pcs lab

K.L.E.
Society's
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI-27
(AICTE approved, Affiliated to VTU and ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
(NBA Accredited Program)
K.L.E.S.
Opposite Airport, Gokul, Hubballi-580 027. Dist.: Dharwad, Karnataka, India.
Phone: 0836-2232 664, 681 Fax: 0836-2330688, E-mail: hod_ece@kleit.ac.in, website: www.kleit.ac.in
Laboratory Manual
for
IV SEMESTER
PRINCIPALS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

LABORATORY MANUAL
21ECL46
Prepared by: Mr. Kotresk B. K. & Miss. Supriya Puttappanavar
Approved by: Dr. G. A. Bidkar

SEMESTER – IV (CBCS) and (OBE)
PCS LABORATORY (BEC402)
Vision and Mission of the Department
Vision
Prepare professionals embodied with competence and values to meet the challenges in the field of
Electronics and Communication Engineering.
Mission
m1. Providing hands-on experience with state-of-the-art hardware and software infrastructure,
enhancing competency of committed faculty to meet the requirements of industry and research
institutions.
m2. Inculcating theoretical and practical foundations and design and development skills necessary for
lifelong learning.
m3. Organizing value addition courses and continuous industry-institute interactions for bridging the gap
between academia and industry.
m4. Imbibing human values and ethics to make them socially responsible professionals.
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

1. Graduates of the program will be able to apply the knowledge of Basic Sciences, mathematics and
engineering fundamentals to provide solutions to the problems in the field of Electronics and
Communication.
2. Graduates of the program will be able to choose professional career in electronics and
communication fields, research, entrepreneurship, academia, and engineering and administrative
services.
3. Graduates of the program will be able to design, install and commission, operate and maintain
electronics and communication systems.
4. Graduates of the program will be able to demonstrate interpersonal skills and lifelong learning
attitude in their profession.
5. Graduates of the program will be able to address and solve ethically the issues related to profession,
society and environment.
Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 2

Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and
an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse

teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
PSO.1: Analyze, design, build and test analog, digital communication and embedded systems for given
specifications.

Pre-requisites:
i. Fundamentals of Analog Modulation Techniques
ii.Fundamentals of Digital Modulation Techniques
Course Outcomes-CO
1. Understand and analyse concepts of Analog Modulation schemes viz; AM, FM
2. Design and analyse the electronic circuits for AM and FM modulation and demodulation.
3. Understand the concepts of random variable and random process to model communication systems.
4. Understand and analyse the concepts of digitization of signals.
5. Evolve the concept of SNR in the presence of channel induced noise
CO-PO Mapping
PSO1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Analyze, design, build and test

analog, digital communication and
given
Project management and finance
Design/development of solutions
Environment and sustainability
Individual and team work
for
Conduct investigations of
The engineer and society

Engineering knowledge
Course Outcomes-CO
systems
Modern tool usage
complex problems
Life-long learning
Problem analysis
Communication
specifications.
embedded
Ethics
Understand and analyse

concepts of Analog
Modulation schemes viz; 1 1 2 - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 1 3
AM, FM.
Design and analyse the

electronic circuits for AM
2 3 2 - 1 - 2 3 3 - 1 3
and FM modulation and
demodulation
Understand the concepts

of random variable and
random process to model 2 1 2 - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 1 3
communication systems.
Understand and analyse

the concepts of
digitization of signals. 2 1 2 - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 1 3

Evolve the concept of
SNR in the presence of
channel induced noise 2 1 2 - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 1 3
Overal 2 2 2 - 1 - - 2 3 3 - 1 3

Course Content
Si. No. Title

1 Basic Signals and Signal Graphing: a) unit Step, b) Rectangular, c) standard
triangle d) sinusoidal and e)Exponential signal.
2 Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a rectangular

pulse.
3 Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

signals and its spectrums.
4 Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

5 Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its
spectrum.
6 Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing.
7 PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding
8 Generate a)NRZ, RZ and Raised cosine pulse, b) Generate and plot eye diagram
9 Generate the Probability density function of Gaussian distribution function.

10 Display the signal and its spectrum of an audio signal.

Si. Title
No.
1 Basic Signals and Signal Graphing: a) unit Step, b) Rectangular, c) standard
triangle d) sinusoidal and e)Exponential signal.
Program:
a) Unit step
% Define the time range

t = -5:0.01:5;
% Define the unit step signal function
unit_step = @(t) (t >= 0);
% Generate the unit step signal
unit_step_signal = unit_step(t);
% Plotting
plot(t, unit_step_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
b) Rectangular

t = -5:0.01:5;
% Define the rectangular signal function
rectangular = @(t, width) (abs(t) <= width/2);
% Set the width of the rectangular signal
width_rectangular = 2;
% Generate the rectangular signal
rectangular_signal = rectangular(t, width_rectangular);

% Plotting
plot(t, rectangular_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Signal');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
c) Standard Triangle

t = -5:0.01:5;
% Define the standard triangle signal function
standard_triangle = @(t, period) (1 - abs(mod(t, period) -
period/2) / (period/2));
% Set the period of the triangle signal
period_triangle = 2;
% Generate the standard triangle signal
standard_triangle_signal = standard_triangle(t, period_triangle);
% Plotting
plot(t, standard_triangle_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Standard Triangle Signal');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

d) Sinusoidal

t = -5:0.01:5;
% Define the parameters for the sinusoidal signal
frequency_sine = 1; % Frequency in Hz
phase_sine = pi/4; % Phase shift in radians
% Generate the sinusoidal signal
sinusoidal_signal = sin(2*pi*frequency_sine*t + phase_sine);
% Plotting
plot(t, sinusoidal_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

e) Exponential signal

t = -5:0.01:5;
% Define the parameters for the exponential signal
alpha_exp = 0.5; % Decay rate
% Generate the exponential signal
exponential_signal = exp(alpha_exp * t);
% Plotting
plot(t, exponential_signal, 'c', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Exponential Signal');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;

Si. No. Title

2 Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a
rectangular pulse.
Program:
% Define time vector
t = -1:0.01:1;
% Generate rectangular pulse
rect_pulse = rectpuls(t, 0.5); % Rectangular pulse with width 0.5
units
% Compute Fourier Transform
fft_pulse = fftshift(fft(rect_pulse));
frequencies = linspace(-1, 1, length(fft_pulse));
% Plotting
figure;
% Time Domain Plot
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, rect_pulse, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Pulse in Time Domain');
xlabel('Time');
grid on;
% Frequency Domain Plot
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(frequencies, abs(fft_pulse), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Pulse in Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude');
grid on;
Result:

Si. No. Title

3 Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant
Program:
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector
Fc = 100; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
Am = 0.5; % Modulation depth (amplitude of modulating signal)
Fm = 10; % Modulating frequency (Hz)
% Modulating signal (message signal)

m = Am*sin(pi*Fm*t);
% Carrier signal
c = sin(pi*Fc*t);
% Modulated signal (AM signal)

s = (1 + m).*c;
% Demodulation
s_demod = s .* c; % Demodulation by multiplying with carrier
% Plotting
figure;
% Time Domain Plots

subplot(4, 1, 1);
plot(t, m, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulating Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
grid on;
subplot(4, 1, 2);
plot(t, c, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
grid on;
subplot(4, 1, 3);
plot(t, s, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulated Signals');
xlabel('Time (s)');
legend('Modulated Signal');
grid on;
subplot(4, 1, 4);
plot(t, s_demod, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Demodulated Signals');
xlabel('Time (s)');
legend( 'Demodulated Signal');
Result:

Si. No. Title

4 Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant
Program:
fs=10000;
ac=1;
am=1;
fm=35;
fc=500;
b=5;
t=(0:0.1*fs)/fs;
wc=2*pi*fc;
wm=2*pi*fm;
mt=am*cos(wm*t);
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,mt);
title('modulating signal');
ct=ac*cos(wc*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,ct);
title('carrier signal');
st=ac*cos((wc*t)+b*sin(wm*t));
subplot(4,1,3);
hold on;
plot(t,st);
plot(t,mt,'r');
hold off;
title('modulated signal');
d=demod(st,fc,fs,'fm');
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,d);
title('demodulated signal');
Fs = 100;
%sampling frq
t = (0:2*Fs+1)/Fs;
Fc = 10; % Carrier frequency
%x = sin(2*pi*2*t); % message signal
Ac=1;
% spectrum of fm
%xfm=fmmod(x,Fc,Fs,10);
zfm = fft(st);
zfm = abs(zfm(1:length(zfm)/2+1));
frqfm = (0:length(zfm)-1)*Fs/length(zfm)/2;
figure(2);

plot(frqfm,zfm);
title('Spectrum of fm signal');
Result:

Si. No. Title

5 Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its
spectrum.
Program:
% Sampling and Reconstruction of Low Pass Signals
clc;
clear all;
close all;
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
duration = 1; % Duration of signal (seconds)
f_signal = 50; % Signal frequency (Hz)
A_signal = 1; % Signal amplitude
% Time vector
t = 0:T:duration-T;
% Generate low-pass signal
x = A_signal * sin(2*pi*f_signal*t);
% Plot original signal and its spectrum
figure;
subplot(2, 2, 1);
plot(t, x, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
% Compute and plot spectrum of original signal
X = fft(x);
frequencies = linspace(0, Fs, length(X));
subplot(2, 2, 2);
plot(frequencies, abs(X), 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Spectrum of Original Signal');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
xlim([0, Fs/2]);
% Sampling
Fs_new = 200; % New sampling frequency (Hz)
T_new = 1/Fs_new; % New sampling perio
t_new = 0:T_new:duration-T_new;
x_sampled = A_signal * sin(2*pi*f_signal*t_new);
% Plot sampled signal and its spectrum
subplot(2, 2, 3);
stem(t_new, x_sampled, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');

% Compute and plot spectrum of sampled signal
X_sampled = fft(x_sampled);
frequencies_sampled = linspace(0, Fs_new, length(X_sampled));
subplot(2, 2, 4);
stem(frequencies_sampled, abs(X_sampled), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Spectrum of Sampled Signal');
xlim([0, Fs_new/2]);
% Adjust plot
grid on;
Result:

Si. No. Title

6 Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing.
Program:
% Number of signals to multiplex

numSignals = 3
% Number of time slots
numSlots = 10
% Generate random data for each signal
data = cell(1, numSignals);
for i = 1:numSignals
data{i} = randi([0, 100], 1, numSlots) % Generate random data for
each signal
end
% Multiplexing (combining signals into one)
TDM_signal = zeros(1, numSlots*numSignals)
TDM_signal((i-1)*numSlots+1:i*numSlots) = data{i}
end
% Display multiplexed signal
disp('Multiplexed Signal (TDM):');
disp(TDM_signal);
% Demultiplexing (separating signals)
demux_data = cell(1, numSignals);
demux_data{i} = TDM_signal(i:numSignals:end); % Extract every nth
element
end
% Display demultiplexed signals
fprintf('Demultiplexed Signal %d:\n', i);
disp(demux_data{i});
end

Result:

Si. No. Title

7 PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding
Program:
%PCM Encoding clc;
clear all; close all;
f=10;
fs=20*f; t=0:1/fs:1; a=2;
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t); subplot(321); plot(t,x);
title('figure.1 analog signal');
x1=x+2;
subplot(322); plot(t,x1);
title('figure.2 amplitude shifted analog signal');
subplot(323); stem(t,x1);
title('figure.3 sampled analog signal');
q=round(x1); subplot(324); stem(t,q);
title('figure.4 Quantized signal');
enco=de2bi(q,'left-msb'); subplot(325); plot(t,enco);
title('figure.5 PCM encoded signal');
%PCM Decoding
deco=bi2de(enco,'left-msb');
deco=deco-2;
subplot(326); plot(t,deco);
title('figure.6 PCM decoded signal');

Result:

Si. No. Title

8 Generate a)NRZ, RZ and Raised cosine pulse, b) Generate and plot eye diagram
Program:
a)NRZ, RZ and Raised cosine pulse
 Unipolar NRZ
%unipolar nrz line coding
clc;
clear all;
close all;
warning off;
n=input('enter the input sequence');
%n=[1,0,1,0];
% Mapping of bits to voltage levels 5v and 0v
for i=1:length(n)
if n(i)==1
m(i)=5;
else
m(i)=0;
end
end
% pulse shaping
i=1
t=0:0.01:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<=i;
y(j)=m(i);
else
i=i+1;
end
end
% plotting pulse
plot(t,y,'r-');
axis([0 length(n) -5 5]);
grid on;

 Polar NRZ
%unipolar nrz line coding
clc;
clear all;
close all;
warning off;
n=input('enter the input sequence');
%n=[1,0,1,0];
for i=1:length(n)
if n(i)==1
m(i)=5;
else
m(i)=-5;
end
end
% pulse shaping
i=1
t=0:0.01:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<=i;
y(j)=m(i);
else
i=i+1;
end
end
% plotting pulse
plot(t,y,'r-');
grid on;

 Unipolar RZ
% unipolar rz line coding

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%n=input('enter the input sequence');
n=[1,0,1,0];
for i=1:length(n)
if n(i)==1;
m(i)=5;
else
m(i)=0;
end
end
% pulse shaping
a=0;
b=0.5;
i=1;
t=0:0.01:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)>=a && t(j)<=b ; y(j)=m(i);
elseif t(j)>b && t(j)<=i y(j)=0;
else
i=i+1; a=a+1; b=b+1;
end
end
% plotting pulse
plot(t,y,'r-');
grid on;

 Polar RZ
% unipolar rz line coding

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%n=input('enter the input sequence');
n=[1,0,1,0];
for i=1:length(n)
if n(i)==1;
m(i)=5;
else
m(i)=-5;
end
end
% pulse shaping
a=0;
b=0.5;
i=1;
t=0:0.01:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)>=a && t(j)<=b ; y(j)=m(i);
elseif t(j)>b && t(j)<=i y(j)=0;
else
i=i+1; a=a+1; b=b+1;
end
end
% plotting pulse
plot(t,y,'r-');
grid on;

 Half Sinusoidal Signal
% Half Sinusoid
clc;
t = 0:0.01:2;
f=1;% Input Signal Frequency x=sin(2*pi*f*t);%
Generate Sine Wave subplot(211);
plot(t,x);
x(x<0) = 0; % Rectified Sine Wave
subplot(212);
plot(t,x);

 Raised cosine signal
% raised cosin pulse clc;

% warning off;
x=linspace(-5,5);
y=sinc(x); stem(x,y);
title('raised cosine pulse signal');
b) Generate and plot eye diagram
% Generate a random binary signal

data_length = 1000;
data = randi([0, 1], 1, data_length);
% Reshape the data into a matrix with desired number of samples
per symbol
samples_per_symbol = 10;
num_symbols = data_length / samples_per_symbol;
eye_data = reshape(data, samples_per_symbol, num_symbols);
% Plot the eye diagram
figure;
plot(eye_data);
title('Eye Diagram');
xlabel('Sample');
grid on;


Si. No. Title

9 Generate the Probability density function of Gaussian distribution function.
Program:
% Parameters
mu = 0; % Mean of the Gaussian distribution
sigma = 1; % Standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution
% Define range for x-axis
x = -5:0.1:5;
% Compute PDF
pdf = (1 / (sigma * sqrt(2 * pi))) * exp(-(x - mu).^2 / (2 *
sigma^2));
% Plot PDF
figure;
plot(x, pdf, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Probability Density Function of Gaussian Distribution');
xlabel('x');
ylabel('PDF');
grid on;
Result:

Si. No. Title

10 Display the signal and its spectrum of an audio signal.
Program:
% Load audio file
audioFile = 'your_audio_file.wav'; % Change this to your audio
file path
[y, Fs] = audioread(audioFile);
% Plot the time-domain signal
t = (0:length(y)-1) / Fs;
figure;
subplot(2, 1, 1);
plot(t, y);
title('Time-Domain Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
% Compute the spectrum
N = length(y);
Y = fft(y);
f = (0:N-1) * Fs / N;
% Plot the spectrum
subplot(2, 1, 2);
plot(f, abs(Y));
title('Frequency Spectrum');
xlim([0, Fs/2]); % Display only positive frequencies
% You can also use the following line to display the spectrum in
dB scale
% plot(f, 20*log10(abs(Y)));
% ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
% Adjust plot
grid on

Result:

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K.L.E.

PRINCIPALS OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prepared by: Mr. Kotresk B. K. & Miss. Supriya Puttappanavar

Approved by: Dr. G. A. Bidkar

Vision and Mission of the Department

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 2

Program Outcomes (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 3

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 4

Analyze, design, build and test

Environment and sustainability

Individual and team work

The engineer and society

Understand and analyse

Design and analyse the

Understand the concepts

Understand and analyse

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 5

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 6

Si. No. Title

2 Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a rectangular

3 Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

4 Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

6 Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

7 PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding

9 Generate the Probability density function of Gaussian distribution function.

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 7

% Define the time range

% Define the time range

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 8

% Define the time range

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 9

% Define the time range

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 10

% Define the time range

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% Modulating signal (message signal)

% Modulated signal (AM signal)

% Time Domain Plots

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Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 18

Si. No. Title

% Number of signals to multiplex

Dept. ECE, KLEIT Hubli 19

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Si. No. Title

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