SRI VIGNESH VIDYALAYA SR.SEC.

SCHOOL
SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -1

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.NO
1 Colour: White May be due to presence
Noted the colour of the salt of NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,
Ba2+ and Mg2+
2 Smell: Smell of ammonia May be due to presence
Noted the smell of the salt of NH4+ ions
3 Dry heating test: A colourless gas which May be due to presence
Heated a pinch of salt in dry Nessler ‘s reagent turns brown of NH4+ ions
test tube. is evolved.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May be due to presence
A pinch of salt is taken in test of CO32-,NO3-, Cl-,
tube and shaken with 2 ml of Br-,CH3COO- and SO42-
water. ions.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change Absence of Ba2+ and
A small quantity of sample was Ca2+ ions.
taken in watch glass and drops
of conc.HCl were added to
make the paste. It was taken
and shown to burner.
6 Ash test: No coloured ash is formed Absence of Al3+, Zn2+
To a small quantity of sample and Mg2+ ions.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution
and conc.HNO3 were added and
filter paper was soaked in the
solution and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion

1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No gas is evolved. Absence of CO32- and S2-

To a small quantity of the salt , 1 and ions.
ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-, Br- and
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of NO3- ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
1
 sample ,a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
Con H2SO4 added and then
heated strongly.
4 MnO2 test: Yellowish brown vapours of May be due to the
To a small quantity of sample, a bromine are evolved. presence of Br- ion.
pinch of MnO2 was added
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for
about 5 minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using
the following test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: Pale yellow precipitate which Presence of Br- ion is
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract, is soluble in ammonium confirmed.
dil.HNO3 was added , till the hydroxide was obtained.
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- and SO42-
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract ions.
dil.acetic acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.
H2SO4 was added till the
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.

2
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml
of sodium nitro prusside was
added.
The given salt contains an anion is Br- ion.

Systematic analysis of cation

1 Test for zero group cation A gas with a smell of ammonia Presence of ammonium
sodium hydroxide test: which forms dense white ion .
To a small quantity of the given fumes with the rod dipped in
sample, 1ml of NaOH was HCl is evolved.
added and then warmed.

Confirmatory test for zero group cation NH4+ ion.

1 a) To a salt in a dry test tube a) Characteristic smell of
added conc.NaOH solution to it ammonium gas is evolved.
and gently warm it.
b)Take a rod dipped in b) Evolution of white fumes is Presence of ammonium
dil.HCl near the mouth of test observed. is confirmed.
tube.
2 Heat the test tube containing Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of ammonium
powder and con.NaOH solution obtained. is confirmed.
was added more powder to it
and pour the evolved gas
through Nessler’s reagent in
another test tube.
The given salt contain the cation NH4+ ion.

Result :

Hence the given salt is Ammonium bromide.

3
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -2

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.NO
1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,
Ba2+ and Mg2+
2 Smell: Smell of ammonia May be due to presence of
Noted the smell of the salt NH4+ ions
3 Dry heating test: A colourless gas which May be due to presence of
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test Nessler ‘s reagent turns NH4+ ions
tube. brown is evolved.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May be due to presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test CO32-,NO3-, Cl-,
tube and shaken with 2 ml of Br-,CH3COO- and SO42- ions.
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change Absence of Ba2+ and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops
of conc.HCl were added to make
the paste. It was taken and
shown to burner.
6 Ash test: No coloured ash is formed Absence of Al3+, Zn2+ and
To a small quantity of sample Mg2+ ions.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution
and conc.HNO3 were added and
filter paper was soaked in the
solution and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion

1 Dil. H2SO4 test : A colourless odourless gas Presence of CO32- ion is

To a small quantity of the salt , turns lime water milky with confirmed.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added. brisk effervescence.
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- and NO3-
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml ions.
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample ,a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
H2SO4 added and then heated
strongly.

4
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Br- and Cl-ion.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated
strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance,3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added,boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate using the following test,
were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change. Absence of Br-,Cl-ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ion.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- , SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract
dil.acetic acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.
H2SO4 was added till the
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml of
sodium nitro prusside was added.

5
 The given salt contains the anion is CO32-ion.
Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation A gas with a smell of ammonia Presence of ammonium
sodium hydroxide test: which forms dense white ion .
To a small quantity of the given fumes with the rod dipped in
sample ,1ml of NaOH was HCl is evolved.
added and then warmed.

Confirmatory test for zero group cation NH4+ ion.

1 a)To a salt ,in a dry test tube a)Characteristic smell of
added Conc.NaOH solution to it ammonium gas is evolved.
and gently warm it.
b)Take a rod dipped in b)evolution of white fumes is Presence of ammonium is
dil.HCl near the mouth of test observed. confirmed.
tube.
2 Heat the test tube containing Reddish brown precipitate is Presence of ammonium is
powder and Conc.NaOH solution obtained. confirmed.
and added more powder to it
and pour the evolved gas
through nesslers reagent in
another test tube.
The given salt contain the cation NH4+ ion.

Result :

Hence the given salt is NH4(CO3)2 - Ammonium carbonate.

6
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -3

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,
Ba2+ and Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific smell is Absence of NH4+ , CH3COO-
Noted the smell of the salt observed and S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: A reddish brown gas which May be due to presence of
Heated a pinch of salt in dry turned ferrous sulphate NO32- ions
test tube. solution into black is
evolved.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May be due to presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test CO32-,NO3-, Cl-, Br-,CH3COO-
tube and shaken with 2 ml of and SO42- ions.
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+ and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops
of conc.HCl were added to
make the paste. It was taken
and shown to burner.
6 Ash test: No coloured ash is Absence of Al3+, Zn2+,Mg2+
To a small quantity of sample obtained. ions.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution
and conc.HNO3 were added
and filter paper was soaked in
the solution and burned in
ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No gas is evolved. Absence of CO32- and S2- and
To a small quantity of the salt , ions.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was
added.
Conc. H2SO4test: Brown fumes is evolved May be due to the presence
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml when the fumes were of NO3- ions.
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and passed through freshly
heated strongly. prepared ferrous sulphate
solution is turned black.
3 Copper turning test: A reddish brown gas is May be due to the presence
To a small quantity the given evolved. of NO3- ions.
sample , a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml
of H2SO4 added and then
heated strongly.
7
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Cl- and Br- ion.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated
strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample
of the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance ,3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for
about 5 minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate using the
following test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: Absence of Cl- and Br- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , No characteristic change
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
barium chloride was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ,SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract
dil.acetic acid was added till
the effervescence and then 1
ml of lead acetate solution was
added.
4 Brown ring test: A dark brown ring is Presence of NO3- ions is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil. formed at the junction of confirmed
H2SO4 was added till the the two layers.
effervescence and equal
volume of freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution was
added along with addition of 1
ml of Conc. H2SO4 along the
sides of test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ion
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml
of sodium nitro prusside was
added.
The given salt contains an anion - NO3-

8
 Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation No characteristic change. Absence of ammonium ion.
sodium hydroxide test:
To a small quantity of the given
sample ,1ml of NaOH solution
was added and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt , 5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved.

Test for group -I cation: White precipitate is Presence of group-I cation

To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of formed. Pb2+ ion.
dil.HCl was added.
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was divided into two parts.
1 Add 1mL of KI to the first part Yellowish precipitate is Presence of Pb2+ ion is
obtained. confirmed.
2 Add 1mL of Potassium Bright yellowish Presence of Pb2+ ion is
chromate (K2CrO4) to the other precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
part.
The given salt contains a cation - Pb2+
Result :
Hence the given salt is -- Pb(NO3)2 lead nitrate.

9
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 4

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+ and
Mg2+
2 Smell: A smell of vinegar is observed. May be due to presence of
Noted the smell of the salt CH3COO-ion.
3 Dry heating test: Characteristic vinegar like May be due to presence of
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test smell is observed CH3COO-ion.
tube.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test tube Cl-,NO3-,CH3COO -
and shaken with 2 ml of water. Br-, SO42- ions.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+ , Ca2+ ions.
A small quantity of sample was
taken in watch glass and drops of
conc.HCl were added to make the
paste. It was taken and shown to
burner.
6 Ash test: No coloured ash is obtained. Absence of Al3+, Zn2+,Mg2+
To a small quantity of sample 1ml ions.
of cobalt nitrate solution and
conc.HNO3 were added and filter
paper was soaked in the solution
and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion

1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic change. Absence of CO32- and S2- and
To a small quantity of the salt , 1 ml ions.
of the dil.H2SO4 was added .
Conc. H2SO4test: Acetic acid vapour is evolved May be due to the presence
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of on warming. of CH3COO - ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and heated
strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper turnings
were added and 1ml of H2SO4
added and then heated strongly.

10
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-,Br- ions.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added ,
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of potassium
dichromate and 1ml of Conc.
H2SO4 was added and heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following test,
were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- and Br- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change. Absence of S2- and SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.acetic
acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil. H2SO4
was added till the effervescence
and equal volume of freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution
was added along with addition of 1
ml of Conc. H2SO4 along the sides
of test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml of
sodium nitro prusside was added.

11
6 Ester test: Fruity smell is observed. Presence ofCH3COO - ion is
Take a pinch of salt in a dry test confirmed.
tube and added 1 ml of Conc.H2SO4
and 4-5 drops of ethyl alcohol,
heated in the test tube and
observed the smell.
7 Ferric chloride test: Deep red coloration is Presence of CH3COO - ion is
To a portion of the sodium observed. confirmed.
carbonate extract added few drops
of neutral ferric chloride solution.
Filter, if required and divided the
filtrate into 2 parts.
i) To one part add dil.HCl. Red coloration is disappeared. Presence ofCH3COO - ion is
confirmed.
ii) To the second part add water Reddish brown precipitate is
Presence ofCH3COO - ion is
and boiled. observed
confirmed.
The given salt contains an anion is CH3COO - ion.
Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation: No characteristic change Absence of zero group
sodium hydroxide test: cation .
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt , 5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved.

Test for group -I cation: White precipitate is formed. Presence of group-I cation
To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of Pb2+ ion.
dil.HCl was added.
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was divided into two parts.

1 Add KI to the first part Yellowish precipitate is Presence of Pb2+ ion is

obtained. confirmed.
2 Add 1mL of Potassium Bright yellowish precipitate is Presence of Pb2+ ion is
chromate (K2CrO4) to the obtained. confirmed.
other part.
The given salt contains a cation - Pb2+

Result :
Hence the given salt is -- Pb(CH3COO)2 Lead acetate.

12
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -5

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+ and
Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific odour Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO-
Noted the smell of the salt and S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: A reddish brown gas which May be due to presence of
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test turned ferrous sulphate NO32- ions
tube. solution into black is evolved.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test Cl-,NO3-,CH3COO -,Br-, SO42-
tube and shaken with 2 ml of ions.
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+, and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops of
conc.HCl were added to make the
paste. It was taken and shown to
burner.
6 Ash test: Blue coloured ash is May be due to presence of
To a small quantity of sample 1ml obtained. Al3+ ion.
of cobalt nitrate solution and
conc.HNO3 were added and filter
paper was soaked in the solution
and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion

1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic gas is Absence of CO32- and S2- and
To a small quantity of the salt , evolved. ions.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: Brown fumes is evolved when May be due to the presence
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of the fumes were passed of NO3- ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and through freshly prepared
heated strongly. ferrous sulphate solution is
turned black.

3 Copper turning test: A reddish brown gas is May be due to the presence
To a small quantity the given evolved. of NO3- ions.
sample , a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
H2SO4 added and then heated
strongly.

13
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change Absence of Br-, Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added
,followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance ,3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate using the following test, were
carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: Absence of Br-, Cl- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , No characteristic change
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change Absence of S2-, SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract
dil.acetic acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: A dark brown ring is formed Presence of NO3- ions is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil. at the junction of the two confirmed
H2SO4 was added till the layers.
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml of
sodium nitro prusside was added.
The given salt contains an anion - NO32-

14
 Systematic analysis of cation

1 Test for zero group cation No characteristic change. Absence of ammonium ion.
sodium hydroxide test:
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt , 5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved.
1 Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I cation.
To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II cation.
To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
3 Test for group -III cation: Dirty white precipitate is Presence of group-III cation.
To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of obtained.
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were
added.
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was dissolved in dil.HCl and divided into two parts.
1 To one part of the above solution White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Al3+ ion is
add NaOH solution confirmed.
2 To the other part of the solution A blue lake (a blue ppt. Presence of Al3+ ion is
add a few drops of blue litmus floating in a colourless confirmed.
solution and it will turns pink. solution) is obtained.
Now, add NH4OH solution
dropwise till alkaline and shake.
Allow it to stand
The given salt contains a cation - Al3+
Result :
Hence the given salt is -- Al(NO3)3 Aluminium nitrate.

15
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 6

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of

Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+
and Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific odour Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO-
Noted the smell of the salt and S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32- , S2-,
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test CH3COO-,Cl-, Br- ions
tube.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence
A pinch of salt is taken in test of Cl-,NO3-,CH3COO -,Br-,
tube and shaken with 2 ml of SO42- ions.
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+, and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops
of conc.HCl were added to make
the paste. It was taken and
shown to burner.
6 Ash test: Blue coloured ash is obtained. May be due to presence of
To a small quantity of sample Al3+ ion.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution
and conc.HNO3 were added and
filter paper was soaked in the
solution and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic gas is evolved. Absence of CO32- and S2-
To a small quantity of the salt , and ions.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32-,Cl-, Br-
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
H2SO4 added and then heated
strongly.

16
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-,Br- ions.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added ,
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following
test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change. Absence of Br-,Cl- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: A white precipitate ,insoluble in Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl Conc.HCl is obtained. confirmed.
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: A white precipitate ,soluble in Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract excess of ammonium acetate confirmed.
dil.acetic acid was added till the solution.
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.
H2SO4 was added till the
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.

17
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml
of sodium nitro prusside was
added.
The given salt contains an anion is SO42- ion.

Systematic analysis of cation

1 Test for zero group cation No characteristic change. Absence of ammonium

sodium hydroxide test: ion.
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt , 5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved.
1 Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I cation.
To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II
To the above test tube solution cation.
pass H2S gas
3 Test for group -III cation: Dirty white precipitate is Presence of group-III
To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of obtained. cation.
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were
added.
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was dissolved in dil.HCl and divided into two parts.
1 To one part of the above White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Al3+ ion is
solution add NaOH solution confirmed.
2 To the other part of the solution A blue lake (a blue ppt. floating Presence of Al3+ ion is
add a few drops of blue litmus in a colourless solution) is confirmed.
solution and it will turns pink. obtained.
Now, add NH4OH solution
dropwise till alkaline and shake.
Allow it to stand
The given salt contains a cation - Al3+

Result :
Hence the given salt is -- Al2(SO4)3Aluminium sulphate.

18
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -7
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Colour: White May be due to presence
Noted the colour of the salt of NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+
and Mg2+
2 Smell: Smell of rotten egg is observed. May be due to the
Noted the smell of the salt presence of S2- ion.
3 Dry heating test: A colourless gas with rotten egg Presence of S2- ion.
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test smell which turned lead acetate
tube. vapour into black is evolved.
4 Solubility: Insoluble in water. Absence of Cl-,NO3-, Br-,
A pinch of salt is taken in test CH3COO-,SO42- ions.
tube and shaken with 2 ml of
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+ and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops of
conc.HCl were added to make
the paste. It was taken and
shown to burner.
6 Ash test: Green coloured ash is obtained. May be due to the
To a small quantity of sample presence of Zn2+ ion.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution and
conc.HNO3 were added and filter
paper was soaked in the solution
and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : A colourless gas with rotten May be due to the
To a small quantity of the salt , 1 egg smell which turned lead presence of S2- ion.
ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added . acetate vapour into black is
evolved
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32-,Cl-, Br-
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
H2SO4 added and then heated
strongly.

19
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ,Br- ions.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added ,
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance, a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following
test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change Absence of Cl- ,Br- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: Black precipitate is formed. Presence of S2- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract confirmed.
dil.acetic acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.
H2SO4 was added till the
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: Violet coloration is formed. Presence of S2- ion is
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml confirmed.
of sodium nitroprusside was
added.
20
The given salt contains an anion is S2- ion.
Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation: No characteristic change Absence of zero group
sodium hydroxide test: cation .
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt ,5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved
Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I
1 To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of cation.
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II
To the above test tube solution cation.
pass H2S gas
Test for group -III cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-III
3 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of cation.
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were
added.
Test for group -IV cation: Dirty white precipitate is Presence of group-IV
4 To the above test tube solution obtained. cation.
pass H2S gas
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was dissolved in dil.HCl and divided into two parts.
To one part of the solution added White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ ion is
1 NaOH . excess NaOH solution is confirmed.
obtained.
2 To the other part of the solution White precipitate or bluish Presence of Zn2+ ion is
add a few drops ofpotassium white precipitate is obtained. confirmed.
ferrocyanide solution.
The given salt contains a cation - Zn2+
Result:

Hence, the given salt is ZnS - Zinc sulphide

21
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 8

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+ and
Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific odour Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO-
Noted the smell of the salt and S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32- , S2-,
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test CH3COO-,Cl-, Br- ions
tube.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test tube Cl-,NO3-,CH3COO -,Br-, SO42-
and shaken with 2 ml of water. ions.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+, and Ca2+
A small quantity of sample was ions.
taken in watch glass and drops of
conc.HCl were added to make the
paste. It was taken and shown to
burner.
6 Ash test: Green coloured ash is May be due to the presence
To a small quantity of sample 1ml obtained. of Zn2+ ion.
of cobalt nitrate solution and
conc.HNO3 were added and filter
paper was soaked in the solution
and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic gas is Absence of CO32- and S2- ions.
To a small quantity of the salt , evolved.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32-,Cl-, Br-
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of ions.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and heated
strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper turnings
were added and 1ml of H2SO4
added and then heated strongly.

22
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-,Br- ions.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added ,
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of potassium
dichromate and 1ml of Conc.
H2SO4 was added and heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following
test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change. Absence of Br-,Cl- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: A white precipitate Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl ,insoluble in Conc.HCl is confirmed.
was added till the effervescence obtained.
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: A white precipitate ,soluble Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.acetic in excess of ammonium confirmed.
acid was added till the acetate solution.
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil. H2SO4
was added till the effervescence
and equal volume of freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution
was added along with addition of 1
ml of Conc. H2SO4 along the sides
of test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml of
sodium nitro prusside was added.
The given salt contains an anion is SO42- ion.

23
 Systematic analysis of cation

1 Test for zero group cation: sodium No characteristic change Absence of zero group cation
hydroxide test: .
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt ,5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved
Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I cation.
1 To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II cation.
To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
Test for group -III cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-III cation.
3 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were added.
Test for group -IV cation: Dirty white precipitate is Presence of group-IV cation.
4 To the above test tube solution obtained.
pass H2S gas
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was dissolved in dil.HCl and divided into two parts.
To one part of the solution added White precipitate soluble in Presence of Zn2+ ion is
1 NaOH . excess NaOH solution is confirmed.
obtained.
2 To the other part of the solution White precipitate or bluish Presence of Zn2+ ion is
add a few drops ofpotassium white precipitate is confirmed.
ferrocyanide solution. obtained.
The given salt contains a cation - Zn2+
Result:

Hence, the given salt is ZnSO4- Zinc sulphate

24
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT -9
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+ and
Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific odour Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO-
Noted the smell of the salt and S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: A greenish yellow which May be due to the presence
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test turned starch iodide paper of Cl- ion.
tube. into blue is evolved.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence of
A pinch of salt is taken in test tube Cl-,NO3-,CH3COO -,Br-, SO42-
and shaken with 2 ml of water. ions.
5 Flame test: Grassy-green flame is seen May be due to the presence
A small quantity of sample was of Ba2+ ion.
taken in watch glass and drops of
conc.HCl were added to make the
paste. It was taken and shown to
burner.
6 Ash test: No coloured ash is obtained. Absence of Al3+, Zn2+,Mg2+
To a small quantity of sample 1ml ions.
of cobalt nitrate solution and
conc.HNO3 were added and filter
paper was soaked in the solution
and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic gas is Absence of CO32- and S2-
To a small quantity of the salt , evolved. ions.
1 ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: A colourless pungent smelling May be due to the presence
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml of gas which form dense white of Cl- ion.
Conc. H2SO4 was added and fumes when glass rod is
heated strongly. dipped in HCl.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper turnings
were added and 1ml of H2SO4
added and then heated strongly.

25
4 MnO2 test: A yellowish green colour gas is May be due to the presence
To a small quantity of sample, a evolved which turns moist of Cl- ion.
pinch of MnO2 was added , starch iodide paper blue
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: Red vapours of chromyl May be due to the Presence
To a small quantity of sample of chloride gas is evolved which of Cl- ion.
the substance,a pinch of turns NaOH solution to yellow
potassium dichromate and 1ml of and when lead acetate
Conc. H2SO4 was added and solution is added a yellow
heated. precipitate is obtained.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following
test, were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: A curdy white precipitate Presence of Cl- ion is
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , solution in NH4(OH) is confirmed.
dil.HNO3 was added , till the obtained.
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: No characteristic change Absence of SO42- ions.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium chloride
was added.
3 Lead acetate test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ion.
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.acetic
acid was added till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil. H2SO4
was added till the effervescence
and equal volume of freshly
prepared ferrous sulphate solution
was added along with addition of
1 ml of Conc. H2SO4 along the
sides of test tube.
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml of
sodium nitro prusside was added.
The given salt contains an anion is Cl- ion.
26
 Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation: sodium No characteristic change Absence of zero group
hydroxide test: cation .
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt ,5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved
Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I cation.
1 To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II cation.
To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
Test for group -III cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-III cation.
3 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were
added.
Test for group -IV cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-IV cation.
4 To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
Test for group -V cation: White precipitate is obtained. Presence of V group cation.
5 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of
ammonium chloride and
ammonium carbonate and
ammonium hydroxide was added.
Confirmatory test for cation :
The solution of white precipitate was dissolved in dil acetic acid and divided into two parts.
To one part of the above solution Yellow precipitate is obtained. Presence of Ba2+ ion is
1 added a few drops of potassium confirmed.
chromate solution.
2 To second part of the solution White precipitate is obtained. Presence of Ba2+ ion is
dil.H2SO4 was added. confirmed.
The given salt contains a cation - Ba2+

Result:

Hence, the given salt is BaCl2- Barium chloride.

27
 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 10

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1 Colour: White May be due to presence of
Noted the colour of the salt NH4+,Pb2+,Al3+,Zn2+,Ba2+ and
Mg2+
2 Smell: No specific odour Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and
Noted the smell of the salt S2- ions
3 Dry heating test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32- , S2-,
Heated a pinch of salt in dry test CH3COO-,Cl-, Br- ions
tube.
4 Solubility: Soluble in water. May due to the presence of Cl-
A pinch of salt is taken in test ,NO3-,CH3COO -,Br-, SO42- ions.
tube and shaken with 2 ml of
water.
5 Flame test: No characteristic change. Absence of Ba2+, and Ca2+ ions.
A small quantity of sample was
taken in watch glass and drops
of conc.HCl were added to make
the paste. It was taken and
shown to burner.
6 Ash test: Pink coloured ash is obtained. May be due to the Presence of
To a small quantity of sample Mg2+ ion.
1ml of cobalt nitrate solution
and conc.HNO3 were added and
filter paper was soaked in the
solution and burned in ashes.
Systematic analysis of anion
1 Dil. H2SO4 test : No characteristic gas is Absence of CO32- and S2- ions.
To a small quantity of the salt 1 evolved.
ml of the dil.H2SO4 was added.
Conc. H2SO4test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO32-,Cl-, Br- ions.
2 To a small quantity of salt, 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated strongly.
3 Copper turning test: No characteristic change. Absence of NO3- ion.
To a small quantity the given
sample, a pinch of copper
turnings were added and 1ml of
H2SO4 added and then heated
strongly.

28
4 MnO2 test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl-,Br- ions.
To a small quantity of sample, a
pinch of MnO2 was added ,
followed by addition of 1ml of
Conc. H2SO4 and heated
strongly.
5 Chromyl chloride test: No characteristic change. Absence of Cl- ion.
To a small quantity of sample of
the substance,a pinch of
potassium dichromate and 1ml
of Conc. H2SO4 was added and
heated.
Preparation of sodium carbonate extract:
To 1 g of substance, 3g of sodium carbonate and 5ml of distilled water were added, boiled for about 5
minutes and centrifuged. The clear solution is known as sodium carbonate extract using the following test,
were carried out.
1 Silver nitrate test: No characteristic change. Absence of Br-,Cl- ion.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract ,
dil.HNO3 was added , till the
effervescence and then 1 ml of
AgNO3 solution was added.
2 Barium chloride test: A white precipitate ,insoluble Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.HCl in Conc.HCl is obtained. confirmed.
was added till the effervescence
and then 1 ml of barium
chloride was added.
3 Lead acetate test: A white precipitate ,soluble in Presence of SO42- ion is
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract excess of ammonium acetate confirmed.
dil.acetic acid was added till the solution.
effervescence and then 1 ml of
lead acetate solution was
added.
4 Brown ring test: No characteristic change Absence of NO3- ions
To 1ml of Na2CO3 extract dil.
H2SO4 was added till the
effervescence and equal volume
of freshly prepared ferrous
sulphate solution was added
along with addition of 1 ml of
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of
test tube.

29
5 Sodium nitro prusside test: No characteristic change Absence of S2- ions.
To 1 ml of Na2CO3 extract , 1 ml
of sodium nitroprusside was
added.
The given salt contains an anion is SO42- ion.
Systematic analysis of cation
1 Test for zero group cation: No characteristic change Absence of zero group cation .
sodium hydroxide test:
To a small quantity of the given
sample, 1ml of NaOH was added
and then warmed.
Preparation of test solution
To a small amount of the salt ,5 ml of distilled water was added and dissolved
Test for group -I cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-I cation.
1 To 1ml of salt solution ,1 ml of
dil.HCl was added.
2 Test for group -II cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -II cation.
To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
Test for group -III cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-III cation.
3 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of
ammonium chloride and
ammonium hydroxide were
added.
Test for group -IV cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group-IV cation.
4 To the above test tube solution
pass H2S gas
Test for group -V cation: No characteristic change. Absence of group -V cation.
5 To 1 ml of salt solution , 1ml of
ammonium chloride and
ammonium carbonate and
ammonium hydroxide was
added.
6 Test for group -VI cation: To the White precipitate is obtained Presence of group -VI cation.
above test tube solution add
Na2HPO4
Confirmatory test for cation :
To 1ml of salt solution, NH4Cl, White precipitate scratching Presence of Mg2+ ion is
1 NH4OH was added, followed by inner wall of the test tube. confirmed.
the addition of NaH2PO4
solution.

30
2 To 1 ml of salt solution dil.HCl blue precipitate / coluration is Presence of Mg2+ ion is
and Magneson reagent was obtained. confirmed.
added.
The given salt contains a cation - Mg2+

Result:

Hence, the given salt is MgSO4- Magnesium sulphate

31