1).

ASKING ABOUT THE PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN MAAN

DHAN PENSION YOJANA.
 ADVISED TO CONTACT NEAREST LIFE INSURANCE
OFFICE /ESIC/ BLOCK AGRICULTURE OFFICER.

WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE SYMPTOMS BETWEEN

FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION?
 The most prominent symptom in fungal wilts is xylem vascular discoloration
and in bacterial wilts the presence of bacterial ooze, vascular discoloration and
rot.

2). ASKING ABOUT HOW TO MINIMIZE ACIDITY LEVEL IN

SOIL.
 IT IS ADVISABLE TO APPLY DOLOMITE /LIME @ 200 G/M 2.
LIME SHOULD BE APPLIED AT LEAST 30 DAYS BEFORE
PLANTING.
 Apply dolomite @ 2 t/ha to reduce the soil acidity and increase pH to 7.2
(6 weeks before planting @ 2.5 t/ha)

 To increase 0.1% pH lime 200 kg/acre , to decrease 1% pH 200kg

gypsum/acre

3). ASKING ABOUT THE CONTROL OF RODENTS AND WILD
BOAR.
 TO CONTROL RATS, PIECES OF PAPAYA FRUIT ARE
SPREAD NEAR THE BUNDS OF THE FIELD. PAPAYA HAS A
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE WHICH CAUSE TISSUE DAMAGE IN
THE MOUTH OF THE RATS FEEDING ON IT. FOR 1 ACRE, 3
FRUITS ARE REQUIRED

 ECODON for BOAR

The solution diluted with water in 1: 3 ratio is used to soak cotton rope to
tie around the crop field at one foot height. This shall be effective for one
month.

 ECODON GR -Usage for RATS:

1. Mix well 2 kg ECODON Granules with 10 Kg sand.
2. Clean the bunds from grass and spread the diluted granules on the inner edge
o bund
3. NOTE : Close the rat holes before application.
4). PREPARATION OF 1% BORDEAUX MIXTURE MATERIALS
REQUIRED

COPPER SULPHATE POWDER - 1 KG

LIME - 1 KG
WATER - 100 LITRES

METHODOLOGY
1 KG OF COPPER SULPHATE POWDER IS DISSOLVED IN 50
LITRES OF WATER. SIMILARLY, 1 KG OF LIME IS POWDERED
AND DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER 50 LITRES OF WATER. THEN
COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION IS SLOWLY ADDED TO LIME
SOLUTION WITH CONSTANT STIRRING OR ALTERNATIVELY,
BOTH THE SOLUTIONS MAY BE POURED SIMULTANEOUSLY
TO A THIRD CONTAINED AND MIXED WELL.

5). PREPARATION OF 0.5% BORDEAUX MIXTURE

MATERIALS REQUIRED

COPPER SULPHATE POWDER - 1/2 KG

LIME - 1/2 KG
WATER - 50 LITRES

METHODOLOGY
1/2
KG OF COPPER SULPHATE POWDER IS DISSOLVED IN 25
1/2
LITRES OF WATER. SIMILARLY, KG OF LIME IS
POWDERED AND DISSOLVED IN ANOTHER 25 LITRES OF
WATER. THEN COPPER SULPHATE SOLUTION IS SLOWLY
ADDED TO LIME SOLUTION WITH CONSTANT STIRRING OR
ALTERNATIVELY, BOTH THE SOLUTIONS MAY BE POURED
SIMULTANEOUSLY TO A THIRD CONTAINED AND MIXED
WELL.

 IN GENERAL, 1% BORDEAUX MIXTURE IS APPLIED TO

HARDY PLANT PARTS SUCH AS ROOTS, STEM AND 0.5%
OF MIXTURE IS APPLIED ON LEAF/FOLIAGE.

6). BORDEAUX PASTE

10 PER CENT BORDEAUX MIXTURE AND IS PREPARED BY
MIXING 1 KG OF COPPER SULPHATE AND 1 KG OF LIME IN
10 LITRES OF WATER. THE METHOD OF MIXING SOLUTION IS
SIMILAR TO THAT OF BORDEAUX MIXTURE.
 IT IS A WOUND DRESSER AND USED TO PROTECT THE
WOUNDED PORTIONS, CUT ENDS OF TREES ETC., AGAINST
THE INFECTION BY FUNGAL PATHOGENS.

 TESTS TO DETERMINE PH OF THE PREPARED

BORDEAUX MIXTURE
THE RATIO OF COPPER SULPHATE TO LIME SOLUTION DETERMINES THE PH OF THE MIXTURE. THE
MIXTURE PREPARED IN THE ABOVE SAID RATIO GIVES NEUTRAL OR ALKALINE MIXTURE. IF THE
QUALITY OF THE USED MATERIALS IS INFERIOR, THE MIXTURE MAY BECOME ACIDIC. IF THE
MIXTURE IS ACIDIC, IT CONTAINS FREE COPPER WHICH IS HIGHLY PHYTOTOXIC RESULTING IN
SCORCHING OF THE PLANTS. THEREFORE, IT IS HIGHLY ESSENTIAL TO TEST THE PRESENCE OF FREE
COPPER IN THE MIXTURE BEFORE APPLIED.

METHOD TO TEST THE NEUTRALITY OF THE MIXTURE

FIELD TEST: DIP A WELL POLISHED KNIFE OR A SICKLE IN

THE MIXTURE FOR FEW MINUTES. IF REDDISH DEPOSIT
APPEARS ON THE KNIFE/SICKLE, IT INDICATES THE ACIDIC
NATURE OF THE MIXTURE.

 CAN ACT AS FUNGICIDE, BACTERICIDE AND ALGAECIDE.

 APPLICABLE TO TOMATO, POTATO, CHILLI, OTHER
VEGETABLES, FRUITS (ORANGE, LIME, LEMON), BEETEL
VINE, GINGER, FLOWER AND ORNAMENTAL PLANT
DISEASES SUCH AS FOOT ROT, STEM ROT, LEAF SPOT,
LEAF BLIGHT, ANTHRACNOSE, CANKER, DAMPING OFF,
BLACK SPOT, DOWNY MILDEW, LATE AND EARLY BLIGHT
ETC.

7). PEST CONTROL FOR SNAILS

MATERIALS REQUIRED
PLANT ASH
SAW DUSTS
SAND OR CRUSHED EGGSHELLS

METHODOLOGY
TAKE EQUAL RATIO (1:1) OF PLANT ASH : SAW DUSTS,
SAND OR EGG SHELLS. SPRINKLE ENOUGH ASH, SAND, OR
CRUSHED EGG SHELLS AT THE BASE OF THE PLANTS. THE
SNAILS ARE SENSITIVE TO HARSH OBJECTS WHICH
PREVENT THEM FROM CRAWLING INTO THE PLANTS.
KEEP THESE SUBSTANCES DRY MORE EFFECTIVENESS
BECAUSE SNAILS ARE PROBLEMATIC ONLY WHEN THE
SOIL IS MOIST.

8) . ASKING ABOUT THE CONTROL OF ANTS & CUT WORM.

 ADVISED TO APPLY MIXTURE OF WATER, COW URINE
AND NEEM OIL (8L+2L+50ML) @ 100ML/ PLANT AT
WEEKLY INTERVAL.

9) . ASKING ABOUT THE CONTOL OF ROOT KNOT

NEMATODE.
 ADVISED TO APPLY NEEM CAKE @ 250 KG/HA.
 GARLIC EXTARCT

10) . ASKING ABOUT THE CONTROL OF BIRDS.

 ERECTION OF BIRD PERCHES @ 20-25/HA IN THE FIELD.

BIO-FUNGICIDES

 Pseudomonas fluorescens - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

@ 5 GM/KG OF SEED (SEED TREATMENT)
@ 100 GM/L PRIOR TO PLANTING (SEEDLING TREATMENT)

 Trichoderma Viride - (ANTAGONISTIC FUNGICIDE)

@ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)
@ 5 GM/KG OF SEED (SEED TREATMENT)
@ 100 GM/L PRIOR TO PLANTING (SEEDLING TREATMENT)

 Bacillus subtillis - @ 4-5 GM/KG (SEED TREATMENT)

@ 100 GM/L PRIOR TO PLANTING (SEEDLING TREATMENT)
@ 5KG/HA (SOIL APPLICATION)
(Control- blight, powdery mildew, downy mildew,early blight, late
blight,citrus cancker, anthracnose)

 COPPER OXYCHLORIDE- 50 % @ 4 GM/L OF WATER

0.3% @ 3 GM/L OF WATER
0.25% @ 2.5 GM/L OF WATER
0.2% @ 2GM/L OF WATER
 NEEM SEED KERNEL EXTRACT - @5%, 50gm/Ltr of water.
 RICH AGRI GUARD- @ 1.5 - 2 ML/L OF WTAER

 Allow cow urine to ferment for 1 week. Mix 1 liter of cow urine
with 10 liters of water.
  Spray crop 3 times at 15 day interval, starting one month after
planting. (blight)

BIO-INSECTICIDES

 Bacillus thuringiensis - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

@ 5 KG/HA (SOIL APPLICATION)
(Control- Jassids,aphids, white fly, fruit fly)

 Beauveria bassiana - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

 @ 2.5 KG/HA (SOIL APPLICATION)
(control- Fruit borer, white fly, mealy bug, aphids, red ant, thrips)

 Azadirachtin (BIO-PESTICIDES)
1% EC (10000 PPM) @ 3 ML/L OF WATER
0.15% EC (1500 PPM) @ 2-3 ML/L OF WATER
0.3% EC @ 5 ML/L OF WATER
3% EC @ 2 ML/L OF WATER
5% EC @ 2.5 ML/L OF WATER

 Metarhizium anisopliae - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

@ 2.5 KG/HA (SOIL APPLICATION)

 Verticillium lecanii - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

(Control- white fly, jassids, aphids)

 Helicoverpa Armigera (npv) - @ 250 LE/HA (LARVA)

(Control- stem borer, pink borer)

 SPINOSAD 45 SC - @ 1ML/5L OF WTAER (SPRAY)

(CATERPILLAR, THRIPS, FRUIT BORER, BOLL WORM,
DIAMOND BLACK MOTH)

 PETOLEUM OIL BASED SPRAY - @ 10ML/L OF WATER

 RICH HELP GUARD - @ 1.5 - 2ML/L OF WATER

 GARLIC EXTRACT 5% - 50ML/L OF WATER

BIO-NEMATICIDES

 Pseudomonas fluorescens - @ 10 KG/HA

 NEEM CAKE - @ 250 KG/HA

 PAECILOMYCES LILACINUS @5 kg /ha ALONG WITH ANY

DECOMPOST ORGANIC FERTILIZER.

 PLANTS SUSCEPTIBLE- TOMATO,SQUASH, PEAS, PUMPKIN,

PARSLEY,GOURD,CARROT, BEANS, BEETROOT, CELERY, CUCUMBER,
BRINJAL, OKRA.

ACARICIDES/SPIDER

 NEEM BASED PESTICIDES @ 3ML/L OF WATER

 NEEM OIL 0.3% EC @ 5 ML/L OF WATER

 Verticillium lecanii - @ 5 GM/L OF WATER (SPRAY)

 PETOLEUM OIL BASED SPRAY - @ 10ML/L OF WATER

`
 Paecilomyces fumosoroseus @ 5 GM/L OF WATER

 Pheromone traps - American boll worm, spotted boll worm, pink boll worm,
dimond back moth, white grubs
Lures containing sex pheromones are placed into insect trap and erected in the field at a
recommended spacing. The lure will release the sex pheromone at a constant rate over a
period of 2-4 weeks. Male moths are attracted and while attempting for mating, fall into
a container having pesticide.

 Yellow sticky traps - White flies, aphids, leaf miners (Cotton, mustard, vegetable
and flowers)

 Blue sticky traps - Thrips (Cotton, paddy, vegetables and flowers)

 White sticky traps - Flea beetles, plant bugs (Vegetable and fruits)

 Pit fall traps - Larvae of Army worm, cut worm, white grub and
invertebrates (Ground nut, sugarcane, fruit crops, banana, coffee)

TERMITE CONTROL
 DEEP SUMMER PLOUGHING
 CROP ROTATION WITH LEGUMINOUS CROPS
 APPLY NEEM POWDER/CAKE @ 50KG/HA AT SOWING

 How the stem borer in citrus can be controlled?

 The hole in the stem is to be located. A wire with a cotton swab of
petrol/kerosene is to be smeared through out the funnel both ways –
upward and downward. Once the insect comes out the hole is then
plugged with mud.

Detailed recipe to prepare 10 litres of Neem Seed Kernel Extract

(NSKE):
1. Grind 500 grams (g) of neem seed kernels in a mill or pound in a
mortar.
2. Mix crushed neem seed with 10 litres of water. It is necessary to use a
lot of water because the active ingredients do not dissolve easily. Stir the
mixture well.
3. Leave to stand for at least 5 hours in a shady area.
4. Spray the neem water directly onto vegetables using a sprayer or straw
brush. Neem water can be stored and will remain effective for 3 to 6 days
if it is kept in the dark.

Bio-fumigation
 Bio-fumigation is based on incorporating soil amendment (fresh
plant mass, manure) into the soil, which will release chemical
substances, known as isothiocyanates (ITC's), able to suppress soil-
borne pests and diseases, plus a soil heater to enhance biological
activities.

 Plants from Cruciferae family (cabbage, radish, cauliflower etc.)

release large amount of these toxic to soil-borne pests and diseases
substances - in the soil and are considered the best material for bio-
fumigation.
 How to do it:
 Incorporate the fresh mass into the soil. This can be done directly if
the mass is coming from grown crop or plant mass taken from
elsewhere and brought into the plot or field. If the mass is transported
to the field, the soil should be well prepared before the incorporation.
During transportation and storage of these organic materials in the
field, care must be taken not to lose the gases produced from bio-
degradation, by covering the piles of the bio-fumigant with plastic
until the time of application.
 A dose of 50 t/ha is recommended, although when problems with
nematodes or fungi are very serious, 100 t/ha should be applied, a
dose that can be reduced by choosing a cultivation techniques such as
 application in furrows.
 The bio-fumigant should be distributed uniformly, so that no
concentration of pathogens will appear that could create problems for
the crop. Once the bio fumigant is distributed, it should be
incorporated immediately into the soil.
 Water the field, if possible by sprinkling, until the soil is saturated,
although watering can be done by flooding, or drip irrigation can be
installed.
 Cover the soil surface tightly with a transparent plastic film for at
least 2 weeks to retain the gases produced from the bio-degradation of
the organic matter. This could be the same plastic as the one used for
soil solarisation.
 The film is removed 3-4 weeks after and the soil slightly removed in
order to permit the gases to escape from soil.
 Planting of the interested crop can be done 24 hours later.

NEEM SEED KERNAL EXTRACT 5%

MATERIAL REQUIRED

FOR PREPARATION OF 100 LITERS OF 5% NSKE SOLUTION,

FOLLOWING MATERIAL ARE REQUIRED

 NEEM SEED KERNELS (WELL DRIED) – 5 KG

 WATER (REASONABLY GOOD QUALITY) – 100 LITRES
 DETERGENT - 200 G
 MUSLIN CLOTH FOR FILTERING

METHODOLOGY
 TAKE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF NEEM SEED KERNEL (5
KG )
 GRIND THE KERNELS GENTLY TO POWDER IT
 SOAK IT OVERNIGHT IN 10 LITER OF WATER.
 STIR WITH WOODEN PLANK IN THE MORNING TILL
SOLUTION BECOMES MILKY WHITE
 FILTER THROUGH DOUBLE LAYER OF MUSLIN CLOTH AND
MAKE THE VOLUME TO 100 LITER
 ADD 1% DETERGENT (MAKE A PASTE OF THE DETERGENT
AND THEN MIX IT IN THE SPRAY SOLUTION)
 MIX THE SPRAY SOLUTION WELL AND USE

THINGS TO BE TAKEN CARE

 COLLECT THE NEEM FRUITS DURING BEARING SEASON
AND AIR-DRY THEM UNDER SHADE.
 DO NOT USE THE SEEDS OVER EIGHT MONTHS OF AGE.
THE SEEDS STORED OVER AND ABOVE THIS AGE LOSE
THEIR ACTIVITY AND HENCE NOT FIT FOR NSKE
PREPARATION.
 ALWAYS USE FRESHLY PREPARED NEEM SEED KERNEL
EXTRACT (NSKE).
 SPRAY THE EXTRACT AFTER 3.30 PM TO GET EFFECTIVE
RESULTS.

PREPARING SPRAY SOLUTION

 NEEM KERNEL EXTRACTS (500 TO 2000 ML) IS REQUIRED
PER TANK (10 LITERS CAPACITY).
 3-5 KG OF NEEM KERNEL IS REQUIRED FOR AN ACRE.
REMOVE THE OUTER SEED COAT AND USE ONLY THE
KERNEL.
 IF THE SEEDS ARE FRESH, 3 KG OF KERNEL IS SUFFICIENT.
IF THE SEEDS ARE OLD, 5 KG ARE REQUIRED.
 POUND THE KERNEL GENTLY AND TIE IT LOOSELY WITH A
COTTON CLOTH. SOAK THIS OVERNIGHT IN A VESSEL
CONTAINING 10 LITRE OF WATER. AFTER THIS, IT IS
FILTERED.
 ON FILTERING, 6-7 LITRE OF EXTRACT CAN BE OBTAINED.
500-1000 ML OF THIS EXTRACT SHOULD BE DILUTED WITH
9 ½ OR 9 LITRES OF WATER. BEFORE SPRAYING KHADI
SOAP SOLUTION @ 10 ML/LITRE SHOULD BE ADDED TO
HELP THE EXTRACT STICK WELL TO THE LEAF SURFACE.
THIS CONCENTRATION OF THE EXTRACT CAN BE
INCREASED OR DECREASED DEPENDING ON THE
INTENSITY OF PEST ATTACK

PESTS CONTROLLED
BEETLE LARVAE, BUTTERFLY AND MOTH CATERPILLARS,
STALK BORERS, TRUE BUGS, PLANT AND LEAF-HOPPERS,
ADULT BEETLES, THRIPS, FRUIT FLIES, SCALE INSECTS,
MEALY BUGS ETC.

GARLIC EXTRACT
 GRIND/ PASTE 100GM GARLIC AND MIX IN 50 ML
KEROSENE, KEEP IT FOR 24 HRS.
 THEN ADD 500 ML WATER AND 10 GM SAW DUST SHAKE IT
WELL FOR PROPER MIXING AND KEEP THE POT IN DARK
AND TIGHT CONDITION.
 THEN DURING SPRAY TAKE 1 PART MIXTURE AND ADD IT
 15TH VOLUME OF WATER (1:15) AND SPRAY.
 EFFECTIVE AGAINST INSECTS, MITES AND ROOT KNOT
NEMATODE.

