OS UNIT-I

www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.
me/jntuh
Operating System
www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.me/jntuh
UNIT - I
Operating System - Introduction, Structures -
Simple Batch, Multiprogrammed, Time-shared,
Personal Computer, Parallel, Distributed
Systems, Real-Time Systems, System
components, Operating System services,
System Calls

Introduction of Operating System

An operating system acts as an intermediary between the
user of a computer and computer hardware. The
purpose of an operating system is to provide an
environment in which a user can execute programs in a
convenient and efficient manner.
An operating system is a software that manages the
computer hardware. The hardware must provide
appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct
operation of the computer system and to prevent user
programs from interfering with the proper operation of
the system.

Operating System – Definition:

• An operating system is a program that controls the execution of
application programs and acts as an interface between the user of a
computer and the computer hardware.
• A more common definition is that the operating system is the one
program running at all times on the computer (usually called the
kernel), with all else being application programs.
• An operating system is concerned with the allocation of resources
and services, such as memory, processors, devices, and
information. The operating system correspondingly includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a
scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file
system.

Functions of Operating system – Operating system

performs three functions:
• Convenience: An OS makes a computer more
convenient to use.
• Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system
resources to be used in an efficient manner.
• Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed in
such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing and introduction of new
system functions at the same time without
interfering with service.

Every general-purpose computer consists of the

hardware, operating system, system programs,
and application programs. The hardware
consists of memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O devices,
peripheral device, and storage device. System
program consists of compilers, loaders, editors,
OS, etc. The application program consists of
business programs, database programs.

Fig: Conceptual view of a computer system

• Every computer must have an operating system to run

other programs. The operating system coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various system
programs and application programs for various users. It
simply provides an environment within which other
programs can do useful work.
• The operating system is a set of special programs that
run on a computer system that allows it to work
properly. It performs basic tasks such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, sending output to the display
screen and controlling peripheral devices.

OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:

• It controls the allocation and use of the
computing System’s resources among the
various user and tasks.
• It provides an interface between the computer
hardware and the programmer that simplifies
and makes feasible for coding, creation,
debugging of application programs.

The Operating system must support the following tasks.

The task are:
• Provides the facilities to create, modification of
programs and data files using an editor.
• Access to the compiler for translating the user program
from high level language to machine language.
• Provide a loader program to move the compiled
program code to the computer’s memory for
execution.
• Provide routines that handle the details of I/O
programming.

Drivers for specific hardware devices.

• Assembler –
The input to an assembler is an assembly language program. The
output is an object program plus information that enables the
loader to prepare the object program for execution. At one time,
the computer programmer had at his disposal a basic machine that
interpreted, through hardware, certain fundamental instructions.
He would program this computer by writing a series of ones and
Zeros (Machine language), place them into the memory of the
machine.
• Compiler –
The High-level languages- examples are FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL
and PL/I are processed by compilers and interpreters. A compiler is
a program that accepts a source program in a “high-level language
“and produces a corresponding object program. An interpreter is a
program that appears to execute a source program as if it was
machine language. The same name (FORTRAN, COBOL, etc.) is often
used to designate both a compiler and its associated language.

Loader –
A Loader is a routine that loads an object program and
prepares it for execution. There are various loading
schemes: absolute, relocating and direct-linking. In
general, the loader must load, relocate and link the
object program. The loader is a program that places
programs into memory and prepares them for
execution. In a simple loading scheme, the assembler
outputs the machine language translation of a program
on a secondary device and a loader places it in the
core. The loader places into memory the machine
language version of the user’s program and transfers
control to it. Since the loader program is much smaller
than the assembler, those make more core available to
the user’s program.

History of Operating system –

Operating system has been evolving through the
years. Following Table shows the history of OS.
Generation Year Electronic device used Types of
OS Device
First 1945-55 Vaccum TubesPlug Boards
Second 1955-65 TransistorsBatch Systems
Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits(IC)Multiprogramming

Fourth Since 1980 Large Scale Integration PC

Types of Operating System –

• Batch Operating System- Sequence of jobs in a program on
a computer without manual interventions.
• Time sharing operating System- allows many users to share
the computer resources.(Max utilization of the resources).
• Distributed operating System- Manages a group of different
computers and make appear to be a single computer.
• Network operating system- computers running in different
operating system can participate in common network (It is
used for security purpose).
• Real time operating system – meant applications to fix the
deadlines.

Examples of Operating System are –

• Windows (GUI based, PC)
• GNU/Linux (Personal, Workstations, ISP, File and print
server, Three-tier client/Server)
• macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers
and work stations (MacBook, iMac).
• Android (Google’s Operating System for
smartphones/tablets/smartwatches)
• iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch)
• Types of Operating Systems
• An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like
managing files, processes, and memory. Thus operating
system acts as the manager of all the resources, i.e.
resource manager. Thus, the operating system becomes an
interface between user and machine.

Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating

systems are as follows-
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system does not interact with
the computer directly. There is an operator which takes
similar jobs having the same requirement and group
them into batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar needs.

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

• It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for
any job to complete. Processors of the batch systems know
how long the job would be when it is in queue
• Multiple users can share the batch systems
• The idle time for the batch system is very less
• It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
• Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
• The computer operators should be well known with batch
systems
• Batch systems are hard to debug
• It is sometimes costly
• The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any
job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System,
Bank Statements, etc.

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –

Each task is given some time to execute so that all the
tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as
they use a single system. These systems are also known
as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single
user or different users also. The time that each task
gets to execute is called quantum. After this time
interval is over OS switches over to the next task.

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

• Each task gets an equal opportunity
• Fewer chances of duplication of software
• CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
• Reliability problem
• One must have to take care of the security and
integrity of user programs and data
• Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.

3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in

the world of computer technology and are being widely
accepted all over the world and, that too, with a great pace.
Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate
with each other using a shared communication network.
Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU.
These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems. These system’s processors differ in size and function.
The major benefit of working with these types of the operating
system is that it is always possible that one user can access the
files or software which are not actually present on his system
but some other system connected within this network.
i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in
that network.


Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

• Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all
systems are independent from each other
• Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
• Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
• Load on host computer reduces
• These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network
• Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
• Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
• To establish distributed systems the language which is used are not well
defined yet
• These types of systems are not readily available as they are very
expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and
not understood well yet
• Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.

4. Network Operating System –

These systems run on a server and provide the
capability to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
These types of operating systems allow shared
access of files, printers, security, applications, and
other networking functions over a small private
network.
One more important aspect of Network Operating
Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within
the network, their individual connections, etc.
and that’s why these computers are popularly
known as tightly coupled systems.


Advantages of Network Operating System:

• Highly stable centralized servers
• Security concerns are handled through servers
• New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system
• Server access is possible remotely from different locations
and types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
• Servers are costly
• User has to depend on a central location for most
operations
• Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008,
UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.

5. Real-Time Operating System –

These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time
interval is called response time.
Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that
are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems,
robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
• Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are
very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable.
These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or
airbags which are required to be readily available in case of any
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
• Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less
strict.


Advantages of RTOS:
• Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices
and system, thus more output from all the resources
• Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems are very less. For example, in older systems, it
takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to
another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
• Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and
less importance to applications which are in the queue.
• Real-time operating system in the embedded system:
Since the size of programs are small, RTOS can also be used
in embedded systems like in transport and others.
• Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
• Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in
these types of systems.

Disadvantages of RTOS:
• Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and
their concentration is very less on few applications to avoid
errors.
• Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system
resources are not so good and they are expensive as well.
• Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and
difficult for the designer to write on.
• Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device
drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest to
interrupts.
• Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as
these systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control
systems, etc.



7. Multi-programmed Batched Systems:

In multi-programmed batched operating systems, the
operating system reads jobs from disk drives where a list of
jobs are already being stored through card readers.
The operating system then pull and store as much job as it
can in the memory. Then from the memory, operating
system start working on a job.
Now, whenever a job reaches a situation where is has to be
waiting for one or more tasks to be completed like use of
any IO devices, the operating system pulls another job from
the memory and starts working on it.
Whenever this job also starts waiting, for example it need to
use the same IO which is already in use by its previous job,
the operating systems pulls another job. This is how, a
multi-programmed batched systems harness the power of
disk drives and memory.

8.Personal Computer Systems:

Personal Computer Operating Systems are used in PCs.
These operating systems are slightly different from the other
sophisticated operating systems in the way that other
operating systems tends to give priority to utilizing the
hardware and maximizing the security.
On the other hand, personal computer operating systems
tend to maximize the user’s convenience and ease of use
of the operating system. PCs are made to be used by a
single user, resource utilization gets less priority over the
user’s comfort of using the operating system.

9. