with the positive r axis at
the point (0, 1i, then
n ro-ilu;,"inJ0i
Hence the directional de vative is siven by
do1
, -o \!]=',.us3rr.t.. r 30./\ 7 rinll0" -
di""2
480 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEHING MATHE]IIATICS
ExaDnple 12.11 the dirctLional d.riDatix. af 4 = axzy + b,lz + clt at the paint 11, 1, 1)
has natimun nus itu.Le 1s in ttut rtirectiott pnrau(t tt) the tin( url-,j=i, r*o *"
uatues ofa, b and c.
Sol. Q=rn2J+b!22+cz2t
pradd=,,ad l-+f
,Ad Ad)
- dr
-+ .]y -d,
= Qatcy + cz2)i + @t2 + 2byz)j + (by2 + 2czx)fi
= (2a + c)|+ @+ 2bj

+ 2c) $ atlJ, t,7) +@
Now, the directional dedvative is maximum along the normal to the surface i.e., along
crad O.
grd o = ,,zo ,t 2b. ,A.'2..,
g=.lea+")2 +ia+zb)z + lb +2cJ2

l2a + c)'! + ia + 2b)' + lb + 2()' = 225 ...(1)
Butwe are given that the directiolal derivatjve is maxjmum in the direct nparallelto
,i,. '-r221 ' : : '" par"llFl ro,r,pre, or.zi 2j'i aen"",
2a+c a+2b 2c+b

2 -2 1
2ri+c=-a-2b 3a+2b+c=O ...(2)
and 2b+a=-4c-2b a+Lb+\c=0 ...(3)
By cross-multiplication, we get
obc
4- II-I0 =trrsay)
:+ a= 47'\,b = 111r, c = 107r ...G)
From (1), (81. + 10)")2 + (41-
- 22L)2 + (- 71}, + 2O?')2 = 225
n=+ 20
999h=+ 55 ,
=1
50
From (1)
Example 13. FiDd ,/, e d.irectional dcril,ative of O = |PJ - 5f, + 1l , at the poirlt
, , y_3 ,
P\1, 1, 1) in the dirc.tton ofthe
' line 2 -2 t
Sol.
2
,dd .dd :dd
eradd=r-+_/-+t-
" rir dy d,
vEoToFt aAl oLtLUs 4A1
= Ito,,*l.'J;
lz +i5nr 1o!z); +( Bt2 + szt\i
2J:
= 2 z 5J at (1. 1, 1)
Here 2t zt-k
It
.. Dircctional derivative = (grad 0) . d
125. -.\12
t 5t t
2 t1 t h 2s ln :r5
ll3 \2 x' J ) ri ii I
Example 14. -F'ind the DaLues ol L and I so that ntrfates )"r' - wz = l1+ 2)r and
4t'r + zs = 1 intersact otthogonalb dt the point (1, - 1, 2).
Sol. L€t 01 = Lt'z [f,z (]. + 2)t = 0 ...(1)
gr=4/r+zr 4=0 ...12)
Then, vor = (z7o ), D; vi wA

=t)t-\; -2p.j +p.i at (1, - 1,2)
vO, = Sr]i + 4r'zj + S"'zh = 8;+aj+Dia\"(1, 7,'2)
Condition for su aces (1) and (2) to cut orthos.,]1ally is
vs1 , vo"=0
= -8(l-2)-8|l+12p=0
' r 2^-4=n ...(3)
Also since the point (1, 1, 2) lies on both su aces; hence, fiom a1),
I+2p-L-2=0 = !=1
.. From (3), i\ = 5/2
Hence rcqd. \,alues are L =

;,
Example(I5./Fi,,d the L)olucs ot.constants a, 6, . ro ttuLt ttu nariiunt ualu. of tht
directntal.lenL'oYtr of q = otl] + Ayu +, z2rr ot t1,2, 1) has a maEnihult 6.t in the (lircction
pdrullel to z-aris-
Sol. b = ,txlz + blz + cz2x3
grad0-.o\ r1, ,,r F'2o'. a t I h\+2.!\',1.

- 4o-J,,r +.an h_j +,2d 2c i al ,1.2. 1,.
Now, the directional derivative is maxnnum along the normal to the sudace i.e., alons
glad (|. But, \1'e are siven that dircctional derivative is maximum in the direction parailel to
z-axis J.r:., parallel to i.
Hence coe{ficients of i and j in grad (r should be zero :rnd the coeffir'ient of4 positive.
Thus, 4o+3c=0 ..(11
1a_b=0 ...12)
and 2b 2c > 0 .+ b >. ...(3)
442 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING ]VATHEMATICS
Then, glad(|=2(6 r)A

,{lso. Mex. value oi directio al dcrivative = srad 0 l
64 = 2t.b c)
b (:=32 " (4)
SolvnE 11), (2) rnd 141. we get o = 6, 6 = 24 and .= 8
Example 16. l'nrl lrc dit. iolrul d{d\tttti? ol l\r, J, z) = e" os lz Qt t0, 0, 0) in the
direction ol tl tatlgenttoth? tutLt. t =a sul t,.y = a cos t. z = at o.t t= 1111.
Sol.
df .df :df
e.
"ay
'/- 1 ar+1:+hL a.
= (2e% cos yz) i- ee% snLyd j - rse* shy)A = 2i at (0, 0, 0)

'langmi to the siven curvc is
a.] a, -1at -;a, (costi tj i)

dt -'-, .lt ' dt '" dt
=a - s.rr +
="1--+*i,)
[./2 J2 )
aNt=
1t
J2 ,12 "
L-!*
--2
i:
n - di tdtl 2 'lz
la'+o" +n2
ll 2 2
. . Directional de vative = VF. ; = ,,lr-+.#)=,(+)=,
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Find erad O when O is siven by

(i) q, -r'z+:yz (ii) Q =r3 +r3 + 3xyz (iii)q=logl,z + r' + z').
2. (r) Find a unit vectm normal to the sudace ,y3z' = 4 at the point (- 1, - 1, 2)
(ii) Find a unit mrmal vector f of the cone of revolution z' = 4(r'+ !'?) at the point P(1, 0, 2).
3. What is the seateBt rate ofincrease of L = r'? + /z' at the point (1, - 1, 3)?
4. CalculatetheaDglebetweenthenomalstothesurfacer:,,=z'zaithepoints(4,1,2)and(3,3,31
lu_KT.u.2012)
5. Find the dircctional de vative ofthe function
,, lr ). - -r,- r,?1 ar rhp porrr,2. l. L, in the dire, rloD ol the ocroc t t 2t 2k.
ii fr, ), = 2ty +, ar rhr poinl l. l. 3, ii L-bp dirFct:on oi'rhe re, to, ; 1 2i a 2i
\.;ti o.4,21 3t2)?2 dt 2, l,2,alongz-axis.
VECTOFI CALCULUS 483
(ii,) O = rr! +-I2r at ihe p.n,t (2, - 1, 1l in the di.e.iion ol'thc norrnal to ihe surlir(c
r log: r,r + 4 = 0 at (2, 1, 11. tG.B.T_U.2A11)
lD) f G. y,z) = 2 + sr2 +2, at the point P (2, 1, 3) iD the direction oftheve"t-i =; -zi.
(.r) W,:y, = 4€'-
5, 1& atthe point(1,2,3) in the dircction towards the point (- 3, 5, 7).
")
6. In what direction from (3, 1, - 2) is the d ectional derivative of (| = a1,rza maximum axd whar is
7. The temperatue at a point (,,,,2) in space is giveiby'llr, r, z) =12 + ),2 - z. A mosquito located
at (1, 1, 2) des es to fly in such a dhection that it will get warm as soon as possible. In what
direction should it fly?
I'ind the dircctionat de vative ofo(,, r, z) =,,-2y,+42, atthe point (1,1, - 1)itrthe dircction
of2i +j -,.I.r what directionvill the directional de vative be mdimum md shat is its magni-
9. Find the dhectional de vative of scalar tuDction fla y, z) = alz at poir,t Pll, 1, 3) in the dhection
ofthe outwdd drawn normal of the suface r, +1, + z, = 11 throuCh the point P-
10. FiDd the dircflional -2 whereV-ryzta?!zJ-)2zhatrhepoilr\2,0,31

dprivarircolV n rhp
dircctioD ofthe outwdd normal to the sphere r, +r', + z, = 14 at the point (3,2, 1).
(M_T_U_ 2A13)
Answers
+zj-ti 2(xi+yJ+2h)
t. ';t2ri rn'3,1'rr?,t -3\rr-x, j+g,ri
2. (r)
ir1
- :(i +3i h) \l)::-:
o,j
J5
i
3, 11 -*'(#l
.. 11
irr (a) 74. (iii) 744
5. t,D) sJ2
lui) -arEe'z1
J5
e6(i + 3j - 3,i), e6nL a.

ft;zi ti sn;2.,[n
9 1404
9.
E lO- _
",1.1
5,15. GRADIENT IN POLAR COORDI ATES
Let P be n point whose position vcctor;s /. t,et ;. and i0 be ihc unit \'.ctors alons and
perpcndicular to the position 1'ector ;. If * hc ib. disia,lc. rn thp drre tiun oi-;, Lher
ds=dt
Also dtuectionat derivative along ar is A, . V0.
Thus.
a6-
...(1)
-=e..Vd
dr
4A4 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Nov. if we take distanccs in thc diection per?endicular to

;, then ds = rrl0. Also directionat derivative along Ats is ;e . V Q.
Thus,
ao -, ,,,(2)
Again, components of VO alons and perpendicular to i

am A. . V(j) and ao . V0 respectively.
Hence VO- (4,. vO) 4 + (as. vO) ao
,o
v5=;i.+;41 ,ld
...(3) | From (1) and (2)
Eqn. (3) represents gradient in polar coorilinates.
ILLUSTRATTVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. 1/ r = r'i + yj + zh, then sholl) that
(i) e,"a, =i tii)e"oa!= i'

lut\gradf =n/" r wherer=l r I
Sor. (,) gradr= a;.

- (rlr=r=
(t;) .1 i r1r I
sracrr = dr \.r)l;=--;=
;
-
liii) grrdr"
a,
=-r."1/ = nf t r =nr' 2 r
where t is the unit vector in the direction of i.
Exampte 2.,Find V lr '. )
Sol. \i/'dr '7-\i-- v)tr-2ri-2r.
Example 3, Euatuate grad e" .
,)
Sol. ve' =-{c'dr
)i=er 2ri=2e' r
Dxample 4. Siou liat tsrad /'r.r) x t = 0 .
sof. grad/,, " ttr.tr t It t.,t. t

)r
gradfla i f'(.) (;,;)= d
=
"
VECTOR CALCULUS 485
1
Exanple 5. // v,
' Ji = ; lo9'x! + y',. p,ouo rnar
t hlk.rj
1r klk . r)l.lt k(k . r)l
1
Sol. V = : loe (.r'z+ v'z) = los Jr' + v' = los.
2-
,1 1; -
cradV=- (los.)r= ;=
Now, h.r-h.(x -lJl=0 RHS-
Hence the result.

Example 6. I//- r cos g + tan 0, find. grud f in polar coord.inates.
}t 1 ,)f
Sol. srad/= e, +- Pd
;
= dr(..os e+ lJn 8) P.
r; (r co. € + ion 0) Pa
r)e
l r
=coseP r.inS."ec'0 ;0.
Exanple 7. Find th.e diectional deriuatiue of t)in the direction of r where

=,i+tj+"i. (U,K,T,U,2011)
1
Sol. Herc. a=;
.. 1^ ;
vd=v 1= -.-. =- 1
Let ii be the unit vector in the direction of i th"". a = i = i

;,
i - -.1.
,.l, L'zt
.. dircctronal derivativc -Vo.
t't'
Example 8. (i) Find , he direcLionat deriuarLL,e oS
I in the dt,e"no, "f i ,rn" *
= ,i + L1 *,i. (A.K.T.Lr. 2017)
'ii. Fin(l th, dirp, tionol d, ri, oIu" ol J, t, ,hp dt*"!ton of ; u h.t"
Sol. (l)
486 A TEXTBOOK OF ENG NEERING MATHEI\4ATICS
Let a bc the unit vector in the direction of ll
.. Ili"e.r iunal dF"ivdr iv.

2- r 2 2
- -
( rzJ
=
,r) \ / ll
\r " )
- t
t;- , :a
.
.- Urrecl,ronalderrvalrve-Vl-
'" -' \," ) a" -=-,"
/r) 2
n
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Prove thar /d . V, r = o. 2. ProvcLhrr vloer-+.;
rr I Find v - tii)Prcye1hÊefr)-[t.tvr (rir) Find srad /'(rl !

4. I'ind (,) v r 13 (,, v.-3 (r,r) V los r".
5. If a, b are constant vectoN, prove that V (. a b)= a x b.

6. lf0 - r ,I + cos e,. 6nd V/iD polor coordinaLFs.
7. If/= sin 0 + . cos 0, fiDd V/in poid coordinates.
Pv tu -1t ; (.iii) 0
a. Q)3tr (ii) 3"5.
6. (1+ cos 0) a" sin 0 Ao 7. rcos e I a. +: lcos e rsinO)es
5.16. DIVERGENGE OF A VECTOR POINT FUNCTION
i is denoted
The divergence of a alifferentiable vector point tunction by div i and is defined
-1.) tt o k-it aV ,rV,ali

abdil,v=v.v=l/
' dr 'dJ d,) _v=i.-+i.---h.-
dx " 3y dz
\
Obuiouslr, the diuergence of a uector point functiotL is a scctlcLt point function.
If i = vri + vrj + veia, then
VECTOF CALCULUS
(,
- a .t*.'*)
div V =v v=l'a,
5.{7. CURL OF A VECTOR POINT FUNCTION lG.B.T U. 20t21
The curl (or rotation) of a alifferentiable vector point function i is denoted bv cu i and is
defined as
. - t 'dY k-'lot 'v- ,, ,ti +./ -ari R" ov
.url\ =VxV=li-lt
(. d.r dzt -
d.r dJ ^-.
d2
Obuiously, the curl of a oector point fulLction is a vectDr point function.
If V =v1i +v2j+v3fr
,." -^
r J -' I F"r\
then curl V - v . -V = I , + i) ,lvrl r v,J, v.,,6
\. dr dY 'Jz
; jh
aaa ,[*-
.1oV3 oV.r :toV, dvr1 ,fav, dV)
a,ayk ,. rili--,, )-ol; "r'I
vl v2 v3
ILLUSTRATI\'E EXAMPLES
Example1.-I/ i=,i+ i + zi, show that
(ii di"; = s (u.P.T.u. 2014) (ii) cutl r=0. (^.K.T.Lr.2014.2018r
daa r,r,rr-1+l+l-3.
Sol,ri) div r V.r
iaaa
i iJ
(ii) curlr=Vxr= dr dy i:
x ! zl
.Ia
- j
-dy
12\
J,','] , 3. -; '''l '[* ''-; '']
= itor +
jrot + .4(0) = 0.
A TEXTBOOK OF ENG NEEBI MATHEMATICS
Exarnple 2.\'ind the dinersenc(. an.l utt of tt,e xecnr i = Gyzli + B?t)j + r.r' - y,)fi
at the point \2, 1, 1).
sol. rlir r - ur rv:,+ I rrtI Jr ' iI:' J ?i

'lY ':
= 1'z + 3x2 + 2xz !2 =- 1 + 12 + 4 1 = 14at(2,-1, 1)
ijh
aaa = it zyz-r.:t + zr)+ it6r,t -tz) jlxy
dr d, dz
Jyz ,r.r y .r? -y u
= 2i 3J 14k at (2. 1, 11.
Example 3. rid diu i ana cta i .n-" f = grad.l:ri + yr + z3 Sxyz).
Sol. Let 0 = rr +lr + ?' 3n]2, thcn
F -qraoo I Jr t.Jl ti'' d.) , -y +: ,:ttz
- 'ilr '- JJ:'/ '3ri 3?.)' / r'3:/ 3rr'*

.' d.! F ,t' 3r 3':, . dy' ,rr J., r " 3;- .r.rv'
= 6r+61 +6" = 6(r+J+z)
aaa
and curl F =
a, ay a"
3x2 -3!z 3y2 \zx 322 -sry
=il sr+aj,j)+ it ey+3y)+tri 32+b=d.
Exampte4.(;)4 F(:r, r,,,) =xzri 2/vzt+2lzah,finlrlttrrgeneeandurlnf Ft\y,z).
,. l,t,d th, ,rt .tE,htrat.d ,rt oithe'-.tor[ipld i ' ,'y',

j -r, ,y,]. + 2rr
,., F,ndtt,, du.r}pn, on.l utt ot thpuator[,tnt,on i'i=, 'rv'r-vî. zxi or

rhe paitt 11,2, 3).
,);:r.l Zrl:,r d2-,2)2".z
Sot. (,) divF-:,';,
,rr -
dy
2.x2z -ayzl
ijh
curl F = alar Aldr alaz
2r212 2yza
=;1221 + 2!!j jt itaqz)Br.zt+

=zlrt + z1) i +s*') j-Lqzi
VECTOE CALCULUS 489
(rl) ,JTr*lrt*9 wrt+!6,2

ai"i =3 .JY
xy) - t2+2x
i;i
a/ar a/dr alaz
,'y' 2tt y' ,l
il2y )el ;l-Jl+ it.2r 2;y)=ey-a)i +yj +zy\t
= x2) $
(iii) div F -
o ,rrt ,* ! ,t,'",'t l'.,' ,"'
dt ' .lY d2
= y2 Ie,!. + xy. e.r.l + z2(.eatz + rrz e"!. ) + t2 (.d!z + zry flz)

= (1 + xyz) G2 + t2 + z2) e'1' = 9&6 at (1, 2, 3)
ijk
curl F = alar a/ar d/dz
xy2 e"' Xz2 ea' zt2e'Y'
=i f*'"'"*' t l2zea' + xyz2 e'!'ll

-jlazo','*,'y,"-'t i," "',). i lt'," ""' xt2re'!'+y'zzxe','t)
= lr3z2 ty2z2_212)e.t"; (%z + rr|z2 _ !zz3) au. j + g2zt 2ax -t2y2zt e,., i
= 39 es i+le6 j +92eG i at(1,2,3)
Example 5. Proue ..4ar i r tv r il = v fi il - ti

. . vI i uhere I is a consto.nt uector
""a
| =,i"t?+"i.
Sot. LHS = a x (V x r ) = a x 0 = 0
RHS = V(d. r) - (a . V) r
=v \df +o /+(,i,t-1"*.t*.*9]
" \ d, d! d2.)';
= irort+ jrazt-itast -r,,i *', i*'. i r= o- = ltts

5.{A,PHYSIGALII{TERPRETATIOT{OFDIVERGEI{CE (G.B.T.U.2O1O\
Consideralluidhavingdensityp=p(r,y,z,r)andvclocitvi=ii:r,y,z,r)atapoint(n,y,z)
attimet.LetV =pu,thenV is a vector having thc same d ection as u and magnitude p I u l.
It is known as flux. Its direction gives the direction ofthe fluid flow, and its maglitude givcs
the mass of the fluid crossing p€r unit time a unit area placed pcrpendicular to the direction of
flow.
490 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING lr,lATHElr,IATlCS
Consider the motion ofthe fluid havingveioc

i-J \'-\',, rV, rV+a'apoinr P/,., , r'or-
sider asmall parallelopiped edses &, b, ii: par-
"'ith
allel to the axes $,ith one ofits corncrs at P.
The mass oi the iluid cnl,cdns through thc
lace Fl per unit time is !-r ijx itz ard that llowins our
throush the opposiic facc F, is V, -;. 6x 3z =
\' 6r o' o: or usinB T.ivlor. q I , ..
. . The net decrease in the mass offluid flon

ing across these two faces
.l\ t\
\ 6\'d,o \ d, d2 ,i- d. d
l,\.)r-
Similarly, considering the other t$'o pairs offaces. $e set the total decrease ir the mass
''r llJrJ rr,'rd. h- t.rrall-l,pipPd rer urir iFrF 'r\- 'r\ ^)

dt J.) u o' "..
ln,
Dividi.g th;s b)' the \-olume dt ii1 3z of the parallelopiped. r.e hare the rate of loss of
J\ ,,\'
o.r Jnir ri,np - "\
luid ')r), -.1rr 1
Hctue.li V su)t's tht rate ofoutflou per unit rcl.u.Dt( at o paitrt oftlrc fluid.
Note. x div i = 0 cv.rr11'hcrc in son. rcsron Ir ut spJ, e. rhen \- ,s crlled solenoidal vector
5.I9. PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF CURL \G.B.T.U.2010)
Consider a rigid body rotating about a fixed a-rds through O with uniform angnlar velocity
.o=o1i+ozj+(osA
The velocity V of any point P(*, y, z) on the body is given by V=oxr, where
r = + li + zk iE the position vector of P.
ji
= laF o\t) i or?)J+loly-tulx)k

i ji
d aa
dlt dz
o3x - o1z o1y - 402.7
VECTOR CALCULUS 49'1
= (o, + o1) j + (ro, + ror) j + 1co5 + ro) i

[. o)1, 02, os are constants]
=z{ori+or-i+o.i)=zd
i=;""ai (G.8.7.U.2010)
'l'hus, the ansular L)elociL! at ant point is equal. to halftlp (url of the lircar ueloci.tr at
that paint of the bodJ.
Note. lfcurl V= O. thcn V is said io be an irrotational vector.
Remark. For a consianr

".oo" i. ai, i = o. -.r i = i
5.20. VECAOR IDENTITIES
glad (a.b) = a x curl 6 + b rcurla + (a. V) b + (b.V).,
g,"d !', it =vu ;l; 4.qe*

(;.i)=I , a, ; I
l*
_\-
['*]'.t [' ::]'
...(1)
*ti c) = (a. c)b tu.b)c

((a. b) c =(a.c)b-ax(bxc)
l,- \
ab i. _la.t)_ ab :
-
iab ,dh d^t,l, ab||
o\ ...._vl _ th t\_
;a,:l dr dx a, I ^ a, I \./
/
t ' ai
ab
;=f;ri11,-;"r; &-\
a, \ ! dx)
\-/
d,r
N
=(a.V)6+oxcurl6 ...12)
Interchanging i and i, *e get

/\
t a.1";
da
16 \,a b^curro ,,,(3)
ll
Substitutillg values from (2) and (3) in (1), we set
rad to.b =o.cib -/1 .,url u a.\.I.'b.\.o

492 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\,!ATHEI\,!AIICS
2.lt a is a vector function and u is a scalar functron then,

!' I
div(ao) div d + (gyrdrlr.
=z @
Proof. div (z;) ,a

= I
t-\-
\- ; l,+-+;l=,,
dr dr r i.!s.tr
dx \a ;ql ; t)x )
I .J
= z diva + (grad &). a
div (oxb) = D.curlc-c.curl6 (G.8.7.U.2012)
Proof.div(a a,-f i.d,o

.r, ar=f! ;l'; ^ r.*)dr)
[d.r
(l
_ tdr b t;
=t ;.1'" "h^,
" t"] )
=.1' 4l
=rl, ;-v[, ,,i): Sinceo.(6xc)=(ax6)
i)'- c
"l''*)"
= (curla). b - (curl b). a = b.curla-o.curib
n. If i is a vector function and .. is a scalar function then,
curl (rr., ) = r, curl a + (gradu) x a
curl; + (grad a) x a
curl (a x b)=o div 6 -6 diva + .v)o-(a.V)b |G.8.7.U.2013)
Proof.curl(a^6)=\ i ^ tn ^ht
nr
-v,^l'"^n.,^'bl
[a' * )
=r, lt ;l.y;^l;^gql
ld, )" I ,r, l
VECTOR CALCULUS
ai.
.\
1l;l
-]
[r !9
-.-\i .it!!l
-.]
_5. ,b\ t i;
[,,
b
t
a,
'rl -
"l d, -'i *l l
I si"* ;,.(; .iti t.i.iti
I -\ ";)=(;
\' .;),1
iI
jda sil
1-"'
ri a") ,*t i 1q ; r,; ;,1q
a,] -[ *,] ir
[:
)l- ibtai'
.iaal-
=!; 'L\'
\ 1- ia') 'i* ;n'";-l;.l,aJa
\. 4 dx)
.v) + div b ri.vrd
-bb div ;.L+ad.
+( .v; ri. vr 6
ivb .brdivr t+(b.
div
div (g!ad O) = V2O
i. a ,k. ,)) .ri"',

,m r"'rk
.ld 'aor
-
Proof- .liv ,mad
- o, - V ,r0,,- i d,
" 'd,
J?, I dr '.h
I d?/
,, , ,,,i ,, /,ro,l ,r , ao,
- ,r l*l q \q ) o,t ,t,
' o2
o26 ,,2a ,,2a-,-0 a' ,,,' )
,iv' dJ' ? 1,"' ,1y' -- I-
V?ar wher.
a2 a'z a'z
= V? - di' dr' d2'
vro is calleal the Laplacian operator anal ViO = 0 is called Laplace's equation.
7. curl ($ad O) = V ,( VO =0 (A.K.T.U. 2011,2018)
I aa ao
Prool.url grado,-\ \V0=V,lr,,r', o, u or)
.acrJ
i)i
aaa r;rqs-ial="-
a.4,8
a0 ao
- L \aya, )
a0
azay
a, aJ a.
div(curlV)=V.(VrV)=0 @,K.T.U. 2011, 2016, 2018)
Proof. Let V = Vri + VrJ + V3A ihen,
i ji
f =ifI! eLl,;tsL i!.rfeL vlll
curl = a, aJ a" fi' a,)" a, d') ld' a,)
.. div(curlV)=V.(VxV)
d 1iv1 _dvJ'_3 av, dv',

=;td rav"_gv,)_
= ay -;. )- otl o, - or l-E la, - ,)y ,
(a'!v, a.v, )- i a-vr- d,v3 I i d,v, d'v, I

.l I o.o, "*D )
= o
[d,,r a,a. -J lara. aa,
curl (curl i) = grad (div i) - v, i

Proof. Let i =v,i +\"j +'l"i
; jfr
-) aa =;fa%_avzl_,J9l! l*rl gv. ,v,_Jv,
,jr dz \ay az)'\az arr (Ji
I
d!)
v,
h
a a a
.. curl (curl V) = Ay a"
?Vg av, dvl av' av' avl
ax dz n2 dr dr. dI
-; la la& avr I a /av1 a% ll

ldy\ dir 4 ) dz\ dz dx ))
-' J
a 1av,
- av. 1 I a,v, - 4v. 11
= ";
fax( a, I
& I ay' a,' )l
,;l a 1ov. , dv, _ a% I] d'vr _ a'vr d'zvr

ax ' ar
_
-- L
J
a" [ dx' dy. a,,
I
)J
[a.i.
= :i l .o , v. v, -,v,v,'),l =:;3{v.v,
d,
.v2:r'v1
ld,
= vfv. il - v,i = g.ad (div i) - v, i.
l.-
VECIOR CALCULUS
Example 6. A kt(,. /r tl(l is gixen br;i = (r: + rrzl i + rj,tr + $li. Shau that the field
i.s i.rrutatiatral alrt fi)td th.e scalar potential.
Sol. Field A is irrotational ifclut A = 0

k
aa a
Now A.ry i =,(0 0) i(0 0)+ hl2xy 2q)=0.
x +xj y +x.y 0
.. Field i is lllotational.
IId is thc scalar potcntial thcn.
I =g"adO
i.a, =,sraaa,.a, =[,#-r# *]) ,a,; rayi -a,i,
= $a,*{ay*$a.
tx dt dz =a6
ao =i.ai
= 1x2 + xy21 dx + @2 + :c2t) d.y = xz 71" * tz * * ry (J dr +x dy)
(3,I alr'L
- al*"
[3.]
*d,*,r l3l ,[,']
- - ,fl"l L3r ,l'1'l
t 2 t
htesration l-ields,
d= +: + r +c \rhere.isaconstanl.
Examplp7.Ay'ui.JFr,.t,t,6,. 't. \' -r.. , -, /+ ,+r,/'

(i) Is this motion brotdtionaP If so, find the Delocity pote\tial. |A.K.T.IL 20r6)
lii) Is the motion possible for an incompressible lluid.?
S"t. w" t u"" i =6,+zti + k +rtj +k+9i.
(,) The motior is irctational if curl i = d
t ;iaa
dJ d,
v+2 z
,la y)--(:+ir)f
a .l-, i-ta (.r + y) -J,, * r.|
=/ {-(ir+
ldy dz ) ldr
*rilgr.*,*r-3ry*a]
dy =;(1 1) j(1 D+ i(1- 1)
l,Jx )
= ,(0) - j(0) + A(0) = 0

496 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFIING I\,IATHEI\,IATICS
Hence the motion is irrotational.
Now, let V = srad 0, wherc 0 is velocity pot€ntial

,
l,ro, ao oo.) .Jri'dvi-dzh)
> \.dr -Vodr= \' --r!-Jt-k
dr 'ry 't'? )
;iD Ain Af,'
-' .lr- .l!,
4" -.12-.t",
^z
:. d|=!.dr
-u-, i - . .t 1 t 'x t1,[ .',1, i +ar 1+.rt h'
= 0 + z) d.r + G + t) dy + lx + j) dz
=O d,+,dr) +Gdx+tdz) +lzdr +y dz)
= dGy) + dGx) + clGy)
Integating, we get O = ry + yz + zr + c.
(ii) For an incompressible fluid,
divV=O
l.'t ;"1
Nolv divv' t -1'ddy-u;1.t+,,i-t?+ q,7-rr-v*l
\dr ,
aaa
ay dz '
-.r(!+z)+-(s+r)+-(x+r)
-ar- =o +o + o = o
Hence the motiorl is possibl€ for an incompressible fluid.
Example 8,4 a is a constant uector, eraluate d.iu lt x a) and curl lr

i =,i+yj+"fr.
Sol. We kno$' that
div(a x b)= & -a.curl

.curl o 6
.. div(r x o)= o .curlr r.curl o
0 r.0=0 0=0
''' curl r = 0 and curl ofa constant vector is 0
Also, we know that
curl(a x 6)= o div 6 - & div a +(b .Y) .vl 6
.. curl(r xa)=r divo a div r +(o.V)

I =O 3a+a 0 div a =0,(r .v)o =0and(a.v)r=o
VECTOR CALCULUS 497
Example 9.I/ ," = xi + lj + zk and t = r l,shoui that
'ttdrr e)=3q+ r .grcda ii dtrLr' .'

Sol. We krow that div (r o ) = u div a + a.srad u
r. div(or)=Odiv r + r" .sradQ=3o+ r .erado I ... div," =3
divri)=divI
/r r.]l
-'dirr r.srad 13"-r..

r
l\
t .' ./
3 /l r 3r
t,/
312
Example 10. Proup /ho t d iL) \arod r '=t ,t = .n- It L,hprp ) ,; , t; ,n.U,r",
r /;l
shou
,.t.l
thotv - -0 Hpn.potothrui<c,nluot, r. -. I ,uP.T.(:.2014; u.K.T.u.2012.
Sot. Here. ./=.r'-J ,:z"orhar d\

1' '.yl
rAr
.l,'
r.), r
$ad r' = nl ', ="r"'i ="r"';

.. divrgmd,'l=div ar' 1; l-nr '/dir r t sr"l, nr .r
=3n-,-2 + n(n z)r"3;.i . di";=3
= Jnr,,nln 2),", t G .;)
2+
= Bn.t'': + nln 2) f,a (r2)
=}nr 2+nh-2)rr2
V2(/,) = a(n + 1)/, ,
=
Putting a = 1, we set
/r)
v2 'l=o
\,'
/
We know that,
' curl(ua)= ucurl a +(gradz) x a

498 A TEXTBOOI( OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
. "-[;J=i"ui.(s'.a4)'i =d-(+r,,; |. curl r=0
2) ) )
= --(r x r)= 0_
Example 11. (i)ProUe that uector flr)i is irrotationat.
\utPh,Dprhat\':fir)=f\rt+:.f1r).H.nc.ctaluateY2llogr)ifr=lP+!2+22)112
(U.K.T.U. 2010; G.B.T.U. 2012)
sol. (,) curl 1llf)r l = curl r + {crad^r)} x r Usins vector identitv

^,
=o+f,tr)ixr
/'r.) -
=]: (.. r)=0 lrxr=o
Hence^r) r is iuotational.
(ii) srad fltt = f \rii = -l l'(r) r

div lsrad^r)l = V'2n.)
,. lf'\,)-) f tr; .. - lf \r)) '

tr ) r ' lr )
"','
= r.,,, {tt:::.-, r "' },, = i,.,,,.
",
, t r.
1,, /ll,; ;,
_3f
.tr) ",-,t .;.; =,,
= vrlUl = f,,tr't+? 1,t.,1
Now, v!rosr=-+.:fil=+=-
t't\'2' +-
Example12.fuF = v u uherc u, u are scatar lietds antt i is a uector fiekt shou) that
"".r i = "".1(1v,)= 1"".r rv,r * (s."a lJ . v,
= o .,'
(vll v, = I v1J^ r,, i. v,tva=d
\. u) ^ I I,,'
i I
VECTOR CALCULUS 499
i.
"*,
i = ! ro,r.{[o 1),. rv,r]= o
being the scalar triple product in which two facto$ arc equal.
Exa,rlple lA. (i) Shola that,
,.
*r srod' grad !r\ = O where r is ! he d istonce of nt
"urt |
\ - r/I + grod I k \
.
r) a poi rx. y. z t
lrom
the origin and i is d unit uectot in the dircction of OZ.

(ii) If f and. g are two scdlar point functions proue that
diD (fvs) = fvrg +vf. ve
Sol, (i) We know that
<-utl \o ./ =odivD 'bdivo (b.V\a -{a.V\b

b )
r r'J-[*,."a r'Jai";
-- Ii^*"a
c,,'r (... -*., 1= r ai, fg,"a
t- r I r- r )
* (s.,a 1. o)a -,r . o,n"a 1
-o-o- [s'-a-L.v);'* v'eraa-l
...
/11
v,
|
[;] =oanddivi =o
(1
.v)[ r[.nn a1 ...(11
We also know that.
grad {o. 6)= a xcurl 6 + 6 rcurlo +(o.V) 6 +(6.!)a

c,d
[,
. e"d 1) = i , ",-r (e,"a 1) - (e,"a 1) , ",u ;
. t;4 . vl g,,a 1 * (s,"a 1. v) [
f. o); '.' curl (grad = 0 and
= d * d * r;{ . vr e,.a
O)
}'* (",.a
curl&=0
= r;. vi g'"a1 * (s,"a1. v) ; ...t2)

Addins {1) and (2), wc sct
,u.r + . sr.,4;]
f
*rl, Erad,'t -2 L''''r rI'ol* =z(-it.v)a=-\i vn
500 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING N4ATHEMATICS
2( o d c,.
- -r'\ lr dir'!-',a nr)
lh-o
lii) div (FVs) = Fdiv (Vg) + (gad /) . Vs lusing vector identity
=lv.(V,_,) + Gradl). Vc =/V,s + Vf . Va.
Example 14. ^Siop that th(. uector lield i =l- ," ,***i"r.t as u as soleno|cjat.
Pind. the scaLar potential. (A.K.T.U. 201s1
Sol. For the vector field F to bc inotational, curl F = 0
we know that,
""rl
t,i I= , 'i
""r1
i + (sad zt
lt r r-srad-
, 1, .r
,.1-,.l'rt
\.r" I r' \ r /
I r 3l
= r ,0'.1\r "il.r I curlr O
/
=o J;.ir-o o o
HencF vc.!or fi.td F is irrorEli.'ndl

Again, for the vector freld F to be solenoidal. div i = O
we kno*- that aiv 1z Jt = a aiv i +i . $aa u

I -\ I / r\
.. drv, - drr. r.qrJd
-
lr
t,/ t r" tr'/^
3 .l _j;)
=V*, : il
| aiv.=:
3 3 ^ 3 3 --
=l ,"1=r'.;=o
Hence vector field i is solenoidat.
No$. Lcl F = \ 0 $ hFr. o is s.alar porenl ia|

. i.ai-vq.ai
F.d.r =dO 1.. vo.d;=do
- (,i t vi- zht
, dq =
T?;i;?FE . @x i + dy i + d.z h\ l. t=xi+yj+zh
xdx+vd,v+zdz
=
A;ffi.= t- tr2 + 12 r 22
'
1'21
'.]
VECTOB CALCULUS 501
Integrating, we set O =
l
or 0= +c.
Example 15. P/oue liof diu (V0 x V\,) = 0.
Sol. We know that
r.
di'(;,i)=i."".r I(Vd)
J.."ad
div (V0 x V\,) = Vy . curl Vg . curl (Vy)
=v'y.d vq.d=o t... curl (grarl/) = 6
Example 16. Shou) th.at v'1j-]=o uthere r is masnitude of position nectot

l" l
i =,i*ti*,i.
sor. l-' 3"'r- l 3r' Arr
'1".r"
J.r &r
r .r d I 3r^ 3 ,lr 6r t;r Zr
r'l'.' ,) .'d, a,
31 61 1513 91 1513
,,,(1)
a5 ri
i f,) :r\ or" r,y "--
"rY
lr 'l 'tY
" ,,,(2)
,ly .' dy ..
Similartr 3Y . l5-r.' ,,,(3)
Addins (1), (2) and (s), we set
v'l '=l=- r5='+ 15=*

t?+!2+22)
\r'l
75x 75/,-
l'. * a y2 1"2 =,2
=-;-;
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
_,__:_.1
'" ' ..ho*rhar \.\
2
IlV. - r-
J'' .r' ,' J,2 - ,2 - 2
2. Find th. divergencc and curl ofthe vector i = (r'7+rzl i + (r'+ 2.) j + (:'|+ry);i.
(u_P.T.U.2Al5)
t.
542 A TEXTBOOK OF ENG NEERING MATHEMATICS
(i) ff F j -(, +y) I, show that F . cut F = 0.

= (u +1 + 1) ; +
(;, rA = (ae\; Oz) j +Q+22) h,frnd. cul (curl A).
1. (,) Show ihat vector V = j +G- 2z) A is solenoidal.

(, +U) i +O -32)
ar) Sbow thal rhe vecror fiFjd V =,sin \ + ?i i -,f .os) .i j -'y J j & is inorational.
(,;t) Fiad most seneral such ihat r is solenoidal. ic_B_T_u.201J)

^r) ^r)
5. IfF=(@..).whereaisaconstantvector.findcuitEandsovethatitisperyendiculartoa.
(M.T.U.2012)
6. (i) hove that div (l . ) = (a + 3) I". turther show that I . is solenoidal ofllv ifn = -3.
(ij) Il x and H are inotatioaal, prcve that E i H is solenoidal. |C-B.T.U- tSUM) 2a101
7. rr z = a, + Ir +,, and i = ri r ry' + :,i, shorv that div rz it = sr.
8. llluiJmonolAgi\enb\ i =Ljr'bi!-_ srnxrr +(rsin:+2r:)/ +(arcosz+,r,)t Isthemotion

iuoiational? Ifso, find the vdocity potcDiial t KTtt 2A1t)
9. (i) Show ilat the vector field A, where A =({, y,+ni Qg' +y) j 4 inotational, and find a
scalar 4 such that i = grad O. HeDce evaluaie ihe li,,u i,,t.eelur m- tr, zl t" rz, rl.
fiI.P.T.(I 2014)
(i, Shov that the vectn ffeld defined by F - z.rzq i + a,,s i + 3r,rz, i is irotatioml. Eiad the
scaldr poreDdsl |? such Lhal -q
F = glad ,.
Irii)ShowthatA=r&y+,s)r +r3rz-zr , + (3s, -r) i is iuotational. r\nd the velocity potential
O such ihat A = v(,. lU. P-T-U- 20 11: U-K-1'-Ii. 20 I 1)

./^
'n hove rhar F - (y -22 4 Jy? 2y) ; + fiv + %y\ r,3dy -2xa - 2?r, is borh sol"roidsl
J dd
irotational. Also find the scalar potential O such thai i = elad g.
(r) I'ind the constmts o, b, c so that E = (r +4 + e) i +lbr 3r -i j +(4.+cy+22)i16

r ' +22+2tt-4*
irmtaiional. F =srad b.showtharo-
22 " vz. 6-KT.U.2018,2014)
I0. IIA =r?zi -zvj 3t, h and B =3r,i -2!,j ,,h, find ihevalueor A \{v. B,aDd
(ArV)xB \A.K.7.U.2017)
11. I'ind the directional derivative of V. (V0) at tle point (1,
- 2, 1) in the d ection ofthe noroal to the
sur{ace:7'z = 3r + 2,, wherc q = 2e3r224. (.U.P.T-U- 2014)
503
VECTOF CALCULUS
rz. Ir i = ri + rj + zi, Prove that

(,)curl(,''r)=0 1;;1
y,1." iy =,1, * et"" , 7
1r,rv.
Lr!l 3
,, +11=,-,
lrI l= ",f"
I|r = a
I t'rl
13. (i) Prove that curl t'' i -t'-" i andi are constantvectors
{(; , ?l ' il =
(itr Pro,e that rtiv {(i x 7l t ir= zt''7,*l*" i anrl t are constant
vectors'
('r' v]' zr) and (t,' r:' :'?) rcspective\'io

14, Ir V', *a li be thc vectors joinins the fixed points
variable point (r. Y,;). Prove tlat
(ti) glad (V1 . Vr) = V1+ V,
(i)div(vrrvr)=0
(tit) curl (V1 x V') = 2(V1 V2).
t,r ir,"t= t, * z)t''i nt) it r) r (t, curl (i) = 0.

",aIt7,
Prove thai curl
l;..;) ;
--l=-.+ i'.; ;) --
16.
l'.1
> 0 or
17. show that the vecior fi"ld i = '(? :.:v+ t" a "source" or "sink' field accodins as @
tHint. If di" i > 0 ihen i is a source fi€ld and if di" i < o ttren i is a sinx heta t
Answers
2. 2(a+!+z)tO 3.(,r-6t;+(62-1)&
4. s.i,i 8' Yes ;O = {' sin 2 + cos
'
+
',,2
+c
liirq=3x2!+Ex-21+'
tt *f - * I e -^,zt + c. zzrz
xv'?
,,"i)r-,",-u-*.r*,." (v)a=4,b=2,c=,1
10. s,'zi + 6"yz i + rs*'22 + 4'zt i; ztzi + (Ey'z + 15 xz' + 3*z\i

t't24
11.
5.2,I. INTEGRATION OF VECTOR FUI{CTIONS

,],
; Fll)= f(')'
then i slrch tbat
r,et l0) ana i0) le two vector functions of a statar variable
F,/, is callcd an inregral ^l / i' urlh rcspect lo and ue wrrr'J /'l'd' =

I f i'
VECTOF CALCULUS 505
--\
d'!^
t -]'z
r ['" ,t,') a,= r,d'l
,, ...(1)
L ],
Now, 5t' t t' =-2t'i +5t'j -st'h

dt 10, 1 - 31')
.. Fmm (1), ,i'e have
/ -\
ll;..d'd,'la, = -2,'i , sta.,
,1. "
st'i' - tq; -tsl - ts*
)r
lz; ;,2h rhenr 2)
lli 2r+3h uhent=3)
thot
r .-l
I' i .!ll n
shour
J,I d,)
at =
0.,;-
sor.siocp dt z,.d,i J,l; +)r,
d! ,,,. u,, .1,'1
I h
...(1)
-3. i ,n'-21 .ti...+i 2., rJ*'=16+4*9=29

whpn/
when r=2, r =(2i j+2h).(2i j+2k)=4+1+4=9

-r --l
... From,r,.$Fhave I' i 0," lo, j r2s -sl ro.
5.22. LINE INTEGRALS

An! integral uhichisto be.ualuated along a.unte is called a
Let F(P) be a continuous vector point function defined

at every point ofa curve C in spaco. Divid€ the curve C into n
parts by the points A = Po, Pr, Pz, ..., P. = B
and let Ro,Rr,R,,...,R, be the position vectors of these

points. Let Q, be any point on the arc P, r P,. Then the limit of
lr'q.,.an wh.rc oR R, R. ...(1)
asn --r - and every 6 R, ) 0, ifit exists, is called a line integral ofF along C and is
Jian - :8A,, I F .lt

Jc
Clea.ly, it is a scalar. It is calted the ,a,.)scnr, at line integral oli atolrg C.
Ifthe scalar products in t1) arc replaced bv vector products, then the corespording tine
J ixdiwhich;savcctor.
intesral is defrned as
Ifthe \.cctor function F is replaced by a scalar funcrion O, then the corr€sponding line
intesral is defined as rvhicrr is a vector.
J Oai,
ItFk,\,,2)=fti f,i+Lk a\d, R=xi lj+zk thell (tR=;d.! id\ + hrt,
.' J F.dR-l ttd,+i_d\ tt,1..

If the paramet c equations of the cur-vc C are r = x(t).J =1,0),2 =z(t) and, = t1 at A,
, = l]r at ts, thcn
l"i an = f" frr,

*$. r, !. r, *')a,
IfC is a closed cuwc, then the integrat sisn is reniaced bv
J $ .
5.23. CTRCULATTON G.B.T.U. 2010)
In f'luid Dynamics, if i rcprcsents thc velocjty ofa fluid particte and C is a ciosed cune, then
rl-p inrFsrJl O V. JR i..Jll^d rh" . it, t ta'tot, ot- y ruund In".une C
Ifthc circulation of \l round every ctuscd cur.r,e n a resion D vanishcs. then i is said to
be irrotational in D.
5.24. WORK DONE BY A FORCE
Lei F- represent the force acting on a particle moving along an arc An. The work done durins
a smail displacement 5R is F . 6R.
.. The total work done by i durins dispt.rcemenr lrom A ro B is sjr"" rrv [" i . ai
J\
ll r hp lbr.F F i. runsen.ir rr c, then r h.r. e\i..t. .r s,.Hlar fun.l,un o such rhar
no 'l'l
F fo=i ,lr ,rV ,k--A)
.. The *ork done by E dudns disptacemenl from A to B = IF.rR
.a[.ao ,ao -ao\ - dr+
=Jo t'3**r r*ot ).ti i ax+iaz)
VECTOR CALCULUS
ft .to. .r, '' a, . o' a, ,

1
J,l,), \ d: [" ,i..
Jr or -.or
l\
I'hus, in a conseri-ative field, the *ork done depends on the value ofO at the end points
A and B. and noi on the path joinins A and B.
Example 3. Suppose F' G, y, zl = t)t + )1 + zh t.: thc forc( fiekl. Fncl the uorh ctone by i
alotq the li.ne fiotn (1, 2, 3) ta t,3, 5. 7).
Sol. Equations ofthe line are
x'l 12 23
3-1 5-2 '.l 3
r=2t+l,y=3t+2,2-4t+3
Now,
'i+yj+"i=Ot+\; +(Bt+Di +@t+ i
i =
.. d; =oi+3;+4 ,.tt
At (1,2,3),t=0 and At (3, 5, 7), , = 1
-
work done | p.a, = JoI
= JL hzr * D' i + rsi * z) j + (4t + 3) ,tl . e;+3;+a dt
| 12,2, II) .3\.Jt |2) 1\.1t t3) dt
-lJ-' 16, t24t-.37t t2ot.t, - lar,

'" , s,
'- -"t2' *to,J
0
37+20- 101
-4+il+ 2--2
Ex jmpre 4. FitLd the totat uork Ltone br d force F = (l + y') ; xryj in mouins a point
ft on l0, 0) to (a, b) alons the rcttansk bounded l,! ttu: I;nes x = 0, \ - a, r = 0 a . \, = b.
(u.P.T.U.2014)
F =lx2+y2ti - 2xyj
dr = d.ri + d.yj
. F. dr =(t2+y2)tu- ydy
Total work doDe =fJoAe a, * I JAB
i.a,'
= Ir + Iz ...(1
r. = [ i.a,'
=l','d-
J03 =4 Along OA,l =0 :. d.y=0
I"= I F.d" =l -2aydy AlongAB,x=a
From (1), Total workdone=4 o62

3
50B A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING i,IATHEMATICS
Exampres.f i = 3,yi -f i,",ot,ot"

-
L r . a, . *n"* c ," the on of the parabara
) 2x' [rcm 0,Atbt1,2,
Sol,Letr=i,thentheparametricequationsoftheparabolal=2r2arer.=t,J,=2t2.
At the point (0, 0), r = 0 and so r = 0
At the point (1, 2), r = 1 ard so r = 1
Il . isrheposilionvccrorofan].puin|,.J'inr'.than . _.i .:t -ri tZ )
Also in'crms ofr. F =6t ; 4ta j
. I r a, ) ,a, i -q'), ,; +1,r.dt
IJr,6,, . 16r, 7, , 9/' l6t: J 8- _ 7

4 610 2 3 6
Example 6. A ue.ror /,etd is siuen .a\- i = t";, xt i + r0 + cos :y) ; . EDatuate the tine
integraL ol)e. the circular path giuen ur\ * + y2 a2, z
= = 0_
Sol.Theparametricequationsofthecircuiarpatharer=ocos1,lr=asint,z=0where
, varies from 0 to 2n.
. Sincp rhF parricle moves in the rr-ptrne ,. - 0. w. ,"n rrt . i - r, + rJ so thal

(tr =dxi + dri
- d .6 _ -' +.r.r -cu.r,it .,dti -,t!r.

JCi a. Ja t";"yi
ll
=l l.rova, -.r,1FCo.\../,t =I t,si1) d, lrcos\./v.-rdrI
6 a,,";"r ,a, I
-6J."JnJo. docos,.in,o,,r/, . [-o.o", ,.o.,a,
=
t
[a
cos . sin (o sin
t'z"
rlo + 02
)^ cos, t nr
j
- "^ I ,r taos2ttdt = " lr '"'"1 -" zn, *
2JO a I
't
E\a:mple 7. Find the worh done bj the fbft:e i = ,; ,j + 2ri in the d.isptaement
along the closed. path C consisting of the iegments C,, C, and C,'uheie
ant',- 0 t.t. J ,y. :=0
onC, A<z<1, x=1. r=1
on Cr. 1>t>0, !=z=x.
Sol. Tot.l *o.k d0,," = d F d;
Ja I
Q, ti -,t t2\b,.tdlt +dtt tdzh.

VECTOB CALCULUS 509
= (ylx pd) + \J.r

!,
fr
= ! ttdt z,rt + 2\d.) . L tdr zdy . 2yJ:
+ $ .rd.x zay . z1,t:

=Wr+Wr+Wr
where W| W2, W, denote the work dore ir displ.icement
along C1, C2 and C" rcspectivety.
OnCr, 0:r < 1, J=r,z=0,dJ=dr, dz=O
.. w.=6 l'',r.=
I J'', 'a'= Jo tr
OnCr,0sz<1, .I=1, f,=1, dr=0, dt=o
. w. b 2J,=21 d, 2
OnCj, 1>ir>0, r=z=a, dy=.lz=clx
.. \. $ ,a, , &-2.d,, 2Ji ,,r,= ,
Totalworkdone= w, + w,.,. W, =
] * z- r = j.
5.25. SURFACE INTEGRALS
Anr i qral which is ta be eraLuated o t a surface ts catkttl
a surface intesraL.
,---- -a-
Let F(P) be a continuous vectoi point tunctior and S
a t\ro sided surface. Divid€ S into a finite number of sub-
("=,E"
.{__-/ )
surfaces. 3Sr, 65r..., 3Sr. Lot P, be any point in 65, and i, bc
the unit vector at P in the dircction of ourward drawn
normal to thc sudace at P,. Then the limii of the sum
L FtP n dS. ds * - and Fd, h oS .0 is call, d rh"
no nal surface Lntesral of itp) over S and is deroted by
JISF,/,JS
The surfaceelement ilS surrounding any point P can
be regarded as a vechr whose magnihrde is area 65 and
the direction that of the outward drawn normal ,i ,.€..
63 = ;i65. The surfacc ini.esral may alternatively b€ writ
ten
tt
a! JJ\ -F . ds
510 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMAT]CS
Ili represents the velocity ofa fluid at any point P on a closed su hce S, then i . ri is
ll tt
rhpn^rmJl .onpol^nr or'F ar PInd JJ. F ,; ds-JJ. I as r-,l mrr-u11 nr'\ol',,rc
.mprging lrom S p.r unir rmp.,.. . '1 m*"-urpsrh, ltu,,t Fnt rS.
other types of surface integrars ar" ll i "
as , Jl oai.
Note,In order to evaluale surlilce integals, it is convcnicnt to cxpress them as double integrals
iaken over the orihosonal pmjection ofS on one oi thc coordintiie planes. But this is possiblc only when
a.J llne perpendicular to the coordinatc ptarc chosen deets the surface S in not mot than one point.
Let R be the odhogonal projection ofS on the ry-plane.
Let ,i = cos tr; + Dj + r[ where cns cos ll. cos 7 are the dirciti,rn .osines of ri.
"o" "u" ',,
Now, dadl = projection of.JS on the r'y plane = .lS cos l dS=
drdt
Also li€.,4 l=cosy dS=
ti.nl
Hence ll e ,.rs=
rrR ll F.,i ',"r
_"1
.
lh
5.26. SURFACE AREA OF A CURVED SURFACE

Let S be a sudhce represented blr .t'(r, ]r, z) = 0 ...(1)
Unit normal to sulface S is
. \F 1.,.F t Fk
lfF
' F'-r',F'
\r'
where F., F", F. are partial derivaiives ofF w-r.t. n,l, ? respectivcly. Lct D be the projection of
S onto the xJ piane then,
d'd,'
ll
s = JJsas = JJD ii
li.k
=J[ F. I
dt dr
Note.Ifthe equation ofthe suIface S iE z = y), thea surfacs alsa = t -2 --2

II
^,,
5.27, VOLUME I TEGRALS
Any intcg:ral which is to be evaluated over a volumc is called a volume inte$.r].

IfV is a volume bounded by a sudace S, then thc triple intesrals
iff.,n
rJrr JJJ, F
'n'r dv
are called volume integrals. The fiIst ofthcse is a scalar and the sccond is a vector.
VECTOF CALCULUS 511
If we sub'divide thc volume V into small cuboids by drawing planes parallel to the
coordinate planes, thcn d\ = dxdydz.
llJ . ar, =
llJ, o r,,,,,,, a,ara,
lfF=Fri+Fri+FrA,then
llj i dv = ; JJJ r, o, y, it atataz + )lll" r, c, t, t ataaz + i lll,F" (r,.), ") di.id:l
Exampre
. 8. E,a1,,a.e JJ\ ll i.; as,*n-" i = (, +yrt i -z,j *zt,i andsisthe
s urface of t he p lane 2 r + ! + 2 z = 6 in t he first attant.
Sol. A vector normal to the surf:rce S is Siven bv

vl2a+y+22)=2;+i+2i
.-. ,i = a unit vector normal io sn hc€ S
zi+i+zi -î2^ 1.2^

r r_. 11_rh
i(2r"+l1)'+(2)'
- l, 1
h.i=h.l:-j+:i+:
\3 3" 3hI =:1J
ll /"^
ll e ,, Aa
JJ- A.i,rs=
- JJt.
where R is the projectior o1 S, i.€., tiansle LMN on the $ plane. Ttre region R, r.r:.. triangle
OLM is bounded by r-axis,.',-axis and the line 2I + r, = 6, = 0
"
\uu A r: 'r +\', i % i Zrr,, . l; ;, ;-)
2 2 4 2" 4
=3 rrv' . iJ, - 3 ,'? = ,r '. ' r '.
2.4 (6-2x - y \ . OrtheDhn.,2, 6: " " )
=;J'+;yL
rd\a) " I 'v-2: 2
24
=3r0+6 2x-r,)= 3ri3 r)
H"""" ll ll i , r.'d'
A ,,rs= JJn
k.i
.t 4 n
= JJ_ , ", ., ; ,,,{, = J".' ).' - a
o-t , a,a,
r 8 v .1 r
It" ''L! 'r'=oI3 ) '6'2'''rr
16 l{3 rra "
=t16p 13 x)"dx- -..l-------
J" e L 4(-! lo=:(81)=36.
4
e
512 A TEXTBOOK OF ENG]NEEBING MATHEMATICS
ll
Example 9. Eualru ore Jl. A.,i
dS, where A=zi +rj 3rzzi and S is the surface of
the cytinder y'
P + = 16 inctud;d in the lirst ottant betueen z = 0 an.j z = S.
Sol. A vecror normal rhe su'{a.F S is grr.n b} V,/ -J^, - 2r, . 2Jj
'^
'. 16 = a unit vector normal to sudace S
2ti +zyi ,i + y.i ,i * \,i
=-"
,,l,2xr *,2r.,
,-:]
-"= ,l,t )^ 4
I .. On the sudace ofcytinder, r, + y: = 16

Let R be the projection of S on.',, plane, then
ll
JJs A.n.ls
--. ,"" ll'' A" ,..
JJk
dldz
1;.il
The region R is OBB'O'enclosed byJ = 0 to] = 4 and
, ^ , (1 1 .\ 1
Now, L.n=L.l-Xt + vr
\4 4"') =-r4
A ;=.i. xi-31zi (j"-l'r) =),",
H".." [f e n ds- JJR
fL i i 't'd:
,,N
=ll i^ ,,,oio' -1, l"'*...,r, r.
;,
= ,' = J' o . ta a, =le". z"')5 = 40 + 50 = go

IJ [*.',]'
Exampre 10. f i = ef - 3)i xy j - ai1, tnen euatu"* IIL r . i av, *n"," v i"
bounded 4, the planes t = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2:e + 2! + z = 1.
Sol.v F=;,)'4"d, i
r2x'-3rr- ' 2rr,,'\ 4,,=4\ 2r -2\
. llj " i*=lll,xa"ata,

t t]rt ,'
=t:t:'J:"'" kdzdvdx=l I 2r,
t t,,
dy dt
=l' l' '*,.n- *-utoro,

. ,,1 ar,2 , r-2.ry? /r=Jo 14./,2_\r' z\ 2 r- d)
J0
o
VECTOB CALCULUS 513
= J' z,tz ita,=zl'u'-u'*,"ta"

,lr^' n:'3 , ""1n' -2,r 32J , '. = 8t
Exampre 11. fi =:rz ; -,j t y, i,,-"t;"t"
IILi dv, uherev is the rcsion bound,ld
b! the surface x = 0, r = 0, x = 2, y = 6, z = f, z =,1.
s.r llJ ; av= llJ e:cz; -:,) +\,i) d' dy dz

=l, l" r,,,";_,;*y, a"a:,a,
-tfJ0 Ju
f ,,'J ava, ilxJ lo L,,."i av,r,.i
" I J,,.'
r.. f' r. ,r..r,
= f rre, i) dr - i f f rr.,,r a, * i l' !" !, -,,),tr d'

; l"' dx a., \4
f-,,u. . ,oa, 'J,'u "': 't'-P) ''

=, ,o ',l",
o "'i,,
=6i 8.r '- -e; lz, - ' -j2i 4,
-72h
t,i' rzî ztL'
4( '_ I --12nt zt;+rbah.
| " ]" 3t
Ex?l:mpte 12- EDatuate jJ ri"i +, .a . a r; , . .i s ",a"."

s;" the \url',,,1,,f th. sphere
t' + y! + z' = a' it the first octant.
Sol. F = ]r:i +zrj+rfA

,a = a unit vector normal to surface S =
lls ry,i .,a * ryb. ai = iJ i ;ai

I a:1+
'ri "
I R is projectior of S on rhe :r.r, plane
=atl aata* ...ii.s=1

R
."..t*= \:t dv d,
= ,J" J;
= ll'
2Jo
,,,' -,2,6, =1,n
8
TEST YOUR KNOIVLEDGE
1. rnt"s..k
Evaldate the line"J. I tL,'z + l] ,.& + (1' + !')dJ], where C is ihe squarc fomcd bv ihe
linesl=tlandx=11.
2. Find th-" .i.culation of i roun.lihe cuneC, wi,cre i =,r"i" ri *a -" ri ond C is thercctanslc
u.Losa ,a.' i..- d r- o n,.,r,0,, lr. -J,"olo, ^ .

\. 2) t 2
ir Sho$ that I l'. d' = 3n, gr.en thai -F =zt.xj + ][ and C beins ihe arc of the curve
. =cosfi +sin, + ltr from t =0 tol = 2r.
,iirlf A -rr vri + Lr + vr i . evaluare 0 A dr around the cune C consistin,r of, = r' and
J'
|A_K_T_U. 24U,2418)
4. Ifi=(3,'z+6r)i 14]? + 20rz2i, evaluate the li.e intecml

J i.d; fton110,0.0)to(1,1,1)
along the Ibllowing paths C:
ti)r=t.!-t2,.=t3
(ti) the straisht linejoining (0, 0,0) io (1. 1. 1l
(iii) the straisht line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0), then to (1, 1, 0) and then to (1. 1, 1)
. E'..,,,I J. 2"'i-t-"-2t t-1 tt 2, ':t"?'z'h.Jr ".ongrn"cu-,

c:r, +:: =a,,! = 0.
(,,1 Find thc circulation of i round the cune C, wr,e"e i - yi + .j +.i and C is the circle
12+!2=1,2=a.
r/nlU\eluateiiai.r""gtl"-^"r+r,'=1,:=linthepositi,edircctionftoD(0-1,liro
(1,0, 1) wherc | =gz + u)i + *j +Gy + DA.
f
I,'ind ihe \rork donc $he. a lorce i = (r'? t2 + ttr iz.i't +-,lj r,o'es a partlcle n ihr r)-plane
from (0, 0) to 11. 1) dlong the pa.abolalr = t. Is the work done different s'hen thc path ls the
7. lrlFindthcwork.loneinmovingapariiclconceroundthecircler'+1'=9inthexrplaneifthe
field of forccis F =(û-r ztt +h+\ z') J +13r',2J+4?) t.
(ii) Show that thc vcctor field F = rzi - (2r + 1)j + ari is conservaiive. !'ind its scalar potentiat
Also find the work done by F in movins a particLe frotu (1. 0, 0) to (2, 1, '{). lG-B 7.11. 2013\
VECTOB CALCULUS 515
8. (i) Conpute the work doDe by the force F = (2-v + 3)i' + + rj

r)i whcn it molcs a particle 0,
from the point (0, 0, 0) to ihe point (2. 1, 1) alo.g ihe curve x = 2r,, r, = t, z = 13.
(aBTtl 2011)
(,,) r'ind the work done inmovinsa padicle in rhe force field F = sr,i + ()rz r)j+:ialorethe
curve defined byr'= 4J, 3x3 = 8z liom r-= 0 to, = 2. tM-T-U- 2012: U-P-'l Il- 2014)
9, , F.vdruitc [[ r "r" "t-*i t8., ,2j ir]

JJS
1no s,r,r..u'r1.a..,hF pr"1-
2x + 3:| + 6z = 12 in ihe first ocl,ant. (M.T.U.2012I
,,,,Evatua,p ff 4.,as..h.-a l2::r, -3v:,.2.* 316 q..,rFr.rri^1 .r',npr,.!nF

JJq
r + -', + z= 1 included in the first octant.
L,rShow thci [[ r.;as=1"r,-.e =q',i t'zi+t"i aDd S is the surface of the cube
JJs 2
bounded by the planes, = 0,, = 1,.r, = 0, J = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
,, E*t,",. i[ F.rdS,where[ 4,, 2.r,-,-]-.,ds,. rhF.Lr.".F,,au d'ns,'c ,r."n

JJr
a2+!2=4,2=0.2=3.
11. c,"r,",, [[[ q r/v. $ h.r, o = 1sJ.v.no v,. rh, .,., o,rsron bound.d by, rp prd, p.
llt+ 2J+z = 8,r= 0,r =0,2 =0
J' F d r where F(,, e'''(]?, + :xr +,rn) . = ri + u + :I and.

12, rr) Eraluate O y, ;r = aDd is the
<r < 1, 0 <r < I andz = 1 clockwise.
boundary of 0
(r,)l'indthesufa.eareaoftheplaner+2r'+22=12.uiollbyr=0,r=0andr'!+r':=16.
tGBTti 2t)1r)
=
i4.ry'4 drdr)
1,,.,. ^
11 t4l l
Ansc/ers
2
1.0 2.O 3. (")
5
13
4. (r5 (ii) -- (iii)--
6. (r0 Qi) -x (,r, 1 u. J , ,'r", nt" *-"

7. (r) 18r Oi) q=arz +y + c,9
8
:= (rr 16
19
8. (l) 8 s. (i) 24
12t)
10. (r;) 84n 11.128. 12. (;) o (rr) 6r.
5.24. GAUSS ENGE THEOREM (Relation betueen surface and oolume integrals)
IG.B.T.U.20121
I i is a L:ector point function haring (:ontinuous fLrst order patti.ll derivatiue$ in the reEian V
bounded br a claspd. surfaut S, then
ll"i ;as- llJ,aniav

u,h.ere t). i.s thc aututatl drabn unit norlnal uectat to tlLc sutfuce S.
-
li. e. . the volume integral of rhc diYersence of a vector point functiol F taken over the volume
V ancloscd by a su ace S. i s equal to the s urface integal of the normal component of i taken
over ihe closed sulfa.:e Sl.
Proof, t,et ll = l.ri r Fri + Fl;i, then

rlF z,= t, (x, y)
V F d,,.F
a"fonz
Let o, l],'/bc thc angles which the ouiwards drawn (x, v)
unit normal vecto i makcs sith the positive directions
of r,.-'v, ? axes respe.tivcly, thcn cos o, cos [i, cos l are the
direcuon cosincs of ,i and
n = cos Lri + cos Pj + cos 1,6
.. F, h'il,i F.4'.''osu' ' 'oclU-'os/i
= Fr cos (1+F,
cos ll + F" cos f
Thereibre, the cartesian equjvalent of divergence
IiF.
]r-r+;r'" ,F"
] I
JJI \.,, dr a:l
= ll rr'.
"n" " + Frcos ll + F.cos
./) dS
...(1)
Suppose that S is such a close.l surfac( that u lirc parallel to the co-o inate axes meets
it in tuo paitts on\. Let Sr and S, dcnote thc ]oll'er and upper port;ons of S with equations
z = f,lt, t) and z = f,l:!, a) respectilely.
Lci R be the projection ol'S on the r']-plane, then
lii 'F a, ,t,,t,

JJJ ,, - il ll
JJR J
"F
i:
a,)a,a,
-^ t )f, --
=JJ" tFr (:r,:, f:) - F: (r, r, fi)l dt dr
['''"''1,'."'=11-
= ll* r,rt.1. sl ax ay- lJ" r,',.r.r,,a.ar ...(2)
VECTOF CALCULUS 517
Now for the Llpper portion 52 ofs, the normali, to S, makes an acute angte l, Eiih i .
th. d1 = cos y, dS" = h . i2 clS"

1'or the lower portion S, ofS, the normal ,ir to Sr makes an obtuse anste
t, with i
d: rl;y = s6s 1, ,75, = A.,ir dsl
ll- Frrr,r,/,)d.r.lr = ll Frl, /,,dS,
and
[[. r,,,, " 1,,a,.6 = ff n. r, ;,,rs, ...(4)
Using (3) and (4), (2) becomes
fi[, !a,oa"=JJ"" r,; ;,as,.JJ, F.; ,,dsr

=
lJ r,; ; as = JJ r, -" r as ...(5)
Similarly, by considering the projection of S ont,2 and:x planes, we have
llj *d,drd,=Jj r,i ;as=lJ n,-",as (6)
and lll f *r,*=11 r, j ;as=JJ r,-"pas 0)

Add,nts,.j, .6, a.ld,7i. w.
q^r It, i.,..
llt [*. *. *\, a' a, a' = (Fr cos o + F,, cos + ]', cos T) ds
]1" 1.
llJ v.iav=JJ i ;as

In case the region be su€h that the lines drawn parallel to the coordinate tules meet it in
more than hvo points, then we divide the region into va ous sub regions each ofwhich is mci
by a line parallct to an]. axis in ooly two points Applving the theorem to earh ofthesc sub
regiun"andaddingrherF-uk..wegFtrhptolumeinrosrat urFrrh.\\hol,""{ion.
ILLUSTR.ATIYE EXAMPLES
Exampre l. Foraav, /o.pd surto., s t **,h,t IL. urt F a,ts-(t

JJ .*r F,,,s = JIJ Ldr (urr rr .rv = 0.
sor. By the divcrsence theorem, we ha\ e
$ hFre V ,i I h" rolum^.nclu.ed by S n, s,n.p ili! .Lr F -0.

-
Exampte. 2. EuotL,ot, lf i., as. ,.r,, * s ;- o .tn,...t .u]tb,,o,,r t rt ). .h.
JJ\
Sol. By Gauss' div€rgence theorem,
JJ
i ;as=JJJa;,iav = IJJ sav =ev i . div r=3
whore V is the volume enclosed by S.
518 A TFXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEMATICS
Example 3. Lrse diuerse nce theoren to :hou' that $ v .' . aS' = 6V. u,here S Ls anr
dos(ld sutace enclosnq a uolume V.
Sol. By thc diveryence theorem, we have
I r.- as
JL I aiu,v.,,av . J\I v
-- J.- Lr. av J\I v,, x
r /,r ,l'"-'; I trv-nv
-lJ\ L,lr
-" h' A2 ) "'/'Y- zz 'J\'l
j
Exanpre 4. F,nd
JJ i o,rr, *o","i =tzt+sz)i -rxz+1t + {5' + 22) i anctSis
t he surtace of ttu sp heft huD ins ceitre at (:], - 1, 2) aLd radius 3.
Sol. Lct V b€ the volume enclosed by the su ace S. Thcn by Gauss divergence theorem,
ll r' ",vs=lll
JJ" JJJ\
ar"r',rv
...1,, "
- ;)J t:t\2
-lllJJJ\ ir':',.-:'
I,L " ' \t .): - '2'?' dv
,,,r,r _: iff av . rv
JJJ,2.r-2 ,,,,
But V is the volume ofa spherc ofradius 3.
... V =; nlsr, = 36n.
He"."ll r "Js-J.J6^ lod,r.
n*r-pt. s.r,ol,,r" JJ i.; as ooer the etLtire surface of the resion abaae the
xr -pLane bouru\.(l by the ton.e z2 t2 and the ptane z = 1, if i = lxzi +xtz'z.i +

=f + szi.
Sol. If V is the volume enclosed by S, then V is bounded by the su aces
z=O.z=4,22=a2.+!2-
Hl ditcrgence theorcm we havn
i[
JJS
F.; as = lll
JJJ\
ai, r av
lll
= JJJ\ "
d.r'4,.,r dJ
' ',.-. t,' 3., ,/v - lll l: r.?2 r'd\
-f r':'
-J,Jr J. ,+, t)1 t3.d!dvd,
- l: f ,f'? (42 + s) d.t d.! d.z

l**1r;,*=.
= r ll' ,e,.
"t
uF 4 ara,=aJi,l,,r+,.st.,F4 ay a,
VECTOR CALCULUS 519
v" . ,t , rr
_,! Lq, ,
-'J.'"-"1 r, 'i:' , , .in .:]0"',J-
r
=+ l. r+.:+:, o .;. J;. a^ 1Jlo ,q, *s, ,a,
- I
- x ," ,' b4l
tl" = ,rLZStj + JZU,I
Example6.rheu€ct'o,fietdi='ii+?J+vziLsrttftnertouerthercluncnfthecuboid
giuen by 0 <:t <a,0 <y 3 b, A < z < t: eru:tosi.ng tne su,face S,
"."tuau !J"i
.ai .
Sol. By Gauss Divergence theoreDr
JJ
i.a3=JlJ ar' iav
JJJ, 1,.
" ,,, ''
',,"' ", 02 ',., av r,r\
iii Lz,-,,av
( thlt
= J"J"J" ,L t ,,dz d, dx
['[" z' ,'t :

- JJo.,-Jn2o dydv-, f' :'r Y- a,
I z,-h2 dt bt t,n,'2 r,'"(",^2

=t., J.
a-
Exanpre 7. zualzore
JJ
(v x;). r.ls, ll-.Aeres,sthe sutfau.ofthe cole, = 2- r,i.' * ,-
cboue the rr ptanealdi=t, ,li *1,t *t.) j -s4ti.

Sot, Here S is noi a closed surface. The surfacez = z
1,2 + y'z mcetsther) planeina
circle C givcn by r'? + y2 = 4, z = 0. Let Sr be the plane region bounded by the circle C. Ifs'is the
surface consisting olthe surfaces S and S1, thelr S' is a closcd surlAce. By divergencc theorem,
tseeExamllell
Jl"",li.;as=o
JJ "".r
i.; as.lJ *.r i., ds = 0 t: s'consists orS and s,1
J""ai;as-lJ"".ri;6as=o t ons,,r=,ir
J
*.r i .; as =
lJ
.".r i ;as
524 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEI\,IATICS
ijA
Now curl A= + : o- =;r-6rJ y)+jt t-sy'r l*rsx2-0,
dx .ry dz
:t-z x3 +yz -3xy2
.. "".1
i.ri=3,,
ll ,,ai ,as- ff .r,',is = [ )l' :,.
- .,^ e.a.ae
'),
.- . t., t?
,J, .
J, -. edtdo- BJ 4 od6 12J" co.10d0- I2n.
.cos
Exampte 8. E. aluor,
ll.s' I i + l; i + z,t, i ) . n dS, u here s is the part of the s pherc
c + 1r + .:- = 1 obol.e the \),.plonp .tnrl bouncled. by this plane. (U.P.T.Lr. 2014)
Sol. Lct V be the volume enclosed by the su hce S. Then by divergence theorem, we
Jl, ,,+,, *.,..: +.zr,i).i as= jjJ ar" rr,",l +z2x2j + z2.t2i) dr
',1t. I
_ lll ,r,.,,- _ , ! .. dv
JJJ\ Lay ty i: -
= a'r =z av
lll"z,t" ll!,,r
Ohanging to sphedcal polar coordinates by putting
n =," sin e co,r Q, J = r sin 0 sin d, z = r cos 0
dV=rrsinedrd0dO
To cover V, the limits ol r will bc 0 t^ 1, th,,sc uf 0 will be 0 to I and thosc .fQ will be 0
Lo 2fi.
. zlll
JJJ\;,'av I JoI ,rco.c r ",,,^0",n o,.r.inod../6dq
zlJ,r Jo
-, J. l" J", stn'0.ocucin,06irde./0
l-"ll
.2i l''.i" eco"6sinro r /u,/o
J. J,, 6 .,
- 2tI sln O- 2 dil IrlI r.n' d/rd -
6J, 42 ltJ, 12',
Example 9. tr'se diuer"se nce th.orem to r&tuot. the suibce intesr.)t ll ', d, a"*ya,a,
+ z.lr &,t uhpre S is the portnn ofthe pLane x + 2y + 32 = 6 uhich lies nL the fi'st oct.1nt.
Sol. By Gauss' Ilivergence theorem,
ll
JJ\
F ;as= ) JNIlll air iav ...(1)
Her'. i ,; li -,;.,0" (rrct?i . (r,,r. j.,trdrh

VECTOB CALCULUS 521
Now,
- i
divF=
/ ;l r-+fr-
, . rl .txi+fi+,A)
1 -+
ar tN t)2)
)a,l
(,r)+ (v)+ (z)=t+t+t=8.
d.t dy " d,
From (1),
at az + t az ax +, d, dr) =
lllt JJI 3,,v
-31 l' | ' dzdydx
sl" ln lo -' 3 'r ))au a,

J.=oJ)=o \
-. 6,
I !,s
- J.=l t
,,, ,':} ' dr
r" f16-rr 16 .'r'l 16 (6 'r'

J. n [ 2 4 ] r .n 4
- f,- .:16
-'l'1
4L (
lo=-L12 3) 1216r 18
Example 10.Apply rllaeryence theorem to erat,"rc ll r ., aS n"* i = # ;,'y ;

"
+x'zi antl S is the surface ofthe tttintter x' +12 =a'boundedbr the pLanes z = 0 an(]2 =b.
sor. F =L,; j . i+i
. )2r
/- ^ - - ^ )l
. divr=rJdr il4 h"o.) .@,", -r'titlzht
I
'r , ,'r, I ,r'.r = t2r \t + /
" r,tr',- ,lr
ar ' dz 12x'/
Now,
.-" ,- .b
lll
JJJV
ai' rav rz l-
".
l'-
= d Jr = \ta' i'
J1
| J?=0
,- ,r,,r, d,
=nbl" x't)nl'-" dx = )2b f" ,'.2.{,r* ar
=ubJ".x'zr7i da=4sbf r,\F 1ar

Put
= asa
f" ,' "i'r'
e . o cos e. a cos 6 do
A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEI\4ATICS
fl3/2)f(s/2)
= a86oa
Jo sin' 0 cos'6 do = 486a4
1-1-
- \l,I . 2 1/ ir
=48b.r.2 = ltholn
2 _2
Example 11. EualLa t" JJ"t"' "' t t" y' * "'," )'t' ds n h"," S is the surf.lce of the
ellipsoid ar.'? + by' + cz' = 1.
Sol. Let Q = axz + by2 + t:22 t ...(1)
(.,
... srado=
- /:rt -/ 4 .4 .l rr, +hv +,: t.
I \ c)')
_2,,i . 2t,, z,, i, t o,i - 01 j.,,i,
and lrrdol-2\a^r' bz\ ,,2
grado 2to"; ' b-\ 1-,, h a*i+byj+czh
lsraoo 2\ld !: . br), .,.".)
r-t-;
.,lo'!'+b'!'+c'2"
...(2)
According to the question,
F.r=17it5+,,: - ...(3)
('ons.quentl). f ori-o,t ,i
d,v F-l;\,L "-.j tr' +'1..,,;*a,
,t?)
i ,,i.="-r,,,
iit dir Fdv=\a-6 "'lll
'r"*, JJJ\ JJJ\
,w ...,4,
t, .,2 ,, I nqual ro a r c6,

Vnlumc ofellipsoidl^-
\o- b- :,-',r' is -r
.. volume ofellipsoid laf +by2+cz!=It'Lseq"ili"1rr+++ = I
J Jo J/, J, :lJo6,
' ,.1,, JJJ|
... From oqn. f[[ a . r av ,, . a . lJor" ,
4r(" ' h ' t\

u""*. JJ"
li ,,-' s Jr o6,
Example 12. yer,fir d iDarsence theorem fo F = 4r, ; - \" ; + r" i t.1ken owr the cube
bounded br the platles x = 0, r = 1,r =q\ = 1,2 =0, z = 1. lc.B.T.U.20101
Sol. r = t'tzi Y'i+Yt ...(1)lsiven
.. .riv F=l,
t j-'z+t
';',i' "').ta"i.'
" ')
= dx'.4.ut .\, t -r'')+i\rz)=12-2J+'/=42
' t
VECTOR CALCULUS 523
JJJ
a-rav=J',J' o!' nu" ,1a,6, a*
-lJ, AJ| ,2? -)zi^d!& l r r,r,

4
"l,r.
.lJ uLlz,' r2'n a,=l.3a,=3
Jn2 2
...(2)
ro evaluate [l r.;
JJs
as. z
(0,0, 1)
G D
Here S is the sudace ofthc cube boundcd by the
6 plane su aces.
Over the face OABC,
I E
z= O, d.z = O.,i = - &, dS =drdJ I'

/o C
lJ r= ;as=J'J'r y,it.r ba"at-o / (o,o.0) (0, 1 0)
,,,(3)
Over the face BCDE, B
(r,0,0)
r=t,dr=o,n=j,ds=&
dz
lf F,,rS=l I tav,i-t+,h) tdr.t,

Jtt JoJo
= l"to"o" = G)lG);= 1 ...(4)
Over the face DEFG,
,=t.d, -0., i.as a,a)

[[
JJ
r.,as JoJir
['[' ,+, i y,1 yi, ia,a1
' ''1
I I'ta,av-l',t.1
Jortt
yav -,,,;ILl
"t 2 )o=r2 ...(5)
Over the face AOGF,
J = 0, d-y = 0, ri = j,d.S = drdz

tt tltl
llF.ndS=l | \4\zt).\ t)drd,=o ...(6)
Over thc faca OCDG,
r. = o, dr = o, n= -; , dS -,1,x dz
llr.;as.ll,
JJ ,;.
JaJo '"' v:tr. rrdrd.z o ...(7)
524 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING N4ATHEI\,4ATICS
Over the face ABEF,
r = 1, d:r = 0, n = ;, dS =,ty,tz
ll
JJ l'1 ,4,i
F.,ds JuJir y/ t . \!b, tr)d?
_
JoJlra.:ar
r, )dr)t4,d, ,v0,2:,.,1 -2 .8
Addingcqn- J.,4'.,5,. 6.,7,and c.secer o\prihewhot""urracps,
JJ\
F.r,1S=0 1+:+0+0+2 =B/2 ...(s)
Fr^m pqns 'z, Jnd,e .lJ. r , as 111 o,' r^

Hence thc divergence theorcm is verified.
Example 13. yerift diuergence theoren for F=t!, .v:jt +I!, zrtj rz!_rytitoken
ol)er the rectangulat parallelopiped A <.t < a,0 <y --b,0 < 2 < c. (M.T.U. 2013)
Sol. For veification ofdivergence theorem, we shall evatuate the votume and sur.Iace
integrals separately and show that they are equat.
Now dn F _ d ,' y.r* t ,r--..,, ^ ,.. ,r,

C
=zlx+J,+z)
y'o' i l, BV
'. IJJ ar"rav = falb !" 2rt + ! +, dr dr dz
- t lt "^
..t ,l' c'
| 2l z . rr. ?r)],, etyrt:
|4,Jo x
Ll
lli r',
b
t' lD
yo :o r\,!z 1,,
, "r , .",, 1,,a,
"'r
(g h
zlJt, .'b . -,t, d. -21"-^ , q! ,, .n,-l
2 2 2 l
-2
= abc t.o +b +, )
= a2bc + abzc + abc2 ._.G)
To evaluate the surface integral, divide the clos€d sudace S of the rectangutar paral_
__
lelopiped into 6 parts.
51 : th€ fhce OAC'B, S, : the face CB'PA, S, : the face OBA,C,
S, : the face AC'PB', 55 : the fare OCB'A, 56 : the face BA,PC,.
ar*
lJ i;as=lJ i ,;as*lJ.i ;as*lJ"i.;as
'i,
JJ. . [[ p ,as JJ."
,,,,, JJ. ll r' ;as
on Sl (z = o), we irave n=-i,.i=,ri+1,,j ,yi
so that i.a=o'i + y'j ,sit.t i-t=,t
VECTOB CALCULUS 525
lt
On S, (z = c), we have ri -i.,i =t*2 -"i'
-ci i + 1cz. ayl 6
+ty2
F.i =Ikz -cr) i + e2-cd j + k2-xy\ gl . i =c2 -x!

ff r'.;as= JoJo
JJs. l'l" rc. ,,,a,a"
' f"l"z"-91,1r,-"u"t -o'0"
- Jo\ 2')" 4
On 53 I* = 0). we have i = - i . F = - yzi - y, j + z" k

so that F.i ( yzi st'j I z'kt.t-it=Jz
L2
",
JJ- JnJ - _ Ja2 4
on Sa (r = a), we have n=;,i =("' yz)i + ly, az) i +tz2-ay)fi

fi.1 =11",-1,21i +e2 az) j +(22 ar) it.; =a'z vz
JJ.i rds=J'J' @' - y) dl d" = tl:"'o L,)*= xu -ff

on Su g, = 0), we have n- j,i=,'zi ,4+"'zi;
so that i.a=u,i ,ij * ",it.L it=",
ll r.;as Jn['lJ,,zxdzdr=1"'
JJL J. 2 ,a,'" 1
On560 =a).rrerraven= j,i biI

=G2 bz)i+b2-zr)j+rz,
so that i.a =71,' 6,1 i+ttt2-zr)i+tz, br)i. j=b,-2,
JJ"r ,^=J"J bz :,'d?lr l" ,a". "r"',a,. "x" ';
ll r.;as , b_ o6,, /t, . r,:"2 . o_re b'1'. . o'.: *ot,." n-,,
JJ' 4 4 4 4 4 4
= abc la + b + c) ...(2)
The equatity of (1) and (2) verifies diversence theorem.
Example 14. Vd.,, dit)eryence theo|m lbr F =axi 4,'J+ r.h tohen ol)t the regiotr
hounded b! the cylindpr ? + 1t' = 1, z = 0, z = 3
Sol.SincPdi!F J,a.,,' z,', t \? -4 4\-2,

d,r Jv
526 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\4ATHEIVATICS
. IIi dt'irdv=llJ e at+zz)dtd.tdz=!'z,

ffill,o-n,-o,o"o,*
f J':,' I" o,' ;i", o,
| r,
=r" JJa (12 - 1b + 9t.lv da
-
=I'["-*']''-"
= l' , o.,{i - *' a* = el.,!' J + ,, a*
=r,f'fr-" *1"," ,1l'

2 | ' ,1"
=84t2srn l rl =a+ z i2 =s+n ...(1)

To evaluate the surface integral, divide the closed surface S otthe cylinder into S parts.
51 : tho circular base in the plane z = 0
S, I the circular top in the plane r = 3
S]r : the curved sudace ofthe cylinder, given by the equation,2 y,
+ = 4.
e-*
lJ.n ;as lJ. i ;as, JJ.
n ,;as lJ- r ,as
On S, (z = 0), we have i = k,F=4 -2r'|j
so that i.; = ta,i zy,jt. r- [r = o
i[ F,as=,,
on s, (z = 3), we have ;=i,i=+'i zfj*si
t l1 it = rtxi - zy2j +si:. i =e
.
lJ,i ;as= JJ,oa, ar=elJ" a.ar

= 9 x area ofsurface S2= I (r .22) = 36n
On S", 12 +12 = 4
.. i - a unir recror normrr ro cuflhce S. 2=i!-" 'J

i4r" + 4J' ^t"t
| 1\
F.i 'a/; -2y i ,'h' ltt ',u -2,^ )'
\-.r
vFcToB CALCI-lLtlS 527
Also, on S", i.e. r'? +-r2 = 4, r = 2 cos 8, y = 2 sin 0 and ols = 2d0 dz.
g
To cover the whole surlace 53, z varies from 0 to 3 and vades from 0 to 2r'
t1
JJ.
F ;as=J,
'2n
J r2,2,.,se- 2.jûrt2d, ds
sjn nid0 487

J to,-.'o "in 6 3dn 18J0 ''o.'6
JJ_
r . , as = o + 36r + 48,r = 84r . (2)
The eq.ality of (rl and (2) verilies divergence theorem.
Example 15. veri^' di rLryence theorem for the ful,ction F = 2!'r; - v' ) + 4xz'! i tahen
oLjer the region in the fLrst octant hounded bv r' + z2 = 9 and x = 2'
sol. F=zx'ti y'j+4,"2 fr (1) | glven
d, F=
/,a .a i'1.t2*'?yi
-al -v2j++vzit=+xv-zv+8xz
fi;.j#
=l:,,[. I4xr",F - r' tx,Pi + ul- 1,')tat, a"

I
- J.=,rl --1
2 Xrn ,',"''
*1,'- r'l''' *sew !w'),",ua'
.I8r dr - sa"r 18',6

= J .,lo8'
= 216 - 36 = 1il0 ...(2)
r,,.'^r,"t" JJs
[[ F ;as
Th. sLrrlacp S.onsi"r- ol fivo pan-
JJr ;,is JJn ",s.JJr,as JJr ;as

Or\!C OCE O.{Dri
,llp.".is,lln.,as '3
.{AD BDDC
over the sudace OABQ, z = 0, dz = o. A = i,dS=dictlr

JJr,as. JJ
2",, I ).' i'a',1' o ...(4)
o,\ac
528 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I\,{ATHEI\,!ATICS
Overrhesurfa.eOCE., =0.d.r 0. n -' ,.dS=d)d,

JJ
r.;as = jJr- r,j).t i)drd.z-o ...(5)
Over rhe "urfdce OADE. )- 0. dr - 0. ,; ,,aS-ara,

llF ;as-lJu*, i) ( ),rz,tic =o ...(6)
Over the sudace ABD, x = 2, dx = O, ;=; , dS = d! dz

[[r.;as JJ
lf,a,i
" ' '
y'i . Bz2 k .i.t!d.
JJ
=J ., "a'"= j .,r"';" a:
J"
.nl'",s-,,,a,-4 ez-', 4,2i s.-i2 . (:7)
Over the surface BDEC, "=

- smd
. 'i $n|n,u_y2_?2 9 0
I Srad (|
Z,'i ' zt'
. =,_--;-^- .y.i- ,i
2,lv' + z" J
JJ r ;as = ll ,r,,,, ,,i,0,,,* (',--:-^,*)a,a'

aDE' ddr. tn kl
if
= Jr :r' 31':'d''1' '- '' / ",' '4x" drd'
,.=J ,,J ,,1
lrl
. ,--[-zz.in e
' I
-l J. ,,JI . nL Jcos0
4,(gco.'0) t,.osAr/e ,/r
PuttingJ = 3 sin 0 andz = 3 cos 0
= [' i ' -zz,i,, a, -rosx(,sre]rd,r,

t2 ( - l\4 2\
=lJL=u\ ,r r.t
-+I08x.-|rlr= I L- t8,72.rrdy
Ja
= ( 18r + 36x'?); = 10it ...(6)

From eqn. (3),
lt_t-.-
JJ-
r.,ri\ 0+0+n_72.108 lao ...(e)
From results (2) and (8), it is clear ihat
ll r " as = JJJ\
JJs lii ai' i.rv
Hence, Gauss' divergence theorem is verifiad.
VECTOB CALCULUS
Example 16. E,"t,,," ll o'r/ b \. , 2 '-,/s ,r?n

JJs
s is the surface oF the
ai
ellipsoid. + bx2 + c2, = 1. (M.T.U.2012)
Sol. .;i = la,x, +b2!2 +c222) 1)2
F ...(1) I glven
Let O=.,r2+b!2+czz l O
grad rp .2axi .2b1-1 2,:h
s,"d Q ) = 2f,"2,2 +b'y'+"2,'

]]radd oti+l[t+,.t
...Q)
lsrad O la, x2 + t, | +, ,:,
From (1) and (2). it is clear ihat
i ="i+yj+ri I Slarce aaz + by2 + czz = 1
divF=.",r,-*,y, ",:,=l Ft +I=J

ox w t:tz
By Divergence theorem,
lJ F ds = JJJ d* F,^. = rllJ ,n'=:v

=rtj'
r \ro \ 1
n v,'
\',,rrn"oro, -6r-rr =r,i. T.
.J iro,.
I
4fi
TEST YOI]R KNOWLEDGE
(i) Usins ihe diversence iheorem. elaluate the su r . il t\2d\Lt2+2rd,tlx+\!.t!.t\\

r;r. nrteerat
JJ
where S :r2 +]': +:.] =4
1t/ Elalurt i r y:i + z:ri + .r *t . ai $heresisihcsu aceot'thcspherex,+r,+:r=a,inthc

Js
fiBt ociani. tU.p T {i 2atij
If S is an] closed surlace en.l.sing a \nlumr V Jnrt tl=.ri +2yr ri:k prove ihat
lli.,.rr=nv
ffi =,-i +b!; + ei, ",
b, . a.e constanrs, sho$ L,i ff i. ai -],,".A +, ). uhur, s,s rhe
sur', cF ul o Lnir .t1--,..
I -pdrva.se,.1.,hForpmr",.".,"'.
- r as *1.* F ,.i
ii,t^""_ , : . p.noLi..h, -ur.J.F.,r.
the Vrh'rr r':+ r +z'/ = rr.
530 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEHING MATHEMATICS
[[i.;ad.*h*"F
-"1*r. JJq 'ii ryj-l,i ddSisiheqrr-
Use dive,cence thcorFm ro
"
,a.p boudins rhe reeion )" - t - 02.z = O.z = b.
Evaluak [[ v,+lJ+,2h).,
JJs
dS, $here S is the closed sudace bounded bythe c one'2 +!2 =22
and the plane z = 1.
7. Use drversence theorem to e,al.at" [[ i.; as *i'"- s i" tl," ofthe Bpherc az +Jz +zr = e.
",rrfbce
8. Ve ti diversence theore to, i = r2i + + y"i talen over the cube bounded by r = 0, r = 1 ;
) = 0,} = 1i: = 0,2 = 1
^ "i
{G.8.7.U.2013)
r =Gs - y71i zr2yj + :i taken over ure cube bomded by ure
Verify divergence theorem fot
planesr=0,s=a,y=0,!=a,z=0,2=a. (A.K.7.U.2017)
lo. Verify div€rgence theorem for t=fi+,j+22$ over the cylindrical .eeion bounded by
*+y2=a2,2=oandz=n
11. Vei& causs' divergence iheore"r ro. i=tr,3 y,)i +68 o)j +\.3 -cy) r taken over the cube
bounded by the piaftE r = 0, i = 1, y= 0, y = 1 and z = 0, z = 1.
12. Ve fy the divergence theoren for F=(2* -z)i +x2yj -rr2i tal<en over ihe rcsion bounded
by, = 0,r = 1,/ = 0,y = 1,2 = 0,2= 1.
tt
13. Ev6l!a1eJJq,,dyd,-,x!1 zsdzd:,ay,)".'drdJshereSisrhesuirsceo,hemisphrri-
cal rcgion bounded by z = Jo' - ,2 - r2 *ra , = o.
11. Vedfy divergence theorem r",. i=,"i-r: j*,si t"r."" over the surface of sphere
{.U.P.T.U.2015)
1. (r0 (r, 0
12 .
s. l noab
5 4
6. 3n 7. 108,! 13.
5
5.29, STOI(E'S THEOREM (Relation between line and surface integrals)

(U.K:T.U.2012)
rf S ts an open surfau! houru]ed b-t a closed curlie C anl F = Fi + F2j + F"k is aq, D.ctor point
iuntt;ot. h.a.ring rcntnruouN litst ord.er pa.ttial derimtiut:s, thcn
$.i ai =lJ "..r rr.; as

VECTOR CALCULUS
uheft. i is a unit nat"nl uector ttL anr point ol S druo in the

sense in whit:h a iEht handed sueu uould odLance u)ha rc'
tatd in the sense ol .Lesctiption ol C
Proof. Let ii make angles {r, p, 7 wi1.h positive dircc-
tions ofr,1,,; axcs, then
, ,"."; *-0; "o"//
Also r=ai+yj+zh
so that d,r=id.r+jd.y+kd2
tJk
- - l) i :a
dr rr F=v^F=t- :
dx tly dz
l
F. F" F.
dF. .Fr ,, dF ,rF , 't. oF ,

,)Yel:T"'r'5
,F ,rt "F, . I .orrl /.,F "h,
rurr Fn ;.']--" , ,, 'o"r
^
.{so r,1.d;=(Fri+Fr j +r.,i: i.i.a,+ ja1+ i./:,r =Frdr+E,.1,1 + }'r&
.. Stoke's theorem can hc wdtten as
I rl'. d, + F dr + F.. d.:r
Jr
_ ii
JJ
"F. ,f-
u.
.o", ur,
i.
:r "o-B "F 'o
Jl
," ,l,r .. I
",:
Let: = (| (r, ]rl be the equation ofthe sudace S whose projcction on rhc r] Pl'Lnc is R'
Then the projectbn ofC on the:Y], plane is the cuNe C'vhich bounds the region R
rl /.,-9rF ,.t o Jr'r'/\r

. J,
F.,/.... dr-] r.,-r. ".o
= .l.lLI Fl rr, v. Or.l.r d)r bv Orecn's theorcm in plane lbr thlr resion R
iJ, faF, *,rr, .rol d, r, ...(2)

a ;. lr
No\\ the dircction ratios ofthe normal ;;i to the surtace z = d (' l) a* 1
*, #
532 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEFING MATHEI4ATICS
cosd cos0 cos.y aO

- ao=&=L iy
cos
cos 1
ll
cl:! d]
Sinco dr d] is the projection ofds on thc n,, plare
r.''om,2,.$.hawf F,:r.,.:,/,= JJ l: 'j :::? *,r"

= Ill*'"",,f-"01"
[*"""
Similarly, rve can provc that
=
[
,- i]""" ,l
" ...(3)
f r', r,,r,.rar =
ll [?r?""", *""""] ^ ...(4)
and $.",o,,,.r*=ll l**"" **"r1^ ...(5)

Adding (3), (4) and (5), we get (1). Hence the rheorem is proved. In $ods, Stoke,s theo-
rcm states that "The line integral of the tangential component of.a vertor poinr tunrtlon F
taken around a closed curve C is equat to the suface integrat ofthe .ulnpo"""t of F
taken over anv surface S having C as its boundary". "or-ut
ILLUSTRATI1T EXAMPLFJ S
Example 1. Veri, srohCs th,orcm fot = (:rj i +y:) i zxrj tuhen rounct the re(ranck
bounded 4, the lines r = !a,r
= 0,r = b (A.K.T.U.20tb.2or8)
Sol. Let C denote rhe bou{daryofthe rectangte
ABED, then
E( a,b)
[,r
JL
ai $,,,-)!,,
Ja
.2,ii1,,d, -jd).
t^
= g rx. + r.) .1r zyr J,,l
The cui've C consists of four lines AB, BE, ED
and DA. y=0 A(a,0)
Alons AB, :! = a, & = 0 and 1, varies from 0 to 6.
- l.* Lr,'*11a, ,*ol=1,-2,!d\=-oly')b =-ob, ...(1)

Along BE,l = 6, dJ = 0 and r va es ftom o to - a.
J ,.
3
v'7r1r 2rvJ, J ,- ^,,,.'',,-0""'- 2ab' ...(2)
VECTOF CALCULUS 533
Along ED, r=- a, d:r = 0 andJ varies from b to 0.
.. |,,'z tt'/'dx 2:yd: = )^ 20)d) u'" --oo' ...(3)

J,n
Along DA, r = 0, dy = 0 and r varies from o to o.
.. J,e
t tx'z v- rt.r 2dt ,,, I . o, = ...(4)
Jo 'o'
3
Adding ( 1), (2), (3) and 14), we set
,]
o. 2aa
$p.,1.= o6'1lL-2"6
J.3
+-=
3
1ab2 ...(5)
1;d j i
a
F= ')
=(.-2r-2y)h=-4rh
Now
",,r1 &r,
,x" +.v' 2!\) 0
For the surface S, ri = ft
curt F.,i=_4l,a.A= 4]
tb
.. ",, F.,?ds a:d,rtt-)" a'ttt.d)
JJ- J"J "
8., ' y4, .l,1 '
J 2
4ab^ ..,6
.n
The equalittr of(5) and (6) verifres Stoke's theorem
Example 2. Verii, S.ohe's thearem for the Nector field i =l2r t)) vz"i t'z,k'"'r
the upper hal.f sutace of | + y2 + z' = 1, baund,e.l by its prcjection on the 4' platrc.
Sol. Let S be thc upper half surface ofthe sphore r'z + 12 + z2 = 1. The boundarv C of S
is a circle in ihe {y'plane ofradius utriiy and centre O. The equations ofC are r'? + v': = 1, z = 0
whose paramet c form is it=cos t, !=silt t,z=o,o<t<2n.
d r'a'
1,. 6
J. 2' Yti Yz') '"a' ''"b.ia'
"'r' 522 dz)
= fi"ttu t1a, yz2 dt -
= {zr -rl rtu, sincc on c,:r = 0, & =0
$
=
f'rr*,", "i"t,ffat
= J" (2 cos, - sin r)( sinr)d,
= J" t "i,,
z*
"i"'rr
ar
= lJ'[-"*".!'ee]''
[cos 2t I sin 2t l" 1 ]
224,,22
534 A TEX-IBOOK OF ENGINEERING IT,IATHEI4ATICS
i i hl
Also curl F =
.r i .rl
drdvdzl
-t
2x y y2" y", I
curl F./i=4.ii=,i.ll
il ",.r r , ll , t. as JJ
,r.s . ll ,, i d'4:
JJ- JJ. nt\
! l-, .. R ,. rl^, t"nJ..li.r nfs.n 'r.fl,'1^
I tr
_o1,,1r-,'*1.i","1
-- = r [].11,
| 2 )" L2 2.) ^
'
Si"* 6Jcr.a. JJs
[f *.f r.; dS, Sloke s theorem js verified.
Exanvre s. Euatuate
$"i.a7 q stoa"'" tn"o,"m, where i =y,i +t,j @ +,ti ona
C is the boundafl of the trianEte uith L)ertices at (0, 0, 0), Q, 0, 0) and (.r;iif,li.n.r.u.
ror,
Sol. Since ,-cooralinates of each vertex of the triangle is zero, therefore, the t angle lies
in the ry-plane and ii. = i
l,t. :i h
-
I
I
curr F=|1 I -1 l=irz', I'i

la.,r av az I "
I y' x' -lx + z\l
.. curl F. il= lj + 2(x y)kl.h=2lx- t)
The equation of line OB is y = r. A (1. o)
By Stoke's theorcm,
d i
Jc ai= JJs
ff """r i ;as
l' [' d, = f' zl * - Y)' f' I s - *'la, = Jo

i','a" =1.
= JoJo
^,-ut
du
Jo L" 2)" a* =z Jol 2) 3
Ex:l:r:lple 4, Eoaluate the sutface inte1rat

' ll
JJs "urt
,i. n aS b, trandorming it into .1
lifle integral, S being thtlt part ofthe surfctce ofthe paruboloid, z = I 12 y2,forwhich z>0 r.md
F=li+zj+xh.
Sol. The boundary C of the surface S is the circle 12 + y2 = 1, z = O whose parametric
equations are, = cos r, y = si]r t, z = 0, 0 < t < 2fi.
VECTOFI CALCULUS 535
By Stoke's thcorem, we have
JJ
*'r i ,;as=$ i airyi*,j*,,trria,+ja1*ia,t
=$
=$.Orl,+z,J:+.azr=f : ar, since on c,: = 0, rlz = 0
= $,f; a,=J""-,r".;o7171= f'"i,,'iar

=,rf'' n"
"i"'ra,=- :";= "
'' rtrr.,li. ,1,,'
Example 5. u, al,ot" )).(
F=[.: r ,.,.:-r ! it +t. t.hrt'rl S

Ls the portiot of the surftr:c tt' + 1'' 2aa + az = A abax'
Sol. By Stokc s theorem, the surfacc integral over

the sufacc S ofthe paraboloid is the same rs the srlrface
integral over S| the plane region S ofthe circles as both
S and Sl havc the same boundary C.
The equation ol given sudace can be writtcr as
G a)!+!2= alz-at ...(1)
This shos,s that the given sudace is a pardboloid ofrevolution with its Yertes at
(4,0 a)
It meets the plane z = 0 in thc circle O given bv
x2+y2-2ai=O, z=0
@-a)2+Y2=a2,2=g ...(2)
Now,
I t; a a
i
a
"*rF=] 3r 4 A"
IY'*" -x2 ,2+x2 y' t'+ _y- - z-
=2bt -z)i +2{z-:,j +21 -y) i,
AIso, ,6 (for the circle S1) = A
.'.rhe surface intesr*l o,"' s = JJ "".ri.;as,=JJ,zt"-rlas.

Let dS. = r rJo dr be an element ofthis ctucle (1) where r, 0 arc the polar coordinates of
the element i.r.t. the odgin O| the cenhe of the circle then,
.ir=a+rcos0 and Y=rsin0
. tt 2{.r r,)ds, =21"
JJs l" ,a- rcose-rsine' rdedr
J, o Jo.o
t2
2 {46 - r' sin e - cos erri" rdr
J-
=z. zan l"

JU
r di= 4anl'i )'
\zr0
= r*'
536 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING IT,IATHEMATICS
Example 6. Vel",6, Sroht's thcare\L fot th. uector i = zi + +

4 ,i tahen ol)er the half of
Lhc sphere / + + z, = a, lli g aboxe ry ptane.
"-,
Sol. Let S bc the upper halfsurfhce ofsphere:r2 + r, + z, = ar. The boundan C ofSisa
circlc in nJ.ptanc of radius a and centre O. Thp equarjols ,,f .- 3re r, + y, = or, . O \i,t o""
=
paramet c lbrm is x = a cos l, I = a sin l, z = 0 ; 0 I t < 2n_
Stoke's rh€orem states that
f"i ai=lJ."".rr;as ..(1)
L.H.s. =
$i .ai ={,ei.+i*tit.o:ri+a1i+a,it
= $,12 d: + t at + t rlzt =
f"' r, t .: = 0 + rlz = 0 abovex1,-ptane
= l'" ""o",.o"o", a, = "" l'" *;, t at = ro"

!^'' "u"" t at
=4oz.!.L=r*z ...12)
lid ;'l i
d
For RHS, curt ii
dx A! Az
=i+j+i
,it
(.a ra ial."
vo=l.i " -i;+e"-),x2-t2" t 2,. o,t =2, i+2yj +2zi
^ vo
2=_*
zxi t 2xj +zzi xi + yj - zh
tvat l4r2 .4r2 _4r2
z
c'rt F ; 'ti- i' h)llDit'zkl-x1Y
[o)'
asin 0cosd+osin0sin d+ o.ose
- = sin ecos 0+ sin esino + cos e
RHS-JJ,ur F,d5
= J.1' l.;" e""" O *"i" e sin d+ cos o).lS where.JS = o, sin 0 de d(,
", J"'",f".r"- -"

= e ,p + sin 0 sin or + cos 0) sin o.rodo
= .,'
,1"1" IJ-. ,"-' .,cos o + sin o) + sin e cos 0ldo de
= "' iJ, {",."["'"'- *" *]'^ -ia[']"]*

L
VECTOR CALCULUS 537
zrq.osin2ot2n'de - -- |\ "T'o]
^r2
=o;l'"' 2 r, =n, ,,,(3)
Hencc f.om (2) and (3),

I _ r.
r r,.dr
g =Jls curlF., d5
Hcnce SI.kp.IhForcm i. \ erified

Example
. ?. Eroluarc [[ LV^Ft.,;aS
JJ<
where S is the surface P + 12 + z, = I aboue the
ty-plane and F =G'+J, 1)i+ 3ryj +(2az +22)h.

Sol, Stoke's theorem is
le.ar= JJs
J{r ll currF n,rs
where C is the circle, l+!2=1,2=0
Also. F.dr =1,:r- , .1,/,rrr J+.2-t,. ?,,hl ,dri-ay j.azi,
=(a2+r $dr + As dr + l2,z + 22) d.z
On the circle C, z = O, .. dz=0
L€i a=2coso, ... dr=-2sin(|do
and y=2sinO, ... d-!=2cosodo
.. ),F.di I.,., o d:r_3t:dyl
.2t
= J" to'""0' 2'ino -4' 2sino'/o
+ 3(2 cos 0) (2 sin O) (2 cos O do)l
= J,r I 8c's'z.|sino- 4 sin'o+8sin2 .| + 24 cos'zosin O)ao
- Jof^-,re-. d.ino 4sinr0,8sino dQ

. -rJ-.,.^.a, = o.ol. .in'o/o= 16
:; - ,.
Example 8. Apply Stohe's th.orem to u)o.luate
1..
t' . ,'4, 2t z dt
" , z'J. u h, rr C is th,
b,oundtLry of the triangLe uith uertic.:; t2, 0,0);10, J,0) an(t
t.0, 0. 6).
Sol. Let S bc the plane sudace of trianste ABC
bounded by C. Let ,i ]re the unit normal vcctor to sudace
S. Then by Stoke's Theorem, we have
f.r.a;=lJ *ar ;as .. (1)
Here, F=(r+rti+(2t ztj +o + zti

538 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGTNEERTNG |T4ATHEMAT CS
L i;
a a a
curl F =
E
!+z
=i,r+r'-iro ir2 .tt=2i ot t + i
Eqn. of the plane ofABC is I +{+3 = r
23(r
Let 0=r+r+6-1=0
No"mal to the plane ABC is
l;d :d ;t)ltx.y
-Y$'.t-+t-ah l-+1{
z -1 i-Lgr'; i
ldr "dy 421"2 , U )-2 B 6
i. j r,
Unit nonnal vector " h4 n1r-o

l:\- - IJ14 r.si +zt+it
"l +-+ v4 9 36
lJ ""4 r ,; as = ff ,zi**r.*rai +z)+ it!!!

i14 ln k)
=ll"ftf!=' 11,**
l. rt4 j
= 7 (Arca of = 7(;,.,., = 11 ...(2)
ÂoB)
.. i'rom (1) and (2),
J t" - r rr, + 2, . .,,h . ., _ -.d,| _2t.

Example 9. y.,rr, Stu h('s theorn tot. the fu. .cttt F - xri + ,t, j i ntt.gratett rcutrL ttL..
"
square u, has. si.dcs a r. t = 0, \, = 0, r = o, ) = a in the ptune z = 0.
Sol. Here, f' = t'zi + ry j
liI ja *l
.. curl r'=l
ar aJ, a, l
a
l.',v ol
= iro ot - jro - ot * ;i (yl =y[
Here, ri = i(i is I. to ry,plalle)
I -.2 \o
lJ "".rF. ; as =
lJ ra. a a, ar =)"a,1^tat="li =o'2 ...11)
VECTOF CALCULUS 539
Nurr. I r.a, | ' ''; .,, t t', 4: L = J r,, a, +,1 all ...(:2)
where C is ihe path OABCO as sho$r1 ahove.
Jr ar= Jn.a;* jr.a.. jr a, Jr,' a;

' ...(3)
OABOO OA AB
Along OA, y = 0, dJ = 0
lx" I
Ir,,.dr=Jnx-dr=l 1 | =; ...14)
OA
Along AB, r = o, da = 0
I r.a, Jol'""a,
Jqs - " = "l!-l
o
2
,o',=!2 ...(5)
l2lo
AlongBC, t,=a,dJ=0
^ ,:'0
IJB,r.a,=lJB,*'a,= J,[0,'d, l3i, --''
14] 3
...(6)
AlongCO, r=0,dr=0
I F,l7=l r'zdr+ndv=0 '' '(7)
Jco Jco
From rar. lF. dr = i.i-i*o=| ...(8) lUsing (4), (5), (6) and (7)
Frcm eqns. (1) and (8), we have
J. ff currF.;
f p. a. = JJs as
Hence Stoke's theorcm is vedfied.
Example 10. Verifl, S toke's theorem for F = yi + 4 + xfr and' surface S is the portio of
the sphere i + 12 + z2 = 1 abol)e the lt'pkole. (u.P.T.U.2015)
Sol. Stoke's theorem is
,[ r". a. = i[ curtF. n ds
J. JJS
wherc C is the unit circle *2 + !2 = l, z = 0.
Also, 7.4v = 1yi +4 + xfr,.l.tdti + d.y j + d.z i) =ydx+zalJt+xdz ,,,(1)
On the urit circ1e C, z = 0 :. d.z =0
Let a=cos(| that dr=-sinodo so
anal y=sin$ so that dJ=cosodQ
.2r t2o
... 9F.dr J.rd.-J" sino, sjnodo'--Jo 6in'ad0= r ...(2)
lr j k
Asain. -add -:- :-,
crrrlF i-j-h
' dx d'/ d,
lr '
I
'1
540 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEBING I4ATHEI\4AIICS
Using sphcrical polar coordinatas,
i i + sin osind j + cos e I

= sin e cos 0
.'. curl F.li = - sin e cos O sin o sin O cos s
Henco,
lJ *aF.;as=-f" fln {st e cos O + stn 0 sin (, + cos e) sin e do dO

'J. oJ, t.in e.,n. - sin 0 cos o - o cns 01,,- sin € d0
ri2
- 2nJb sin0iosH,/0= -,rJ, osin20dd
=-lcos2€ = rr ...(3)
From (1) and (2), Stok€s theorem is verified.
ExsmPle11.ryi=G );+Q3+yy-s,y' i anrls,s the surface of the cun)e
J!",a r h
,,1;' . y"
" =
"- "b",e
the rr.ptane, shou) th"t . as = sn",
Sol. i = t, ,.ti + t,B + yt) _ e,:,2 i ...(1) | given

By Stoke's theorem, .we
have
[[ -,rF ai=dJ. p ar ,,,(2)

where S is thc sufacc r:2 + J2 = 02, z = 0 abo.-e thc.I1, planc.
F . ar = l(" .. zti + rrr + !z); s,!, it . t,tr; + dr ; + ,t, it
=(x z) d.r + G) + yz) dJ, - ixy2 dz ...(3)
Letr=acos0 so that ar=-asin0.lO
and f =asin0 so that dy=acosBdO
$ r.a;=J'.r.-"et( a sin e d0) + ai cos3 0. o cos o d0 l: z=6 t

= a,
f'sin6cos6d6*o,f'.o", oae
," J.f' -"'oao =4n4 I r,-, tlre h" 31rr 3,
Jo 4 22
ll *a e. as =1-'
- JJS 4 Using (2)
Example 12.1/ F = 4, i - j+x,, i o,a S is the surfac.) oftht) pataboktid 2z = ? +f

'"
bounl,rlb,. - 2..houb, u npstoh,"thporpn t1,", . r.,rS 2Ar
fl,r
VECTOB CALCULUS 541
sol. F=ayi-uj+y,'i ...(1) civen

.. F . di = 3y d.x- rz d.y + rz2 dz ...(.2)
By Stoke's theorem, we kno$r that
llcurlF.dS dF.dr
JJs Jc
where S is the suface ofthe paraboloid 22 = ir'? + y2 bounded by z = 2.
Hence S=r;2+y2=4,2=2
6 r . a. = 6
Jc Jc
tly 6t az (ly + Jz2 d.z) ...(3) | Using (2)
Letr=2cosO so that dr=-2sined0
and y=2sine so that di=2ccsed0
- then from eqn. (3),
$Fdr-,n [" t:.z.in e I 2 n e del - 2\2 cos o

.j {2cos0do,l
l. z=2 .. dz=o
f'z* r-tz - s
Jo "tn2e "n"2er.rg
= al '12'in?s-Icos'odc
4 12.'!:,8.!_!
I 22 22) = =
4r,}tr + 2t 2\rc
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
r. tri=tr'z+1 ai +3tyz+tze+?ti,*.1*t" IJ, t+F) ,;o/s,\iheresrsrh.surraccofthe
"ph"rp
r, r J': - :': - l6 "bo\ a r he r. plJnp.
2. UseStnke\the.remtneraluaieJ.tr+2v)d,+{r z)d.} + (J ;Uzl wherc . is thc boundary of
the tiansle withvertices (2,0,0), i0, 3, 0) and {0,0, 6r oriented in the anii-clocktrise direciio..
3. Evrlurte b) Stuke s tht,r.m J Lr,. J. +,,1r +rJ dz), where C ls the cuNe r'+1'?= 1, z =r'?.
4. UqcS,okp.rhporpmro.,alu.r" tl \ F ,,,,s $hpr' f t . 2t: ' /\* andsi-rhF

sufa.e of the sphere a' + 1r +:' = a1 above thc r1'planc.
5. {, L.io.
Elaluate l,), Stuke s iheorem J' l, ar, + !.lz). where C is the bounilary of the
"o", "in
rcciangle 0 <r <,., 0 <, < 1,: = 3.
s42 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEEF NG T/IAIHE[]AI CS
6. Evaruate
J i.ai *r,-" i = yi n,,"j -,y.;6 , c ;" the.itcte,2 +r, = 4,2- 1.8.
?. Apply Stoke's theoreD to evaluate

IcOd,
+zdr +rd,), where C is the curve ofinte.section of
t:2 + y2 + z2 = a2 atd r + z = a.
8. Prove by usins Stoke's thedern that J G" dr +2y dr - d.z) = 0, where C is the curve,, +J, = 4,
thar | 0 dx + z at +x az)= -2!D rat, where C is the curve

9. Apply Stoke's theorcm io plove
gtrieDbyx2+f2+22-2ac-2ar=0,r+y=2aandbeginsatthepoint(2a,0,0)andgoesatfiBt
betow tle .!y-plane.
lo. Verfil Sruk. s rheorpm for F -' v - ? - 2,i sz 4 t - *i o\pr L-be surface of cLbc r = 0. I - 0,
z = 0, x = 2,r = 2,2 - 2 above the XOY plane (open the bottom). lu.P.T.u.2011)
11. Verffy Stoke's theorem for fuction F = zi +,j - J6 , where C is a unit circle in{r-ptane boundins
the hemisphere z = [*\y,
12. Yefiy Stoke's theorem for frmction i=15-y -zti +t:, z r)j+(z-r J)& over the unclosed
surface ole rinde. ', r, - I bouded byrheplanea =l ard open ai rhe"Dd?=0.
verify Stoke's theorem fo , i 1,, x, ;t = oi yj + rry)i , where the surface S is the sudace of the
regiorboudedby, = 0, y = 0, z = 0, % + r + 22 = Swhichisnotincluded onr-plane.
14, YedIy Stoke's theorem by evaluating the line iniesr at 6 ,", a* + vn, a, + ,"t d" alons the bound-
Jc'
dy ofthe tdangle with vertices (0, 0, 1)i (1, 0, 1); (1, 1, 1).
Verify Stoke's theorcm for the vector fietd i = (x, - J?r ; + 2r, inte$aied round the reciangre in
the plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines r = 0,y = o, r ! = b.
= e',
16. verify Stoke s theorem r

F = xy'i +
fo t j + z'xh for tle sudace ofa rectusular lamina bounded
by r = 0,! - 0,"= 1,r = 2,2 = 0.
t7. Ve fy Stoke's theorem tust by evaluating the 6 (3x,
JC
6,?) da + (2y + 32r) d) + tt - 4r:2) {tz
from (0,0,0) to (1. 1, 1) along th€ path C siven by the shaight line ftom (1,0,0) to (1, 1,0) theD
f.om (1,1.0) to (1, 1, 1) then ftom (1, 1, 1) to (1,0,0) in comter ctockwise and secondiy evaluating
the integral as sorface intesral, the surface beins enclosed by path c aDd the coordinate plane.
Verify Stoi<e's theorcm fot F =ey+z.r-z,r-r)takenoverthetriangteABCcutfrortheplane

, fy + z = 1 by the coordirate ptanes. Q\.K.T.[. 2017)
VECTOB CALCULUS 543
1. - 16n 2. t5 3.0 4.0

19n
5.2 6.2 7.--
5.3O. GREEN'S THEOREM
Statement. 1/0 d,td V are tun s&lat point fttnctions such th(tt the\ an.d theit dett'uniues in
.tnr.lirectlon arc u i.fi m and cotttittuous in o @rtai reqi(n V boLtttded bv a dosed surfatt: S'
I orr.,
- U,r o,dl'- J.I or,., 1r\q, ,'rlS
J,
Proof. By Gauss'Divergcnce theorem. we have
J ai,iav=l"r'aas
PutF=OV\r,wehave
Juai"rovvlav=J ovv aas
= J fO ai., v v * frrad O) vvldv=lsOV\{ ,ds
= J"totv wl+vo vv]dv=Iovv ,ds

= J,,tov'v+vo W)dv=J ovv rds
+ J,,ov,vav+J v4.v,yav=J 4vv.;as ...(1)
Intercharging O and V, we get
Juvv'oav* J v,y.voav= J.vvo. n as ...t:2)
(1) (2) sives,

-
(or\r,- \,vd), ds
Jv(oY'?v \,\2o),lv= J
Hence the theorcm is proved.
5.3I. GREEI{'S THEOREM IN THE PLANE (M.7.U.2012)
If C is a regular closed curue in the :cy'plane ancl R be the region bounded b! C, then
? tt /aN aMJ
IJCM.h+N.]' ll \d.r
= JJx - .
oJ) &dv
where M (r, y) and N(x,, are continuously differentiable functions insidc and. on C
544 A TEXIBOOK OF ENGINEEBING MATHEI,IATICS
Proof. From Stoke's theorcm, we have
J i d;=JJ curri ,i as ...(1)
F=Mi +Nj then
i;A . rN ,rM - raN aM)

curl F = = t-i: +t- d:+k
i ?b,i tr.
- ny)
MN O
Also as C is a closed culwe in ry-plane

n= k
t ,=--dN ;M
ar dr
Also on ry plane, we have dS = dr dy
- tt *,r
JJs i;a"=[[
JJi l"N 'v.l,,',,
I d. ,\ )
...12)
Arsn. J r.,," J m;- Nr..,d,, d',, J rra' ' r,i' ,,,(3)
Hence from (1), (2) and (ii), we get
J ua,.Nar=JJ l# #]**
ILLUSTRATI!'E EXAMPLES
Example 1. Br, ,i€ use of Grcen's theo.cn, shou' that orc.! baunded 4 a sinLpLe closecl
h\ I ttu oi.h pttryt,.

,urDpt i,Atutn
' '2J l'ra.y t a,'. Hpnc, t,nd dn(,
Sol. By Green's theorem in planes, we have
i rMdr,
J. ft l'N '-Yld,,t
-- "-N,rvr JJn ...(1)
"' .y )
Put * = , u,ru * = r "o ,no,
AM AN
,4 land-=1
-=
'1
VECTOR CALCULUS 54s
Hence lrom (1).
J i-ra' *, arr=
JJ i+Ddxdt=zll* atat=zt
wherc A is tle required area
r=![ uar-"a,t
Any point (r, tr) on the ellipse is siven by
ir = a cos O, y = b sin O where 0 is the parameter.
I .2r
Henc. arla ofpllip.e = - ,a ,b (o" o do, .6 o. o.do
J0 cos o, "in
o
"in
I nhJ,,
12. ^ I sinjdrd6- I
- '(o.jo 2ob 2^) ôb.
Example2.IfC is a simple cLosed cut\e in the xy pLatrc not containLns the oriqin,.Mluate
I r.a " "n"* F= r". -+

l' = N{, + Nj then
F . dr = (Mi + Nj) . (&i +.1r) = Mdn + NdJ
For given F, we have
M=r"+r" L
;-]r,N= x"+y'
aM
-
(n'+ J,2 )
(- 1) - (-yx2y)
d! (r2 + y2)2 (x2 + y212
and
dN
-rx2-y2t.1-x.%r f xz
dx (tcz + y2)2 lx2 + y2)2
AN AM
Hence from Green's theorem. we have
lr
J, a,=l,Md,,Nd)..
J, [[ "'rr "' ,r.-,,.
JJq )r
Example 3.A uectorlield i isgioenby r" =

";"
y i *, t/ *,,',")/ j
Dotratcthpt t"trui
_J. I F.d; Lh,,ct i.thp ir.ul.rpothE;utn bl ii .,: ".'.
J i ai J .i,r, .,'t'.o., t,. (tr; 'dr;.

= J lshr dr + r (1 + cosr) .tu}
;l
JJR
lldr , r -., :'l .", 1",,
i
u.'"* n-"n,
"-^".
- l[" , ,*'v cosv 'i ' a'= J[ a' a'

= A = area of circle =,T
(radius)'= lm2
Example4.ApPb,Gr€e,'stheore'ntoeu'iludt"l"L':"-'''l'*'''*v'!t'ltlu:heraCis
tn" uu,aari ,,tthe area erl(tase.)b! the *arls and th) uppar halfal urct' I t t') = "''
Sol. Let i = ui * Nj tt ""
i. ai = ori * rjl. ra,i + dvjr =urur+r'tcl;r
l u. siv-n F. wP hd\e
M=2x2 y2 and N=r'?+Y'z
!!! = 2,,,9 =2,
dY dx
. J, F d, .l
,L r- d, r - r2,,/,r
l[ t2-. + 2r td, a"-
-= JJR I Usins Grcen's theorem
-2-' ',-r,/,4' 2f'Lr''r"

J iO
J,, '"\
dt
-2) 'o ..in" , '- 2-' lr, -0, 2i ,-

"^-"'-J. " x d*
, ,],
| 3,, J ',
Example 5. t/sc Green's theoremro 'totuat': Jrrr +r)r'lr+tt

+ t: t t\ uhere C is thr:
sttuak lbrne.l b! th. Lines ! = ! 1, t = r' 1- IA.K.T.U.2015,20181
sol. J. (r': +.rrl .l' + (,' + ],') .tu
= I[ [r]o'.,', *o'.*,)*0, = Il,(%'x*xdY
r I \1
= l;= ,J;= ,'*"=l''l'J,*
(Since integrand is odd)
=l,xa'=0.
Example6.LrsiagGrotl'sthturcn,ttutu(ttrIr/tJ,t.x''L't'thu'eLitlh'boundab
desctit)ed (x ttLter t:lochu)Lse ol tht tti'1nlh I ithLtr,;'cP$t0'01;t1' 0/;r/
lr' lti'K'TU 2010)
VECTOR CALCULUS 547
sot. J.1,'y a: + r'ay)
=ll[i"', {o",,lo'0,
I Using creen's theorem
=J'uJ-,rz" ,,ra,ar (0. 0) (1,0)
=J'rz,','ra,=[:, +J.
215
-3 412'
f;xalrrple I _,tU - "ir, rt a, + "rg
- 7 . Eualuate Jc dyl uhere C is the triangte forme(J by
n2
Sol. Here =r sin x, N = cos r
M
.. AM iN
,.)y =1. dt --"in,
.. /JN ;M
.. Gircn intoerat ll
" - JJRI'" dxd'
'J
(n12, o)
= J,I =. J,=o
I (sinx+1)dxdv
2t z
rt+tsrnrr./\
= -l
2{ '2 r- x 2
rl cosr).srnr) - 1
\ 2 ], t 8 4 r
Example 8. Usnls Green's theorcm, firut the arca of th( regton in th( first qua.lrunt
1x
bounded b\ th",uru,sy'y, y- x4
-, y=
Sol. Bt, Green's theorem, area A of the region Y
bounded by a closed cune c is givcn by
1
,r.
2J = 16 ,,r, ,r,,
Here c consists ofthe curv€s
.1 :]]=
:!1jc2i-y=
'.rr:J=r (
ta
r=X. dr=:,h;a:oro2
t J,I ",tv t,t J|'o''.a,
\d 4
o
11 ' a"-- .,/\:r:2rol

Along Cr: r-,
r.= I rdv yd,'--lJ.\,,1' ,,i a, 1,,'1- z J.[' \' a, - z'tos\ )-2top.2

'r J.
Along C.: r=i .. dl=.Jr,i;r:1to0
1.- | '.,a1 ya' | ',a' ,a' =o
.. l=1rt.+I,+l,r=tos2.
2"
Ijxzmple 9. Eualuate br Grcen's theorem I, t"* ";', v a' * "- "o s J .{,') uhere C is the
rcctanlte uith uertic.s 10,0), fi,0), it,ltl2),la' nl2) and hence uerifr Grcen's theoren'
sor.ci\"1 in,.srrr=JJ
I i , ""', - '' '''", J'dr lbvcre'n"rheorcm
rn ttlz
I .j " cos\ P co"r d\ dr' -
=-:l;'a,1"'-" rdr= 2t e 'r{rsinvt{''? =2Qn I
Verification of Theorem
For this pulpose, let us evaluate the given line integral directlv-
t ,,
J, .rn1 dr -, ro.1 d,r
=[J, r. ' "in r dr + € ' , .s v dv]

'r \0,11/2j
. I L, -in y,/' r . co"r dY
JAB
- J", " .'^, dl -. cos) rlrl
I ,osrdt\
(0, 0)
- J,,.,. "i"rJx+'
Now, alorg OA, l = 0 dt=o
along AB, :t = r
along BIl, J=12 dY=o
and along DO, r=0 .)
Hencc the given line integral
-0.,J, ,'-",,/j,,J" P'dr+l J,t2 cosvd!

VECTOR CALCULUS 549
= e- (sin y)6/'z + (- e ')? + (sin y)?rz
=e" 11 e r)+( 1)=2(ej-1)

Hence Green's theorem is verified.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
1. Evahate by Green - theornm l" trr cosh y .k + 0 + sin r) d-r whcrc C is thc reciansle sirh
vertices (0, 0)i (r, 0)i (r, 1)i (0, 1i.
I
2. Ev.lxate bJ Grten's theurem l, -"..-, tl) df, + sin, cosJ d.) ihere CisihecimlP
? + t! = t. ( ti.P.T.ti. 2015)
3. verLivCreenstheorembyevaluctrns I It'3 ,ri)a'+(-v'? 2]))dJi wh.rc C is the squa.e

havins the vetices at the poiDts (0, 0), (2, 0), (2. 2) and (0, 2)
4. Veri6creen"theoremrntheplaneior[.fCrtr'la.*,'arl*hcrcCisclosedcuêofthe
J
reslon bounded by, =, and, = r':
5. ver,vC.Fpn'-rhFrn,mrrrhFplar"for J.[ ,, S, a'.'a -6,r,./] u'h--Fr'isrnprqon

bounded by the parabolas y = Jr ana I = rr:
(.u.K_T_U_ 2011)
verfi G.een's theorem in pl:ne for |

J.
(r'? + 2,r) .1, + (J': + r3rl .f $here C is a square s,ith
verticcs A(0,0I B(1,0); D(1, 1) and E(0. 1).
7. Usmc GreLns theorrm tu e\aluate i L2r'z,lt + 3t d!)s,her€ C is thc boundarv ol'ihe closed
region bounded by:y = r and] =a'. t U.K.7'.11. 2a11; A.K.T.U. 2018, 2016)
a. Frna JCftLzr'? rzrdlr+(I2+),'zrdvl whrre C is the boundary ofthe sufacc in ihc r,-plane
Fr.losFo D|he. au. ana n.*mr.rnr,' .Jr ,'

t
9. Vcdt\ Gr.en s theorem io/ I (6 + t'?r dr + i1 2rrldJ Fhere C is the boundary of the area
eDclosed by r-axis and the upper half of circlc x'z + :y'z = 1.
rirVerifj Green s the^rem for_J" I 3, '- 8Jr ) dr + (4lr 6ar)drl $'here C is thc boundary ol the
iegion enclose.l by the 1i."", = O, -r, = 0,, ty = r.
(r.rVerfvoreensth.ur"-ru.ItLz,'y!)dt+\x2+,-2)dt)whereCisiheboundaiyofthe
"J.
a.ea eDcloBcd by the x'axis and the upper half of the circle r'z + J'1 = 42.
11. Verri-v Green s tl,eorem In ptane rorJ tr'7 - z.y I rL + (r5 + 3).1, where C is the boundarl ofihe
l.
rcgion deilned byJ'|= 8r and t = 2. lu_P_T_u_ 2014)
550 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEIT,4ATICS
12. LcrF =or: i +zy'j +ty'; and lei Cr be thc straisht line joinins o(0,0.0) to the point
D(., ., .) and lei C, be the cune composed ofthe three segments ofst.aighi lines.
Cr, a=0, r=0,0<z<c
C,, r=0,0<]<i,.2=r
(1. : 0 < x <.,, =..: =.
s,,,,r li ai o! Pr horl, thF ,,,Nes

Explai. rrhy d€spite the fact that the beginning and end o
poinls of.urves arc the same, the two integals are not
Answers
4
l. n (cosh 1 1) 2. O 7.7/30.
il
12. AL,nr (]. I= :.rt4d+1, +461
Al.-,:1, , 1 - l,', -u. F r.nor,^n-.ad,i\,.
ASSIGNMENTV
l. Prove lhri if x aDd . are irmialional then i/ x ,i will be solenoidal.

2. Ei.d ihi, dir.ctioDal derivative ol O = Zrzr + 3fl3 in the dircction of 3; + 4j ai thc poinr 11. 1).
3. Find the niagniiude ofihcgradient ofthe fun.tionl=rr"i at (1,0,2). 1G.8.7.U.2012)
4. (l)wrlieihestatenrentofiliversencethcorrmlora$\enreci.rfieldi 1AK.TU.2012,201s)
(;t) Statc Siokc's theorem. lA.K_T.U_ 2016)
5. 5h, w ar rhF.- rur \ - iJ".', .1-1.1/ '' . / i- .,., nordrl. (.M.T.U_ 2012)
6. Siai. Cr€en's theorem for a planc region. (M_T_U_ 2012)
1. F if r = ri + Jj + zk is position re.tor.
d Vilo8.)
8. r1d.\ \/'.r l.- 1. I A ?, i-.r'., '. +.nar=2. -,

9. (i) Find the dircctional dei\aai\e ol f k, r, z) = 4e1 , *, at the point (1, 1, - 1) in the direction
towads the point (- S, 5, 6).
'iI, Find the dircfl iooal dprrvsrive of /'r, y. ? j - xy + yz - * in Lhc dilp.Lion ot

"eew"
i . Zj - Zi
at the poi:lt (1, 2, 0).
10. Deiermine Lhe pxprps"ioD lor/'risuchrhar vt= + a^dl'tt .0.

11. Find the unit outwad drawn normal to the surface/J-1)2+ 12+ tz + b2 =9 at the point (3, 1, -4).
'12. A particle moves alons the c"rve i-03-nOi+tt2+a)j+,fjt2-Bt\[ where, is time, find
the velocity at, = 2. (U.P.T.|J. 2014)
E.--
551
VECTOB CALCULUS
13. Find p such that A = lpr + 4v2:)i + (t3 si' : 3J)i {€" acos ,,})} is solc'oidal'
14. lf i = i then lind Vtv. ,i).
1b. Find rhe constant b such thai i - (b,'z] + lzli + ( x't2 tzz)-i +lzxtz :r'?v')h has zero
16. rf i = r'zri 2'j + 2rzt thcn find curl curl i at ihe point (1' 0' 2)'
17. Ifl= r'rz, g = tr 3:2 lind v.lIf' vs)'
18. FiDd the constant b such that A=16ry +tb-2)t'1i+11 b)e']* ]ra" It'Lurl identicallv
')1)t
re- (,1Eindthelalucof-if i=*i 5r;+2zI vector'

js a solenoidal tA'KTtt 20t8)
1,1) Find'6 for a solenoidal vcctor tbr + 41'u)i + ('! sin: -3r')j -{" + a 'osrzrr);'
20_ rf/=
jl find r, at i2 r, 1l
21. \rpr"'i'r,p"rnlF''-r'-l'
J. ,ro, )',-,.
6
F,.d
tGtsT'Lt 2a10)
22. Ifi isthc'elocityofafluidparticLe,shAid*'{.i a'',**""
23. (,) If i - ui ij +z,2vi tn"n fin'l curl F '
(il) Fin{t ihe curl of i =ai'v2j+oi^tl-z't'tt |A'KTti 2016')
24. Find the .onstants a andI) suchthat the curlofa"ector i =(ztr +3re)i +it'+oa? 4"rJ +i3rl
+ 2b1zti is zeto-
25. Iri =(j'+y')i z'ri. *,* *.r,,.t" $ i'ai A'Kr'u 2017)
26. lirnorhcdr\-rC"n, o.2-., t\ i-'t\':l dr rhpP, ar l.r.

27. Fjnd thc dire.tional dcrivativc ol V.ti at the point (4, 4' 2) in thc diredion ofihe coresponding
outer normal ofthe sphere x': + l'2 + 2' = 36 where i ="i ."'i *
'-;'
2s. di' (.r; ) il ; =,i , li * ,i.
Find
2e. Plnd curl 0z; * e.,j *.i r nt iz, lt, +l'
(1' 1' 0)
30- It f = iE22 fzl + at\' + - 3J s, lhen fi nd v'zl at
31. What is the conditjon for Yl lo be boih solenoidal and i'mtational?
az. rf i = z1-,,i * 1.,": - "1.,"1j +:e.-,ft), ihen find dn'(c"r1 F)

33. F,"dll.l;\lhereririheunriiJnlientvc.iorand.isiheunitcircleinrherJ-plan.aboutihe
34. Fiidth.unitnormalatihesurlacez=r'+)'atthepointll'2 5)' lG'BTII-'013)

'r-
552 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEENING IVIATHEI4ATICS
ll5. Forr'p:.al"r tFd,'-'^ . ri"a,.".^g.,i,uo"olgradr"nr at rhc Dainr' t. 3'
lA_KT_U.2017)
36. If r' = l=, find ctrrl F. tlLT.u.2013)
I "rnsL,ppn.rhFnram.F,, i.r"mr {,'r,/v !'./".wh"re. rsrhpcquarp.ur from

'-,.rt.
the first quadrani by the linesr = 1,I = l. (M_T.U.2013)
2. 13 3.8 7., 4.5
-20 10
(ii)5 Itl.
tl. " 2L+t 2h
-:l -.
ti 3
2r
72. 8i+8j 4A 13.3 15. 2
4j 17. o 18.4
19. (r 3 (ii ) 3 20. 72 21.

-2
22. cl.culation 23.:i) 2i +G - 1r1,)j lii) j +2i
21, o=3.6= ,1 25.6 Lx'+,"rdI 2I\./! 26. 8
J'
27.272 24. 6/r zs. - oi +:j + si 30.24
31. Vrl= 0 32. 0 33.2n -2t -4t +h
36' 36. 0 37. B/2

"6

Mathematics Unit 4 _ 5

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ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

Muttipl€ integalis anaturai extension of a definite integ.ral to a fimction oftwo\-ariabtes (double

4.I. DOUBLE INTEGRALS

A double integral is its counterpart in two

In other words, Lit

4.2. EVALUATIOI{ OF DOUBLE INTEGRALS

rjl = Qr0) and rj] = a2(Jl.

(iii) $lhea qrz,!r !2rta constante. Here the

Exampre 1. pro,e rnd t r.,t t at a, = t.u *,':t a, a,

ExamDre J. -sroa thot

sor. LHS-f*l',,-',1' r, l*11,1.,',,, r,

.. The two integrals arcnotequal.

so,. ,=I [t'*n*r;,*]*

=t " ;"'''"'r'"" I l'" '^

_^,, ,,_^[,, "']_^."

-:b triangle bounded bt r !

I' Sol. The region R of intesration is thc triansle

=*[ "' .-]*1,= * [(u.1r; 1",.;;1

= ; [ ""- r.ii"' 'r]

l! -,1' ". r.r 64 =o

r""-rr" s. r,"r,,r" lJ k + :, )2 d :t dy ox e r t he area baun de d b! t he e t tip-

I' lj""'*" " 2t"*f)dYd'to

J.1" " d'l .,,:

=ol'b.o 0. o cos 0. i .,' .o. eI ,"o"eao

The equation ofthe lineioining O(0.01and B(10, 1)is

.. lJ.,6 ,r a,ar = ff"'.,,6:7*r,

Example 12. Let D bt the ftrst quadrant bounded 4' the

thol. llr,/rd' =1, I", d'd',J J" ".,,a*

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

Enluatethe lbllobinF ottualrulN l1 1O):

r. J'f r,' * r,rr,i,,i,

" JoI J,I trr,,:rd.a, 10. r,'z+y'z,drd,.

17. p".r,.t" f[ ryd].1],$hereArsthrdomrinboundedby,-axis,ordinater=2aandihecuNe

Geometrically, AB and CD are the cures r =i(0)

rhi.kne-: dd. Tl-"n | ,..,6'd. indr.ar.s rhar rhe

o' y ,, o, q'lt' ) Put 1-cos0=t

= l''',,losa *.' u 1G cos4 e) do

the initial litD .

otthe temniscate P =a'coszs.

. the strips starting fro- e=-1..'d ending at 6=1.

rdrde r^/4 roJGzo. i i ,,i

= o f"'trr+ cos zstl rt .ze = oJ

:,J'/'rJr*"e- rrar=,. .1.''

r. ll tdr.ta 2. I I t tne, rhou 3. ll /rco,od.do

4. ll\aluate ff /r,r,,/6.whereAisthear.abetwccnihecircles.=u cos O an.l . = 20 .os e.

above the i.itial line.

Exampre 2. cldns" r he order ot.intesrutian ,, I f !* nntt h.nce e.atuote the

Sol. From the limits ofintegration, it is clear that

We can also consider it as bounded by I = 0, y =r/2, x =O, r=2

= Ji,,u'',,;'' *=;f ,t a'=]1"'tj=4rl

Forthe rcgion OAM, ir varies from 0 to jt and

= ;[*]..;f* n,'.,",a,=].J[2,' +.+],

laries liom \=1to1=2Jar

paraoola y/ - .tu, ,.,.., . ] ,"e *rheparabo.d

32a2 16a2 16a2

Exampte 6. C,4onge lne orrler ol nks ttion h the

o'z - r'z . Then this strip slides from ]-axis (r = 0) to A, where :r = o.

I l'- r.,,'o,.iv I Jl"nr Jr) r.

Ex r\pte 7. By chansins th.e order ol urttErottotL, eatuate l'. | !--- Jt dJ

Sol. The given limits show thatthe area ofinte$a-

sor. LHS-fl',,-',1' r, l11,1.,',,, r,

so,. ,=I [t'nr;,]

=[ "' .-]1,= * [(u.1r; 1",.;;1

I' lj""'" " 2t"f)dYd'to

= ;[]..;f n,'.,",a,=].J[2,' +.+],