CHILLI EXTRACT
 IN A TUBE TAKE 4CUPS OF DRY RED CHILLI OR FIVE CUP
CHILLI SEED, MIX WITH LITTLE WATER AND BOIL FOR A
WHILE 15-20 MINS.
 THEN MIX WITH IT 3 LTRS OF WATER AND COOL IT,
FURTHER MIX SOAP DUST AND SHAKE IT FOR PROPER
MIXING.
 NOW THE MIXTURE IS READY FOR SPRAYING
 EFFECTIVE AGAINST ANTS, LARVAE, MEALY BUGS.

 ASKING ABOUT FISH POND FERTILIZATION BEFORE FISH

STOCKING

 FIRST REMOVE AQUATIC PLANT APPLY LIME @ 26 KG PER BIGHA AS

INITIAL DOSE MIX LIME WITH WATER AND KEEP IT FOR 1 NIGHT
AND BROADCAST ON THE NEXT DAY AFTER 7 DAYS APPLY RAW
COW DUNG @ 130 KG PER BIGHA. SOAK THE COW DUNG IN
SUITABLE AMOUNT OF WATER AND APPLY IN THE POND AFTER 7
DAYS APPLY UREA @ 3.5 KG PER BIGHA MIX WITH SSP @ 2.7 KG PER
BIGHA IN WATER AND THEN AFTER THES MIXTURE GET DISSOLVED
APPLY IT IN THE POND AFTER 7 DAYS YOU CAN START FISH
STOCKING

 ASKING ABOUT THE FISH BEHAVIOUR OF COMING UP TO THE

SURFACE.

 AERATION EARLY IN THE MORNING AND EARLY EVENING - SPILT

BAMBOO CAN BE USED TO DISTURBED THE SURFACE OF THE POND
FOR THE OXYGEN TO MIX. OTHERWISE BUY AN AERATOR, OR
OXYGEN TABLET FROM PHARMACY AND APPLY ACCORDINGLY
AFTER ASKING THE PHARMACIST AS DIFFERENT COMPANY BRAND
WILL HAVE DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN. POTASSIUM
PERMANGANATE CRYSTAL SHOULD BE APPLIED FOR 2 - 3GM OR 2-3
CRYSTAL MIX IN WATER AND SPRAY IT IN THE POND AND DO THIS
AT NIGHT AND REPEAT AFTER 4DAYS. FOR FEEDING 2KG PER DAY
CAN BE PROVIDED FOR AVERAGE 450GM OF FISH. AND THE FEED
SHOULD BE KEPT IN A SACK OF ONION FIXED IN THE POND BY A
BAMBOO POLE AND THE SACK SHOULD BE MADE WITH HOLE AT
THE BOTTOM

 Preparation of Beejamruta –
 Put 5 kg fresh cow dung in a cloth bag and suspend in a container
filled with water to extract the soluble ingredients of dung.
 Suspend 50 g lime in 1 lit water separately.
 After 12 – 16 hours squeeze the bag to collect extract and add 5 lit
cow urine, 50 gm virgin forest soil, lime water and 20 lit water.
 Incubate for 8-12 hours. Filter the contents. The filtrate is used for
seed treatment.
 Some important formulations for soil enrichment Preparation of liquid
manures. Few important and widely used formulations are given
below:

 Sanjivak – Mix 100 kg cow dung, 100 lit cow urine and 500 gm
jaggary in 300 lit of water in a 500-lit closed drum.
 Ferment for 10 days. Dilute with 20 times water and sprinkle in one
acre either as soil spray or along with irrigation water.

 Jivamrut – Mix cow dung 10 kg, cow urine 10 lit, Jaggary 2 kg, any
pulse grain flour 2 kg and Live forest soil 1 kg in 200 lit water.
 Ferment for 5 to 7 days. Stir the solution regularly three times a day.
Use in one acre with irrigation water.

 Amritpani - Mix 10 kg cow dung with 500 gm honey and mix

thoroughly to form a creamy paste.
 Add 250 gm of cow desi ghee and mix at high speed. Dilute with 200
lit water. Sprinkle this suspension in one acre over soil or with irrigation
water. After 30 days apply second dose in between the row of plants or
through irrigation water.