BELE Lab Manual

Laboratory Manual
for
Basic Electrical Engineering

(BE01000051)
B.E. Semester 1st and 2nd (All Branches)
Directorate of Technical Education

Gandhinagar, Gujarat
Government Engineering College, Sector-28,
Gandhinagar
CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that Shri/Miss/Ms___________________________________
Enrollment No._____________________ of B. E. __________________________
Semester ___ of this Institute (GTU Code: 013) has satisfactorily completed the
practical work for the subject Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) for the
academic year 2024-25.
Place:
Date:
Name and Sign of Faculty member
Head of the Department

Preface
Main motto of any laboratory/practical/field work is for enhancing required skills as well as
creating ability amongst students to solve real time problem by developing relevant
competencies in psychomotor domain. By keeping in view, GTU has designed competency
focused outcome-based curriculum for engineering degree programs where sufficient weightage
is given to practical work. It shows importance of enhancement of skills amongst the students
and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical amongst students,
instructors and faculty members to achieve relevant outcomes by performing the experiments
rather than having merely study type experiments. It is must for effective implementation of
competency focused outcome-based curriculum that every practical is keenly designed to serve
as a tool to develop and enhance relevant competency required by the various industry among
every student. These psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk
and board content delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual is designed
to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting
practical to prove concept and theory.
By using this lab manual students can go through the relevant theory and procedure in advance
before the actual performance which creates an interest and students can have basic idea prior to
performance. This in turn enhances pre-determined outcomes amongst students. Each
experiment in this manual begins with competency, industry relevant skills, course outcomes as
well as practical outcomes (objectives). The students will also achieve safety and necessary
precautions to be taken while performing practical.
This manual also provides guidelines to faculty members to facilitate student centric lab
activities through each experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order that
the students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve the
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing rubrics.
This laboratory manual is designed to supplement the theoretical knowledge gained in the Basic
Electrical Engineering course. It provides practical hands-on experience to reinforce concepts
such as Ohm's Law, Various laws and theorems, AC/DC circuits, Electrical Machines and
safety & protection. The manual includes step-by-step instructions for conducting experiments,
as well as detailed explanations of the underlying principles and equations. The experiments in
this manual have been carefully selected to cover the key topics in Basic Electrical Engineering
and help students to develop critical thinking, problem-solving, and troubleshooting skills. This
manual is an essential resource for any student studying electrical engineering, as it provides a
practical approach to understanding the theoretical concepts learned in class.
Utmost care has been taken while preparing this lab manual however always there is chances of
improvement. Therefore, we welcome constructive suggestions for improvement and removal
of errors if any.
DTEs’ Vision:
Vision:
 To provide globally competitive technical education.
 Remove geographical imbalances and inconsistencies.
 Develop student friendly resources with a special focus on girls’ education and support
to weaker sections.
 Develop programs relevant to industry and create a vibrant pool of technical
professionals.
Vision and Mission of GEC Gandhinagar:
Vision:
 To be a premier engineering institution, imparting quality education for innovative
solutions relevant to society and environment.
Mission:
 To develop human potential to its fullest extent so that intellectual and innovative
engineers can emerge in a wide range of professions.
 To advance knowledge and educate students in engineering and other areas of
scholarship that will best serve the nation and the world in future.
 To produce quality engineers, entrepreneurs and leaders to meet the present and future
needs of society as well as environment.
Vision and Mission of Department:

Department:
Vision:
Mission:
Basic Electrical Engineering_BE01000051
Practical – Course Outcome matrix
Course Outcomes (COs):

CO-1 : Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.
CO-2 : Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.
CO-3 : Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical
machines.
CO-4 : Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles of circuits,
protective devices and personal safety measures.
CO-5 : Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing systems.
Sr.
Aim of Experiment CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
No.
To Verify the Kirchhoff’s Laws for the Given
1. √
Network.
To Verify the Superposition Theorem for the Given
2. √
Network.
To Verify the Thevenin’s Theorem for the Given
3. √
Network.
To Determine Resistance, Inductance, Impedance,
4. Power and Power Factor of Single Phase R-L Series √
Circuit.
To Verify the Current and Voltage Relationships in
5. √
Three Phase Star and Delta Connections.
To Measure Power in Three Phase Circuit using Two
6. √
Watt-Meter Method.
To Obtain Hysteresis Loop of a Magnetic Material on
7. √
Oscilloscope (CRO/DSO).
To Study Construction, Working Principle and Types
8. √
of Single Phase Induction Motor.
To Demonstrate the Working of Miniature Circuit
9. √
Breaker (MCB).
10. To Study Importance and Types of Earthing. √

Industry Relevant Skills:
The following industry relevant competencies are expected to be developed in the student by
undertaking the practical work of this laboratory.
1. By performing experiments in Basic Electrical Engineering, students can develop a
systematic approach to identify and troubleshoot faults in electrical systems.
2. Students can get aware about elementary electrical safety by following the safety
guidelines while performing experiments in the lab.
3. By working in a team and presenting their experimental results, students can develop
effective communication skills.
4. Students can develop analytical skills by analyzing the experimental data and
drawing meaningful conclusions.
5. By documenting their experimental results, students can develop documentation
skills that are essential in the industry.
Guidelines for Faculty members:
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students
with all features.
2. Teacher shall explain basic concepts/theory related to the experiment to the students
before starting of each practical
3. Involve all the students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the
students and ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in the
students after the completion of the experimentation.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on experience after the
demonstration.
6. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not
covered in the manual but are expected from the students by concerned industry.
7. Give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task
assigned to check whether it is as per the instructions or not.
8. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum of the course and follow the
guidelines for implementation.
Instructions for Students:
1. Students are expected to carefully listen to all the theory classes delivered by the faculty
members and understand the COs, content of the course, teaching and examination
scheme, skill set to be developed etc.
2. Students shall organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. apart from
those included in scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
7. Student should develop a habit of submitting the experimentation work as per the schedule
and s/he should be well prepared for the same.
Index
(Progressive Assessment Sheet)
Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign. of

No. No. performance submission Marks Teacher
with
date
1 (a) To know the basic principles of
Kirchhoff’s laws and their
significance in circuit analysis.
(b) To measure the currents at different
nodes in the circuit and compare
them with the sum of the currents
entering and leaving the node.
(c) To measure the voltages across
different elements in the circuit and
compare them with the sum of the
voltages in the closed loop.
(d) To solve the circuit using KCL and
KVL and find the unknown
currents and voltages.
2 (a) To construct a circuit containing

multiple sources (such as voltage
sources or current sources) and
resistors.
(b) To measure the response (voltage
or current) at a specific point in the
circuit using a multi-meter.
(c) To verify that the total response of
the circuit when all sources are
turned on is equal to the algebraic
sum of the responses measured
when each source is turned on
individually.
(d) To compare the experimental
results with the theoretical
predictions based on the
superposition theorem.
3 (a) To know about the Thevenin’s

theorem.
(b) To determine voltage across and
current through any branch of
circuits.

with
date
4 (a) To understand the basic concepts of
resistance, inductance, impedance,
power and power factor in R-L
series circuits and how they are
related to each other.
(b) To learn how to measure the
resistance and inductance of a circuit
using appropriate equipment and
techniques such as multi-meters.
(c) To investigate the relationship
between the voltage, current, and
phase angle in an R-L series circuit
and determine the power factor of
the circuit.
(d) To understand the practical
applications of R-L series circuits in
electrical engineering, such as in AC
power transmission and electric
motors.
5 (a) To understand the concepts of

three-phase power systems, star &
delta connections and their
applications in practical scenarios.
(b) To verify the relationship between
line & phase voltages and currents
in three-phase star & delta
connections using various
measuring instruments such as
voltmeters, ammeters and
wattmeters.
(c) To understand the importance of
safety measures when working with
electrical circuits and equipment.
6 (a) To understand the principle of

operation of the two-wattmeter
method.
(b) To learn the connection of
wattmeters in a three-phase circuit
(c) To verify the theory of two-
wattmeter method by calculating
power in three-phase circuit.
(d) To observe the phase angle
between the voltage and current in
a three-phase circuit and determine
the power factor of the circuit.

with
date
7 (a) To determine the magnetic
properties of a material.
(b) To study the hysteresis
phenomenon.
(c) To analyze the magnetic behaviour
of a material.
8 (a) To understand the constriction of
Single-Phase Induction Motor.
(b) To familiarize with Single-Phase
Induction Motor terminologies.
(c) To study the working principle and
double field revolving theory.
(d) To study types of Single-Phase
Induction Motor.
9 (a) To understand the operating
principles of Miniature Circuit
Breakers and their role in electrical
circuit protection.
(b) To measure the tripping current of
the MCB.
(c) To identify the limitations and
applications of MCBs and
appreciate their importance in
electrical safety.
10 (a) To understand the importance of
earthing.
(b) To understand the basics of System
and Equipment earthing.
(c) To understand the factors affecting
the value of earth electrode
resistance and soil resistivity.
(d) To understand the effect of Soil
Properties in Earthing.
(e) To study the construction of Pipe
and Plate earthing.
Experiment No: 1
To Verify the Kirchhoff’s Law for the Given Network
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Kirchhoff's laws, Familiarity with the
network components, Ability to measure voltage and current
Relevant CO: Apply fundamental electrical laws and circuit theorems to electrical circuits.
Objectives:
(a) To know the basic principles of Kirchhoff’s laws and their significance in circuit
analysis.
(b) To measure the currents at different nodes in the circuit and compare them with the
sum of the currents entering and leaving the node.
(c) To measure the voltages across different elements in the circuit and compare them
with the sum of the voltages in the closed loop.
(d) To solve the circuit using KCL and KVL and find the unknown currents and
voltages.
Equipment/Instruments:
Resistors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply, Connecting probes.
Theory: Kirchhoff’s laws Kirchhoff’s laws are particularly useful (a) in determining the
equivalent resistance of a complicated network and (b) for calculating the currents flowing in the
various conductors.
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) :

It states that “the algebraic sum of products of currents and resistances in each of the conductors
in any closed path in a network plus the algebraic sum of the e.m.fs in that path is zero”. In other
words,
∑IR + ∑e.m.f. = 0
It should be noted that algebraic sum is the sum which takes into account the polarities of the
voltage drops. Following sign convention is suggested:
Sign Conventions:
a) Battery e.m.f.: A rise in voltage should be given a + ve sign and a fall in voltage a –ve
sign. Keeping this in mind, it is clear that as we move from negative terminal of source to
positive terminal, there is a rise in potential, hence this voltage should be given a +ve sign.
If, on the other hand, we move from +ve terminal to –v terminal of voltage source, then
there is a fall in potential, hence it is to be considered as –ve.
Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 1 of 57

b) Sign of IR Drop: Whenever we move in the direction of current there is a drop in voltage,
since the current always flows from point at higher potential to the point at lower potential.
Hence Voltage drop in the current direction is taken as –ve. However, if we go in a
direction opposite to that of the current, then there is a rise in voltage.
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) :
It states that “in any electrical network, algebraic sum of the currents meeting a point is zero”. In
another way, it simply means that the total current leaving a unction is equal to the total current
entering that junction. It is obviously true because there is no accumulation or depletion of current
at any junction of the network. Consider the case of a few conductors meeting at a node as in fig.
Some conductors have currents leading to node whereas some have currents leading away from
node. Assuming the incoming currents to be positive and the outgoing currents negative, applying
KCL at node we have,
i1 + i2 -i3 -i4 = 0 or i1 + i2 = i3 + i4
Set up diagram:
Fig. 1.1 KVL

Fig. 1.2 KCL
Safety and Necessary Precautions:

1. Wear protective gear
2. Ensure proper wiring
3. Use appropriate voltage
4. Use appropriate measuring equipment
5. Avoid touching the circuit
6. Handle components with care
7. Follow laboratory guidelines
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram Fig. 1.1 and Fig. 1.2.
2. Switch on the DC voltage supply, Adjust the voltage to any suitable value.
3. Take the reading of all the ammeters for KCL experiment and measure the voltages across all
the resistors for KVL experiment.
4. Changed the voltage of power supply and repeat step (3) and verify laws.
Observations:
1) KVL:
Measured:
Sr. Voltage V1 Voltage V2 Voltage V3 Total Voltage
No. (V) (V) (V) Vs
1.
2.
3.
2) KCL:
Measured:
Sr. Brach Current I1 Brach Current I2 Source Current I
No. (mA) (mA) (mA)
1.
2.
3.

Calculation:

Calculation:
Results:
KVL:
Theoretical Measured
Sr. Total Voltage (V) Total Voltage (V)
No. V= V1+ V2 + V3 Vs
1.
2.
3.
KCL:
Theoretical Measured
Sr. Total Current (mA) Total Current (mA)
No. I= I1+ I2 I
1.
2.
3.

Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. State Kirchhoff’s laws in context of DC circuit.
2. Any closed path formed by the branches in a network is called a ____________________
3. In network having N nodes, the number of independent equations required to solve the
network, with ground is as the reference node, is____________
4. Define Junction and Loop.
Suggested Reference:
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, The McGraw Hill
2. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford university press.
3. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp4/index.html, Basic Electronics Virtual Laboratory(IIT
KHARAGPUR)
References used by the students:
Rubric wise marks obtained:
Rubrics Knowledge Calculation Participation Quiz Journal work Total

(2 Marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) and submission (10 marks)
(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 2
To Verify the Superposition Theorem for the Given Network
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of superposition law, Familiarity with

the network components, Ability to measure voltage and current
Objectives:
(a) To construct a circuit containing multiple sources (such as voltage sources or
current sources) and resistors.
(b) To measure the response (voltage or current) at a specific point in the circuit using
a multi-meter.
(c) To verify that the total response of the circuit when all sources are turned on is
equal to the algebraic sum of the responses measured when each source is turned
on individually
(d) To compare the experimental results with the theoretical predictions based on the
superposition theorem
Resistors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply, connecting probes.
Theory: The Superposition Theorem is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that

states that the response of a linear circuit to a set of multiple inputs can be calculated by
considering the individual responses of the circuit to each input, taken separately.
More specifically, the theorem states that in a linear circuit containing multiple sources (such as
voltage or current sources), the total response at any point in the circuit is the sum of the
responses due to each individual source acting alone, with all other sources turned off. In other
words, the contribution of each source to the final response is calculated independently and added
together to obtain the total response.
The Superposition Theorem is based on the principle of linearity, which states that a linear
system's response to a sum of inputs is equal to the sum of the responses to each individual input.
The theorem can be applied to any linear circuit, regardless of its complexity, and it is a powerful
tool for simplifying circuit analysis and understanding circuit behavior. However, it can only be
applied to circuits with linear components, and it assumes that all the sources are independent of
each other.
Set up diagram:
Fig. 2.1

Safety and necessary Precautions:
1 Wear protective gear
2 Ensure proper wiring
3 Use appropriate voltage
4 Use appropriate measuring equipment
5 Avoid touching the circuit
6 Handle components with care
7 Follow laboratory guidelines
Procedure:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig. 2.2
1 Vary the supply voltage VS1& VS2 and take the corresponding reading (I’1+I’2) from the
ammeter.
Fig. 2.2
2 Now VS2 is short circuited. Only with VS1 take the corresponding reading I’1 from the
ammeter as shown in Fig. 2.3
Fig. 2.3

3 Now VS1 is short circuited. Only with VS2 take the corresponding reading I’2 from the
ammeter as shown in Fig.2.4
Fig. 2.4
4 Finally Verify whether I = ± I’1 ± I’2
Observations:
Measured Value
When both VS1 and VS2 are acting (I’1+I’2)
When only VS1 is acting (I’1)
Calculation:
1) Calculate I’1 :
2) Calculate I’2 :

3) Calculate I = ± I’1 ± I’2 :
Result:
Current Through R2
Theoretical Value Measured Value
When both VS1 and VS2 are acting (I’1+I’2)
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. State superposition theorem.
2. What is Node and Super Node?
3. What are limitations of super position theorem?

4. Superposition theorem is applicable for linear network or nonlinear network? Justify your
answer.
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, The McGraw Hill
3. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp5/index.html, Analog Signals, Network and Measurement
Laboratory (IIT KHARAGPUR)

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 3
To Verify the Thevenin’s Theorem for the Given Network
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Thevenin’s law, Familiarity with the
network components, Ability to measure voltage and current
Objectives: At the end of this experiment, student will be able to

(a) Know about the Thevenin’s Law.
(b) Determine voltage across and current through any branch of circuits.
Resistors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply, Connecting probes.
Theory: Thevenin's theorem states that any linear circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
containing a single voltage source and a single series resistor, known as the Thevenin equivalent
circuit. This equivalent circuit has the same voltage-current characteristics as the original circuit
between two terminals, also known as the load terminals.
To experimentally verify Thevenin's theorem, you can follow these steps:

 Identify the circuit for which you want to find the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
 Disconnect any load or resistor connected to the circuit.
 Measure the open-circuit voltage across the load terminals. This voltage is the Thevenin
voltage (Vth).
 Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit seen from the load terminals. To do this,
short-circuit the voltage source and measure the current flowing through the load
terminals. This current is the short-circuit current (Isc). The equivalent resistance (Rth) is
given by Rth = Vth/Isc.
 Connect the Thevenin voltage source (Vth) in series with the equivalent resistance (Rth) to
form the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
 Verify that the Thevenin equivalent circuit provides the same voltage-current
characteristics as the original circuit between the load terminals. One can do this by
connecting different resistive loads to the load terminals and measuring the resulting
currents and voltages. The values should match those obtained from the original circuit.
Figure given above illustrates concept of Thevenin’s theorem. Figure shows that given network is
replaced by Thevenin’s equivalent which contains a voltage source Voc or Vth and a Thevenin’s
equivalent resistance Rth.
Voc or Vth:
This voltage is called open circuit voltage .It is the voltage between open circuited load terminals.
So Voc=Vth=VAB with RL open circuited.

Set up diagram:
Fig. 3.1

Procedure:
1 Connect the circuit as per Fig. 3.1.
2 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply (Vs) to an appropriate value.
3 Note down the response (current) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter
reading).
4 Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5 Disconnect the circuit and connect circuit as per the Fig. 3.2.
Fig. 3.2
6 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply (Vs) to an appropriate value.
7 Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8 Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0 V and switch-off the supply.
9 Disconnect the circuit and connect circuit as per the Fig. 3.3.
Fig. 3.3
10 Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value.
11 Note down the current (I) supplied by the source (Ammeter Reading).
12 The ratio of Vs and I gives the Rth (Thevenin’s Resistance).
Observations:
Sr. No Measured Value

1 Rth=
2 Vth =
3 IL =
Calculation:
i) Rth

ii) Vth
iii) IL
Result:
Theoretical Value Measured Value

Rth= Rth=
Vth = Vth =
IL = IL =
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. State Thevenin’s Theorem.
2. Draw the equivalent circuit for Thevenin’s theorem.
3. What is the other name of Thevenin’s theorem?
4. Thevenin’s theorem can be applied to networks containing active elements only.

True/false?
1. "Engineering Circuit Analysis" by William H. Hayt and Jack E. Kemmerly, the McGraw Hill
2. "Basic Electrical Engineering" by T. K. Nagsarkar and M. S. Sukhija, Oxford University press.
3. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp3/index.html, Analog Signals, Network and Measurement

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 4
To Determine Resistance, Inductance, Impedance, Power and Power Factor of
Series R-L Circuit
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of circuit theory, Familiarity with electrical
components, Understanding of measuring instruments, Familiarity with safety measures,
Analytical and troubleshooting skills, Ability to construct circuits.
Relevant CO: Analyze single phase and three phase AC circuits.

Objectives:
(a) To understand the basic concepts of resistance, inductance, impedance, power and
power factor in R-L series circuits and how they are related to each other.
(b) To learn how to measure the resistance and inductance of a circuit using
appropriate equipment and techniques, such as multi-meters.
(c) To investigate the relationship between the voltage, current and phase angle in an
R-L series circuit and determine the power factor of the circuit.
(d) To understand the practical applications of R-L series circuits in electrical
engineering, such as in AC power transmission and electric motors.
Rheostat (Lamp Load), Ammeters, Voltmeters, Wattmeter, single phase AC Supply, Inductive
Coil, Connecting probes
Theory: The series R-L circuit comprises a resistor and an inductor connected in series with a
voltage source. When an AC voltage is applied to the circuit, it causes a current to flow through
the circuit. Due to the presence of inductance, the current lags behind the voltage by an angle. The
phase angle between the voltage and the current is known as the power factor.
The power factor of a circuit is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to the apparent power
(S). The real power is the power consumed by the circuit, while the apparent power is the product
of the voltage and current. The power factor ranges from 0 to 1, with a power factor of 1
indicating a purely resistive circuit.
The resistance (R) and inductance (L) of the circuit can be calculated using various electrical
measuring instruments, such as a voltmeter, an ammeter, and a wattmeter.
A choke coil can be considered as a series combination of resistance r and self-inductance L.

Choke coil is connected in series with a non – inductive resistance R (lamp-bank) across a 230 V,
50 Hz AC supply. As per the Fig. 4.1
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑠𝑠 ………………… (1) 𝑍𝑍𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = …………. (2)
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼
𝑉𝑉𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅 = ……………………. (3)
𝐼𝐼
Where Zckt – Impedance of Total circuit
Zcoil – Impedance of choke coil
R – Resistance of Rheostat
Vs – Supply Voltage
VR – Voltage across Rheostat
r – Resistance of choke coil

Fig. 4.1
It is evident that (𝑅𝑅 + 𝑟𝑟)2 + 𝑋𝑋 2 = Z2ckt ……………… (4)
𝑅𝑅2 + 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝑋𝑋 2 = Z2ckt
But Z2coil = 𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝑋𝑋 2
ωL = X
𝑅𝑅2 + 2𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + Z2coil = Z2ckt
Z c2 k −t Z c2 o −i l R 2
r= ……………… (5)
2R
Now, Z2coil = 𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝑋𝑋 2
X = Z c2 o i−l r 2 ……………… (6)
But, ωL = X
X X
L= = H
ω 2πf
Thus, resistance (r) and inductance (L) of choke coil can be calculated.

Set up diagram:
Fig. 4.2
Procedure:
1. Set up the series R-L circuit by connecting the rheostat and choke coil in series.
2. Connect the voltmeter across the resistor to measure the voltage (VR).
3. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit to measure the current (I).
4. Connect the wattmeter to measure the power consumed by the circuit.
5. Switch on the AC voltage supply, Adjust the voltage to any suitable value
6. Record the readings of voltage, current, and power.
7. Repeat the measurements for different values of voltages.
8. Calculate the resistance (r), inductance (L), power (P), and power factor (PF).
Observations:
Voltage Voltage
Supply
across across Current Power
Sr. No. voltage
Rheostat Coil Vcoil I (amps) P (watts)
Vs (volts)
VR (volts) (volts)
1.
2.
3.

Calculation:
(Reading-1)
Vs Vc o i l VR
(1) Z ck t = = Zc o il= = R= =
I I I
Z c2 k −t Z c2 o −i l R 2 L=
X
(2) r = = X 2 = Z c2 o i−l r 2 = H=
2R 2πf
R+r
(3) c o φs = = Power P = Vs I c o φs =
Zc k t
(Reading-2)
Vs Vc o i l VR
(1) Z ck t = = Zc o il= = R= =
I I I
Z c2 k −t Z c2 o −i l R 2 L=
X
(2) r = = X 2 = Z c2 o i−l r 2 = H=
2R 2πf
R+r
Zc k t
(Reading-3)
Vs Vc o i l VR
(1) Z ck t = = Zc o il= = R= =
I I I
Z c2 k −t Z c2 o −i l R 2 L=
X
(2) r = = X 2 = Z c2 o i−l r 2 = H=
2R 2πf
R+r
Zc k t

Result:
Inductive
Inductance
Resistance reactance Power
Sr. of coil Power
R Zckt Zcoil of coil of coil factor
No. (L) H (P) Watt
(r) Ω (X) Ω (cosΦ)
1.
2.
3.
PHASOR DIAGRAM:
1. Select the scale 1 cm = _______ volts.

2. Draw the current (I) as a reference phasor OE as shown in Fig. 4.3.
3. Draw the phasor OB (=VR) to the scale in phase with the current phasor OE.
4. From the point B, draw an arc of radius equal to Vcoil (to the scale).
5. From the point O, draw an arc of radius equal to Vs (to the scale) such that it intersects the
previous arc at A.
6. Thus, phasor BA represents the voltage across the coil and phasor OA represents the
supply voltage.
7. Draw the perpendicular from the point A intersecting the current phasor at D.
8. Phasor BD represents the voltage across the resistance of the coil. Hence BD = Ir.
9. Phasor AD represents the voltage across the inductive reactance of the coil. Hence AD =
VX
10. Determine cos Φ and L from the phasor diagram. Compare the results.
Fig. 4.3

Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Define RMS value.
2. What is phasor?
3. What is impedance triangle?
4. State advantages of sinusoidal alternating quantity.
2. https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=75&sim=332&cnt=1

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 5
To Verify the Current and Voltage Relationships in Three Phase Star and
Delta Connections
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Understanding of Three-Phase Systems, Knowledge of

Star and Delta Connections, Familiarity with Electrical Instruments, Practical Skills in Wiring,
Analytical and Problem-Solving Skills, Safety and Lab Etiquette
Objectives:
(a) To understand the concepts of three-phase power systems, star and delta
connections and their applications in practical scenarios.
(b) To verify the relationship between line and phase voltages and currents in three-
phase star and delta connections using various measuring instruments such as
voltmeters, ammeters and wattmeters.
(c) To understand the importance of safety measures when working with electrical
circuits and equipment.
3-phase Auto Transformer, AC voltmeters and Ammeters, Lamp Load, Connecting wires
Theory: Three-phase power systems are widely used in electrical power distribution. The three-
phase system consists of three conductors carrying alternating currents that are 120 degrees out of
phase with each other. The most common configurations for three-phase systems are star and
delta connections. In this write-up, we will discuss the current and voltage relationships in both
star and delta connections and the methods to verify them.
Star Connection:
In a three-phase star connection, three-phase windings of a transformer or an electrical machine
are connected together at a common point called the neutral. The three-phase conductors are
connected to the remaining ends of the windings, and the voltage between any two of these
conductors is known as the line voltage. The current flowing in each winding is known as the
phase current.
Fig. 5.1

In the three-phase system, where all the three phase wires are connected to a common point. This
common point is known as the neutral point. And this type of connection is known as Star
Connection. The star connection will be called a three-phase three-wire system when only three
live wires are used. And the star connection will be called a three-phase four-wire system when all
the three phases and the neutral wire is used. The neutral wire is connected to the neutral point
where all three phases are connected. As the star connection looks like the English letter 'Y', it is
also known as wye connection.
 In the star connection, all three phases are connected to a neutral point. If the voltage
across all the phases and the current in each phase are equal, the voltage of the neutral
point will be zero.
 In the star connection, the line voltage and phase voltage are different. Line voltage is root
3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is measured between any two phases whereas phase
voltage is measured between any one phase and neutral.
 In a star connection, we can have two different voltages, so we can connect it with two
different circuits operated at two different voltages. For example, from a 440V three-phase
system, we can get two different voltages such as 440V and 230V.
 In the star connection, the line current is equal to the phase current.
 In the star connection, less insulation is required for each phase as the phase voltage is less
than the line voltage.
As the line and phase voltage is different for the star connection,
So relationship of line voltage with phase voltage is,

𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = √3 ∗ 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Line Voltage = √3 * Phase Voltage
The relationship of line current in the star connection is

𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Line Current = Phase Current
Delta Connection:
In a three-phase delta connection, the three-phase windings are connected in a closed loop. Each
winding is connected to the next winding in the sequence, and the end of the third winding is
connected back to the beginning of the first winding. The voltage between any two of the
windings is known as the phase voltage, and the current flowing in each winding is known as the
phase current.
Fig. 5.2
 There is no neutral point in the delta connection.
 In the delta connection, phase voltage is equal to the line voltage.
 In the delta connection, the line current is root three times the phase current.
 Delta connection provides a single voltage. Here, you cannot get two different voltages
like the star connection.
As the line and phase current is different for the delta connection,
So relationship of line current is,
𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 = √3 ∗ 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Line Current = √3 * Phase Current
The relationship of line voltage in the delta connection is
𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
Set up diagram:
Star Connection:
Fig. 5.3
Delta Connection:
Fig. 5.4
Procedure:
Star Connected Load

a. Connect the circuit of star connection as per circuit diagram shown in Fig. 5.3.
b. Switch on the AC voltage supply by keeping the autotransformer in minimum position.
c. Vary the auto transformer voltage and set at appropriate value.
d. Note down corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeters.
𝑉𝑉
e. Verify 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐿𝐿 and 𝐼𝐼𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
√3
f. Repeat the above procedure for different value of voltages.
g. Bring back the auto transformer to minimum position. Switch off the supply and remove all
connections.
Delta Connected Load

a. Connect the circuit of delta connection as per circuit diagram shown in Fig. 5.4.
b. Switch on the AC voltage supply by keeping the autotransformer in minimum position.
c. Vary the auto transformer voltage and set at appropriate value.
d. Note down corresponding readings of ammeter and voltmeters.
𝐼𝐼
e. Verify 𝑉𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 and 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 𝐿𝐿
√3
f. Repeat the above procedure for different value of voltages.
g. Bring back the auto transformer to minimum position. Switch off the supply and remove all
connections.
Observations:
Star Connection:
Sr. Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line Phase Current VPH = VL/√3
No. VL (V) VPH (V) Current IL IPH (A)
(A)
1.
2.
3.
Delta Connection:
Sr. Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line Phase Current IPH = IL/√3
No. VL (V) VPH (V) Current IL IPH (A)
(A)
1.
2.
3.

Calculation:
Star Connection Delta Connection
VPH = VL/√3 IPH = IL/√3
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. What are advantages of 3-Øsupply over 1-Ø supply?
2. What do you mean by balanced system?
3. Write the formula of Active power for 3-Ø delta connected load.
4. Phase angle between line voltage and phase voltage in star connected load is_________
1. B. L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology – Part I and II”, S. Chand and Co. 2012
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - Nagsarkar and Sukhija, Oxford University Press

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 6
To Measure Power in Three Phase Circuit using Two Watt-Meter Method
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of three-phase power systems, Knowledge of

Wattmeters, Familiarity with two-wattmeter method, Understanding of safety precautions,
Objectives:
(a) To understand the principle of operation of the two-wattmeter method.
(b) To learn the connection of wattmeters in a three-phase circuit
(c) To verify the theory of two-wattmeter method by calculating power in three-phase
circuit.
(d) To observe the phase angle between the voltage and current in a three-phase circuit
and determine the power factor of the circuit.
Equipment/Instruments: 3-phase Auto Transformer, AC voltmeters and Ammeters, Wattmeter,

Three Phase Load, Connecting wires.
Theory: Power in a three phase system with balanced or unbalanced load can be measured by two
wattmeter method. The load may be star or delta connected. Here we have considered star
connected load as shown in fig, although it can be equally applied to a delta connected load.
Two wattmeter methods is the most common method for the measurement of power in 3- phase
system. The current coils are of two wattmeters are connected in series in any two lines and the
potential coils are connected between these lines and the third line in which the current coil is not
connected. It can be proved that the sum of instantaneous values of power indicated by these
wattmeters equal s the total power absorbed by the 3-phase load.
Let us consider two wattmeters connected to measure power in three phase circuit as shown in
circuit diagram.
Instantaneous reading of P1 wattmeter, P1 = I1. (V1 - V3)

Instantaneous reading of P2 wattmeter, P2 = I2. (V2 - V3)
Sum of instantaneous readings of two wattmeter’s, P = P1+ P2
= I1 (V1 - V3) + I2. (V2 - V3)
= V1I1+ V2I2 - V3 (I1 + I2)
From Kirchoff’s law, I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 OR I3 = - (I1+I2)

Therefore, the sum of instantaneous readings of two wattmeters, V1I1 + V2I2 + V3I3
Therefore the sum of 2 wattmeter readings is equal to the power consumed by the load. This is
irrespective of whether the load is balanced or unbalanced.
For balanced star connected load
ABBREVIATIONS:
Line Voltage (VL) = √3 Phase Voltage (VPH)
Line Voltage (VL) = VRY = VYB = VBR = VL = √ 3 VPH
Phase Voltage (VPH) = VR = VY = VB = VPH =V
Line Current (IL) = Phase Current (IPH) = I

Set up diagram:
Fig. 6.1

Procedure:
1. Make connections as per circuit diagram shown in Fig. 6.1
2. Keep operating dial of 3-phase variac at its null ('0') position & then switch ON 3-phase
input AC supply.
6. By controlling the operating dial of 3-phase variac, set the input phase voltage (V) at
appropriate value making sure that the 3-phase supply is balanced.
7. Gradually increase the load equally in all phases and note down various readings
8. Note line voltages and line currents of respective lines.
9. Note readings of wattmeter (W1) and wattmeter (W2).
𝑊𝑊1−𝑊𝑊2
10. Calculate ∅ = tan−1 (√3 )
𝑊𝑊1+𝑊𝑊2
Observations:
Observation Table Calculations

Wattmeter 3 ф Active Power
Sr. Line Voltage (V) Line Current (A)
Reading (W) ( = P ) (W)
No.
P = W1 P = √3 VL
VRY VYB VBR IR IY IB W1 W2
+W2 IL cos ф
1.
2.
3.

Calculation:
𝑊𝑊1 − 𝑊𝑊2
∅ = tan−1 �√3 �
𝑊𝑊1 + 𝑊𝑊2
3- Ф Active Power P = √3 VL IL cos ф

3- Ф Re active Power Q = √3 VL IL sin ф
Apparent Power S = √3 VL IL
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Define power factor.
2. Two wattmeter method is applicable for star connected system or delta connected system or
both? Justify your answer.
3. Total number of phase sequence in 3-Ø AC system is___________
4. In the two wattmeter method of measuring power in 3-Ø circuit, the two wattmeter will show
equal readings when the power factor angle is equal to______
1. A. Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory (Analysis and Synthesis). Fifth Edition : 2006, Dhanpat Rai and
Co.
2. Basic Electrical Engineering - Nagsarkar and Sukhija, Oxford University Press
3. http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/asnm/exp7/index.html Analog Signals, Network and Measurement

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 7
To Obtain Hysteresis Loop of a Magnetic Material on Oscilloscope
(CRO/DSO)
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of Electromagnetism, Familiarity with

the Equipment, Basic Knowledge of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)/ Digital Storage
Oscilloscope (DSO) Ability to measure voltage and current.
Relevant CO:
Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical machines.
Objectives: (a) To determine the magnetic properties of a material.

(b) To study the hysteresis phenomenon.
(c) To analyze the magnetic behavior of a material.
Equipment/Instruments: B-H Curve Kit, CRO/DSO, Connecting probes.
Theory:
The flux density B is the ratio of the total no of lines of force existing in the magnetic field (in
webers) and the area (in m2).
Thus,
B=Total no. of lines of force (wb)/ Area (m2)
The permeability (µ) is the ratio of the change in flux density to the change in field intensity.
µ=change in flux density / change in field intensity = Δ B / Δ H
Materials like cobalt, nickel, iron which posses a value of µ much greater than unity are called
ferromagnetic materials. Materials with µ less than unity are called diamagnetic while materials
with µ values slightly greater than unity are termed as paramagnetic. For vacuum, the value of
the permeability is unity. When an alternating current is allowed to flow through an air core coil
the variation of flux density (B) with magnetising force (H), the flux density increases in phase
with the magnetising force.
Similarly the flux density decreases with the magnetising force in phase. However, for an iron
cored
Coil or a coil consisting of a core of ordinary steel, the B-H or magnetization curve is exhibit. Due
to residual magnetism, the B-H curve or magnetization curve of the Iron core forms a loop called
the Hysteresis loop.
Saturable reactors normally use cores of nickel iron or silicon iron alloys. These materials may be
of (a) high permeability type (mumetal or permalloy) and (b) grain oriented alloys. Normally
Saturable reactors employ
a) Thin laminations to reduce eddy current loss.
b) Construction without gap to minimise flux leakage.
Retentivity, Coercivity and Hysteresis:
Ferromagnetic materials contain large no. of small regions, called domain. In each domain, all the
atomic magnets are fixed in rigid parallelism. Thus each domain has a net magnetization in a
particular direction distributed randomly. When a specimen of ferromagnetic material is placed in
a magnetizing field (H), the specimen is magnetized by induction. As the magnetizing field (H) is
varied, the intensity of magnetization of the specimen, ‘I’ changes. The variation in ‘I’ with
variation in H is shown in Fig. 7.1. The point O represents an initially un magnetised specimen
and a zero magnetizing field. As H is increased, ‘I’ also increases but not uniformly. When all the
domains are aligned in the field direction, the magnetization of specimen gets saturated at A. Any
further increase in H result no more increase in ‘I’.
Fig. 7.1
If H is now decreased, ‘I’ also decreases but following a path AB. Thus ‘I’ lags behind H.
When H becomes zero, ‘I’ still has a value equal to OB. This amount of magnetization is called
the “residual magnetism" or "retentivity” of the specimen. Thus the retentively of a specimen is a
measure of the intensity of magnetisation remaining in the specimen when the magnetising field is
removed. If the magnetising field H be now increased in the reverse direction, the value of ‘I’
further decreases, still lagging behind H and becomes zero when H has a value equal to OC. This
value of the magnetising field is called the “coercive force" or “coercivity” of the specimen. Thus
coercivity is a measure of the magnetising field required to destroy the residual magnetism of the
specimen.
As H is increased beyond OC, the specimen is increasingly magnetized in the negative
direction, until the magnetic saturation is reached at D. By taking H back from its negative
saturation value, through zero, to its original positive saturation value, a similar curve DEFA is
obtained.
It is thus found that the intensity of magnetization ‘I’ always lags behind the magnetising
field H, when H changes. The lagging of I behind H is called “hysteresis”. The closed curve
ABCDEFA which represents a cycle of magnetization of the specimen is known as the ’hysteresis
‘curve’ of the specimen. A graph between magnetic induction B and magnetising field H is
similar in shape with the only difference that B never becomes constant but always increases with
H. Hence in the B-H curve, the corners A and D are not straight but sloping.
Set up diagram:
Fig. 7.2

Procedure:
1 Arrange the connections as Shown in Fig. 7.2 i.e. by Connecting the dotted A, B points
through the Ammeter (0-200 mA) & C, D points through Voltmeter (0-20 V) using patch
cords. Connect CRO/DSO X-Plate and CRO/DSO Y-Plate connections to CRO/DSO
through points marked on the front panel. Internal sample-Specimen Transformer (E-E
Section of Transfer Core) already connected in the Circuit.
2 Switch ON the instrument using ON/ OFF switch provided on the front panel.
3 To get the proper loop vary the resistances through variable knob & adjust the horizontal
and vertical gain controls (Gh and Gv) of the CRO/DSO to obtain proper shape and size of
the waveform (Hysteresis Loop) as shown in Fig. 7.1.
4 Observe the Coercivity and Retentivity on CRO/DSO as shown in Fig. 7.1.
5 Tracing of B-H Curve: After obtaining a curve of suitable shape on CRO, a tracing paper
is put on the screen. Now, set the vertical gain Gv to zero (with maximum horizontal gain)
to obtain a straight line on the paper which marks the H-axis and set the horizontal gain Gh
(vertical gain Gv is not zero) to zero to get a straight line which marks B-axis. Now, adjust
horizontal and vertical gain controls to their original position to obtain a curve of suitable
shape. If DSO with print facility take printout of the curve and attached with this as an
experiment result.
Observations:
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. The unit of magnetic field intensity is ________________
2. Magnetic circuit obeys
a) Kirchoff’s Law b) Thevenin’s theorem c) Norton’s theorem d) None of these
3. The word “Hysteresis” means_______________________
4. The unit of H x B is ______________________
2. B. L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology – Part II”, S. Chand and Co. 2012

Rubrics Knowledge Observation Participation Quiz Journal work Total
(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 8
To Study Construction, Working Principle and Types of Single Phase
Induction Motor
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Basic Electrical Knowledge, Reading and Understanding
Electrical Diagrams, Knowledge of safety precautions.
Relevant CO:
Describe operating principle and applications of static and rotating electrical machines.
Objectives:
(a) To understand the constriction of Single Phase Induction Motor.
(b) To familiarize with Single-Phase Induction Motor terminologies.
(c) To understand the working principle, double field revolving theory.
(d) To study types of Single-Phase Induction Motor.
Equipment/Instruments: Single Phase Induction Motor
Theory:
The single phase induction motor is a rotating machine operated on single phase AC supply.
Construction of single phase Induction Motor:
The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for refrigerators, washing
machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth.
The constructional basic details of single phase induction motor are shown in Fig. 8.1. Main Two
Parts of the Single Phase Induction Motor is Stator and Rotor.
• Stator of Single Phase Induction Motor:
The single-phase motor stator has a laminated iron core with two windings arranged
perpendicularly. One is the main and other is the auxiliary winding or starting winding (Fig. 8.1).
Fig. 8.1 Cross-Sectional View of Single Phase Induction Motor

• Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor:
The rotor of single phase induction motor is shown in figure. The construction of the rotor of the
single phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel cage three phase inductions motor. The
rotor is cylindrical in shape and has slots all over its periphery. The slots are not made parallel to
each other but are bit skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and rotor teeth
and makes the working of induction motor more smooth and quieter. The squirrel cage rotor
consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars. These aluminum or copper bars are called rotor
conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are
permanently shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide
mechanical strength these rotor conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete
closed circuit resembling like a cage and hence got its name as "squirrel cage induction motor".
As the bars are permanently shorted by end rings, the rotor electrical resistance is very small and
it is not possible to add external resistance as the bars are permanently shorted. The absence of
slip ring and brushes make the construction of single phase induction motor very simple and
robust.
Working Principle of Induction Motor:
When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding of single phase induction motor, the
alternating current starts flowing through the stator or main winding. This alternating current
produces an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux also links with the rotor conductors
and hence cut the rotor conductors. According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
emf gets induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts flowing in the
rotor. This current is called the rotor current. This rotor current produces its own flux called rotor
flux. Since this flux is produced due to induction principle so, the motor working on this principle
got its name as induction motor. Now there are two fluxes one is main flux and another is called
rotor flux. These two fluxes produce the desired torque which is required by the motor to rotate.
Double Field Revolving Theory of Single Phase Induction Motor:
The double field revolving theory of a single phase induction motor states that pulsating magnetic
field is resolved into two rotating magnetic field. They are equal in magnitude but opposite in
directions. The induction motor responds to each of the magnetic fields separately. The net torque
in the motor is equal to the sum of the torque due to each of the two magnetic fields.
The equation for an alternating magnetic field is given as
Where βmax is the maximum value of the sinusoidal distributed air gap flux density produced by
a properly distributed stator winding carrying an alternating current of the frequency ω, and α is
the space displacement angle measured from the axis of the stator winding.
As we know,
So, the equation (1) can be written as
The first term of the right-hand side of the equation (2) represents the revolving field moving in
the positive α direction. It is known as a Forward Rotating field. Similarly, the second term shows
the revolving field moving in the negative α direction and is known as the Backward Rotating
field.
The direction in which the single phase motor is started initially is known as the positive
direction. Both the revolving field rotates at the synchronous speed, ωs = 2πf in the opposite
direction. Thus, the pulsating magnetic field is resolved into two rotating magnetic fields. Both
are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction but at the same frequency.
At the standstill condition, the induced voltages are equal and opposite as a result; the two torques
are also equal and opposite. Thus, the net torque is zero and, therefore, a single phase induction
motor has no starting torque.
Types of Single Phase Induction Motor:

The single-phase induction motor is started by using some methods. Single-phase induction
motors are classified according to the auxiliary means used to start the motor. They are classified
as follows:
1. Split Phase Induction Motor
2. Capacitor Start Induction Motor
3. Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Induction Motor
4. Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run motor Induction Motor
1. Split Phase Induction Motor :
The split-phase induction motor is also known as a resistance-start motor. It consists of a single-
cage rotor, and its stator has two windings (Fig. 8.2). The main winding and a starting (also
known as an auxiliary) winding. Both the windings are displaced by 90° in space. The main
winding of the induction motor has very low resistance and high inductive reactance.
(a) Circuit diagram (b) Phasor diagram
Fig. 8.2 Split Phase Induction Motor
Motor Characteristics:
The starting torque of a resistance-start induction motor is about 1.5 times full-load torque. The
maximum or pull-out torque is about 2.5 times full-load torque at about 75% of synchronous
speed. The split-phase motor has a high starting current which is usually 7 to 8 times the full-load
value.

Applications:
Split-phase motor is most suitable for easily started loads where the limited starting frequency and
this motor is very cheap.
1. This motor is used in washing machine and air conditioning fan.

2. Used in food mixers, grinders, floor polishers, blowers, centrifugal pumps.
3. This motor used in small drills, lathes, office machinery, etc.
4. Sometimes this is also used for drives requiring more than 1kW.
2. Capacitor Start Induction Motor:
Capacitor motor is the motor that has a capacitor in the auxiliary winding circuit to produce a
greater phase difference between the current in the main and auxiliary windings.
The capacitor start motor develops a much higher starting torque, i.e. 3.0 to 4.5 times the full-load
torque. To obtain a high starting torque, the value of the starting capacitor must be large, and the
resistance of starting winding must be low. Because of the high VAr rating of the capacitor
required, electrolytic capacitors of the order of 250 µF are used. The capacitor Cs is short-time
rated (Fig. 8.3).
These motors are more costly than split-phase motors because of the additional cost of the
capacitor.
(b) Circuit diagram (b) Phasor diagram
Fig. 8.3 Capacitor Start Induction Motor
Applications:
1. This motor is used for heavy loads where frequent start required.
2. This motor is used for pumps and compressors, so these are used as a compressor in the
refrigerator and air conditioner.
3. This motor is also used for conveyors and some machine tools.

3. Permanent Split Capacitor Induction Motors
This motor has a cage rotor, and its rotor consists of two windings namely, the main winding and
the auxiliary winding. The single-phase induction motor has only one capacitor C which is
connected in series with the starting winding. The capacitor C is permanently connected in series
with the starting winding. The capacitor C is permanently connected in the circuit at starting and
running conditions (Fig. 8.4).
Fig. 8.4 Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Induction Motor
Advantages:
A single-value capacitor motor has the following advantages:
1. In this type of motor, no centrifugal switch is required.

2. This motor has higher efficiency.
3. It has higher power-factor because of a permanently-connected capacitor.
4. It has higher pull-out torque.
Limitations of permanent-split capacitor motor:
1. Electrolytic capacitors cannot be used for continuous running. Therefore, paper-spaced oil-
filled type capacitors are to be used. Paper capacitors of the same rating are larger in size
and more costly.
2. A single-value capacitor has a low starting torque usually less than full-load torque.
Applications:
1. This motor is used for fan and blower in heater.

2. It is used in air conditioners.
3. It is used to drive refrigerator compressors.

4. Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run Induction Motor:
This motor has a cage rotor, and its stator has two windings namely the main winding and the
auxiliary winding. The two windings are displaced 90 degree in space. The motor uses two
capacitors Cs and CR. In the initial stage, the two capacitors are connected in parallel.
Fig. 8.5 Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run Induction Motor
Applications:
1. Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run Induction Motor is used for loads of higher inertia that
requires frequent start.
2. This motor is used in pumping equipment.
3. This motor is used in refrigeration, air compressors, etc.
Conclusion:

Quiz:
1. Is Single Phase Induction Motor Self Starting? Justify Your Answer.
2. State main parts of Single Phase Induction Motor?
3. What is the purpose of Capacitor in Capacitor Start Induction Motor?
4. Which type of Capacitor is used in Permanent Split Capacitor Induction Motor?
2. B. L. Theraja, “Electrical Technology – Part II”, S. Chand and Co. 2012
Rubrics Knowledge Concept Participation Quiz Journal work Total

(2 Marks) Clarity (2 marks) (2 marks) and submission (10 marks)
(2 marks) (2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 9
To Demonstrate the Working of Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of electrical circuits, Familiarity with

MCBs, Understanding of measuring instruments, Practical skills in wiring and circuit
assembly, Knowledge of safety precautions.
Relevant CO: Understand the wiring methods, electricity billing, and working principles
of circuits, protective devices and personal safety measures.
Objectives:
(a) To understand the operating principles of Miniature Circuit Breakers and their role
in electrical circuit protection.
(b) To measure the tripping current of the MCB.
(c) To identify the limitations and applications of MCBs and appreciate their
importance in electrical safety.
Equipment/Instruments: Ammeter, Voltmeter, Single phase supply, MCB, Connecting Wires.
Theory: The theory behind the laboratory experiment to study the characteristics of miniature
circuit breaker (MCB) involves understanding the operation and behavior of the MCB under
different abnormal conditions.
An MCB is a type of circuit breaker that is commonly used in low-voltage electrical systems to
protect against overcurrent and short circuit. It is designed to trip and open the circuit when the
current exceeds a certain value, which is known as the tripping current.
Construction of MCB:
MCB embodies a complete enclosure in a moulded insulating material. This provides
mechanically strong and insulated housing.
The switching system consists of a fixed and a moving contact to which incoming and outgoing
wires are connected. The metal or current carrying parts are made up of electrolytic copper or
silver alloy depending on the rating of the circuit breaker.
As the contacts are separated in the event of an overload or short circuit situation, an electric arc is
formed. All modern MCBs are designed to handle arc interruption processes where arc energy
extraction and its cooling are provided by metallic arc splitter plates.
These plates are held in a proper position by an insulating material. Also, arc runner is provided to
force the arc that is produced between the main contacts.
The operating mechanism consists of both magnetic tripping and thermal tripping arrangements.
The magnetic tripping arrangement essentially consists of a composite magnetic system that has a
spring loaded dashpot with a magnetic slug in a silicon fluid, and a normal magnetic trip. A
current carrying coil in the trip arrangement moves the slug against spring towards a fixed pole
piece. So the magnetic pull is developed on the trip lever when there is a sufficient magnetic field
produced by the coil.

Fig. 9.1
In case of short circuits or heavy overloads, strong magnetic field produced by the coils
(Solenoid) is sufficient to attract the armature of the trip lever irrespective of the position of the
slug in the dashpot.
The thermal tripping arrangement consists of a bimetallic strip around which a heater coil is
wound to create heat depending on the flow of current.
The heater design can be either direct where current is passed through a bimetal strip which
affects part of electric circuit or indirect where a coil of current carrying conductor is wound
around the bimetallic strip. The deflection of a bimetallic strip activates the tripping mechanism in
case of certain overload conditions.
The bimetal strips are made up of two different metals, usually brass and steel. These metals are
riveted and welded along their length. These are so designed such that they will not heat the strip
to the tripping point for normal currents, but if the current is increased beyond rated value, the
strip is warmed, bent and trips the latch. Bimetallic strips are chosen to provide particular time
delays under certain overloads.
Working & Operation of MCB:
Under normal working conditions, MCB operates as a switch (manual one) to make the circuit
ON or OFF. Under overload or short circuit condition, it automatically operates or trips so that
current interruption takes place in the load circuit.
The visual indication of this trip can be observed by automatic movement of the operating knob to
OFF position. This automatic operation MCB can be obtained in two ways as we have seen in
MCB construction; those are magnetic tripping and thermal tripping.

Fig. 9.2
Under overload conditions, the current through the bimetal causes it to raise the temperature of it.
The heat generated within the bimetal itself is enough to cause deflection due to thermal
expansion of metals. This deflection further releases the trip latch and hence contacts get
separated (Fig. 9.2).
In some MCBs, the magnetic field generated by the coil causes it to develop pull on bimetals such
that deflection activates the tripping mechanism.
Fig. 9.3
Under short circuit or heavy overload conditions, magnetic tripping arrangement comes into the
picture. Under normal working conditions, the slug is held in a position by a light spring because
the magnetic field generated by the coil is not sufficient to attract the latch.
When a fault current flows, the magnetic field generated by the coil is sufficient to overcome the
spring force holding the slug in position. Hence slug moves and actuate the tripping mechanism
(Fig. 9.3).
Combinations of both magnetic and thermal tripping mechanisms are implemented in most
miniature circuit breakers. In both magnetic and thermal tripping operations, an arc is formed
when the contacts start separating. This arc is then forced into arc splitter plates via arc runner.

These arc splitter plates are also called arc chutes where arc is formed into a series of arcs and at
the same time energy extracted and cools it. Hence this arrangement achieves the arc extinction.
To study the characteristics of an MCB, the experiment typically involves measuring the tripping
current of the MCB under different conditions. This can be done by connecting the MCB in series
with a power source and a load and introducing different levels of fault current by varying the
load or introducing a short circuit.
The experiment involves measuring the tripping current at different time intervals to observe the
behavior of the MCB over time. This can help to determine the tripping characteristics of the
MCB, such as the time-delay characteristics and the instantaneous trip characteristics.
Set up diagram:
Fig. 9.4

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit setup diag.
2. Switch on 1-Ø AC supply and set appropriate voltage.
3. Gradually vary the load until MCB gets tripped.
4. Note down the tripping current.
Observations:
Tripping Current=

Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. What is the function of MCB?
2. State any two differences between MCB and MCCB.
3. What is the difference between Fuse and MCB?
4. State any four differences between MCB and ELCB.
1. "Switchgear and protection" by Sunil S Rao, Dhanpat Rai.
2. MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) - Construction, Types & Working (electricaltechnology.org)
Rubrics Knowledge Observation Participation Quiz Journal work Total

(2 marks)
Marks

Experiment No: 10
To Study Importance and Types of Earthing
Date:
Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of basic chemistry, Familiarity with electrical
circuits, Understanding of battery technology.
Relevant CO: Understand the electrical safety and purpose, types and scope of earthing
systems.
Objectives:
(a) To understand the importance of earthing.
(b) To understand the basics of System and Equipment earthing.
(c) To understand the factors affecting the value of earth electrode resistance and soil
resistivity.
(d) To understand the effect of Soil Properties in earthing.
(e) To study the construction of Pipe and Plate earthing.
Equipment/Instruments: Chart/Flex Banner of Pipe and Plate earthing.
Theory:
Earthing:
What is earthing /grounding?
Earthing or grounding is the term used for electrical connection to the general mass of earth.
Equipment or a system is said to be 'earthed' when it is effectively connected to the ground with a
conducting object. Earthing provides protection to personal and equipment by ensuring operation
of the protective gear and isolation of faulty circuit during:
• Insulation failure
• Accidental contact
• Lightning strike
The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly to the earth
by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing. The electrical earthing is
done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply system to
the ground.
Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing. The earthing provides the simple path to
the leakage current. The short-circuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which has zero
potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from damage.
Importance of earthing:
Earthing is necessary for proper functioning of certain equipments. Earthing is done also for
preventing the operating personal from hazardous shocks caused by the damage of the heating
appliances. Consider an electric heater connected to the supply using two-pin plug and socket. If
by some chance the heating element comes in contact with the metallic body of the heater, the
body of the heater being a conducting material will be at the same potential as the heating coil. If
a person comes and touches the body of the heater, current will flow through his body, which will
result in an electric shock.
To avoid unnecessary accident, it is recommended that electric heater be connected to a 3-pin
socket using a 3-core cable. (Note: To see a three-core cable, open a plug of an electric iron.
There will be three wires, red, blue and green. The green wire connected to the body of the iron is
the earth wire) In this case the body of the electric heater is connected to the green wire of the
cable, which is connected to the earth through the earth terminal. Besides the body of the electric
heater, bodies of hot plates, kettles, toasters, heaters, ovens, refrigerators, air conditioners, coolers,
electric irons etc could be earthed using three pin plugs. The resistance of the path to the earth
terminal through the earth wire is very low. Hence, even if the heating element comes in contact
with the metallic body and a human being comes in contact with the metallic body, major part of
the current will flow only through the earth wire (usually the green wire in a 3 core cable).
Moreover because of the low resistance path, a large current will flow through the phase wire and
the fuse will blow off. For large current to flow, earth resistance should be low. To achieve this
proper earthing has to be done.
Earthing is classified as:

a. System earthing
b. Equipment earthing
a. System earthing:
It is the earthing of neutrals of generating stations and substations. It is employed to limit the
voltage of live conductors with respect to potential of general mass of earth. This is necessary to
prevent failure of insulation.
b. Equipment earthing:
It is earthing of noncurrent carrying metal parts of electrical equipments. As per Rules 33 and 61
of Indian Electricity Rule 1956, non-current carrying metal parts must be earthed with two
separate and distinct earth continuity conductors to an efficient earth electrode. However
equipments with double insulation need not be earthed.
Such type of earthing is provided to the electrical equipment. The non-current carrying part of the
equipment like their metallic frame is connected to the earth by the help of the conducting wire. If
any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short-circuit current to pass the earth by the help of wire.
Thus, protect the system from damage.
Earthing can be done by electrically connecting the respective parts in the installation to some
system of electrical conductors or electrodes placed near the soil or below the ground level. The
earthing mat or electrode under the ground level have flat iron riser through which all the non-
current-carrying metallic parts of the equipment are connected.

When the faults occurs the fault current from the equipment flows through the earthing system to
the earth and thereby protect the equipment from the fault current. At the time of the fault, the
earth mat conductors rise to the voltage, which is equal to the resistance of the earth mat
multiplied by a ground fault.
The contacting assembly is called earthing. The metallic conductors connecting the parts of the
installation with the earthing are called electrical connection. The earthing and the earthing
connection together called the earthing system.
Some Definitions:
Earthing:
A tower/equipments connecting to the general mass of earth by means of an electrical conductor
Earth Electrode:
Connection to earth is achieved by electrically connecting a metal plate, rod or other conductors
or an array of conductors to the general mass of earth. This metal plate or rod or conductor is
called as "Earth electrode".
Earth lead:
The conductor by which connection to earth is made
Earth loop impedance:
The total resistance of earth path including that of conductors, earth wire, earth leads and earth
electrodes at consumer end and substation end.
Factors affecting the value of earth electrode resistance:

• Electrode material.
• Electrode size.
• Material and size of earth wire.
• Moisture content of soil.
• Depth of electrode of underground.
• Quantity of dust and charcoal in earth pit.
Earth resistance consists of following components:
• Resistance of metal electrode
• Contact resistance between electrode and soil
• Resistance of soil away from electrode surface.
The resistance decreases with the presence of moisture and salt in soil. To increase the
effectiveness of earth, the total earth resistance should be reduced. Efforts should be made to
reduce the resistance contributed by each of above three components.
Other factors, which affect the soil resistivity:
1. Temperature of soil: the resistivity increases when temperature falls below the freezing
point. If the temperature falls from 20degrees C to O degree C, soil resistivity goes up from
7200-ohm cm to 14000-ohm cm.
2. Moisture Content of Soil: Small changes in moisture content seriously affect the resistivity.
For example if the moisture content changes from 25% to 30%, soil resistivity drops from
250000-ohm cm to 6400-ohm cm. It is important that earth electrodes should be in contact
with moist soil. It should be ensured that the electrodes are deep in soil and if possible below
the permanent water level.
3. Mechanical Composition of soil: finer the grading, lower the resistance.
Effect of Soil Properties in Earthing:

While it is not possible to change the fundamental nature /properties of soil at a given location,
but local variations of soil conditions do occur even in a small area. When a location for making
earthing pit has to be selected, preference should be given to location, which is likely to give
minimum electrical resistance. In the list below, soils have been arranged in ascending order with
regard to their electrical resistance.
• Wet marshy lands, or lands containing ashes (Avg Resistivity 2400 ohm cms).
• Clay, loamy soil, arable land clay.
• Clay & loam mixed with varying proportion of gravel & sand (Avg Resistivity
15,800 ohm cms).
• Damp & wet sands.
• Dry sand.
• Gravel & Stones.

Methods of placing earth electrodes in soil (Types of Earthing):
1. Pipe Earthing:
Fig. 10.1 Pipe Earthing

Pipe earthing is done by permanently placing a pipe in wet ground. The pipe can be made of steel,
galvanized iron or cast iron. Usually GI pipes having a length of 2.5m and an internal diameter of
38mm are used. The pipe should not be painted or coated with any non-conducting material.
Fig. 10.1 shows an illustration of a typical pipe electrode. A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe
of approved length and diameter is placed vertically in a wet soil in this kind of system of
earthing. It is the most common system of earthing.
The size of pipe to use depends on the magnitude of current and the type of soil. The dimension of
the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length for ordinary soil or greater
for dry and rocky soil. The moisture of the soil will determine the length of the pipe to be buried
but usually it should be 4.75m (15.5ft).
The pipe should be placed at least 1.25m below the ground level and it should be surrounded by
alternate layers of charcoal and salt for a distance of around 15 cm. This is to maintain the
moisture level and obtain lower earth resistance. The earth lead of sufficient gauge should be
firmly connected to the electrode and it should be carried in a GI pipe at a depth of 60cm below
the ground level. A funnel with a wire mesh should be provided to pour water into the sump.
Three or four bucket of water should be poured in a few days particularly during summer season.
This is to keep the surroundings of the electrode permanently moist.
2. Plate Earthing:
A typical illustration of plate earthing is shown in Fig. 10.2. In plate earthing system, a plate made
up of either copper with dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 3.18mm (i.e. 2ft x 2ft x 1/8 in) or galvanized
iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cm x 6.35 mm (2ft x 2ft x ¼ in) is buried vertical in the earth
(earth pit) which should not be less than 3m (10ft) from the ground level.
For proper earthing system, follow the above mentioned steps in the (Earth Plate introduction) to
maintain the moisture condition around the earth electrode or earth plate.
The earth conductor is to be securely connected to the plate by means of bolts and nuts. The bolts
and nuts should be of the same material as that of the plate. The earth conductor should be carried
in a GI pipe buried 60 cm below the ground level.
The plate electrode should be surrounded by a layer of charcoal to reduce the earth resistance. A
separate GI pipe with funnel and wire mesh attached is provided to pour water into the sump.

Fig. 10.2 Plate Earthing

Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Define Earthing.
2. State the factors affecting the soil resistivity.
3. What is the Size of Pipe in Pipe earthing?
4. What is the Size of Plate in Plate earthing?
1. D. C. Kulshreshtha, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, McGraw Hill, 2009.
2. D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electrical Engineering”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
Rubrics Knowledge Concept Participation Quiz Journal work Total

(2 Marks) Clarity (2 marks) (2 marks) and submission (10 marks)
(2 marks) (2 marks)
Marks

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Laboratory Manual

Basic Electrical Engineering

B.E. Semester 1st and 2nd (All Branches)

Directorate of Technical Education

Name and Sign of Faculty member

Head of the Department

Vision and Mission of GEC Gandhinagar:

Vision and Mission of Department:

Practical – Course Outcome matrix

Course Outcomes (COs):

10. To Study Importance and Types of Earthing. √

Industry Relevant Skills:

Guidelines for Faculty members:

Instructions for Students:

(Progressive Assessment Sheet)

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign. of

2 (a) To construct a circuit containing

3 (a) To know about the Thevenin’s

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign. of

5 (a) To understand the concepts of

6 (a) To understand the principle of

Sr. Objective(s) of Experiment Page Date of Date of Assessment Sign. of

Resistors, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Regulated DC power supply, Connecting probes.

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) :

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 1 of 57

 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) :

Fig. 1.1 KVL

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 2 of 57

Safety and Necessary Precautions:

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 3 of 57

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 4 of 57

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 5 of 57

2. Any closed path formed by the branches in a network is called a ____________________

4. Define Junction and Loop.

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics Knowledge Calculation Participation Quiz Journal work Total

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 6 of 57

Competency and Practical Skills: Knowledge of superposition law, Familiarity with

Theory: The Superposition Theorem is a fundamental principle in electrical engineering that

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 7 of 57

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 8 of 57

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 9 of 57

2. What is Node and Super Node?

3. What are limitations of super position theorem?

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 10 of 57

References used by the students:

Rubric wise marks obtained:

Rubrics Knowledge Calculation Participation Quiz Journal work Total

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 11 of 57

Objectives: At the end of this experiment, student will be able to

To experimentally verify Thevenin's theorem, you can follow these steps:

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 12 of 57

Safety and necessary Precautions:

Sr. No Measured Value

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 14 of 57

Theoretical Value Measured Value

Basic Electrical Engineering (BE01000051) GEC Gandhinagar Page 15 of 57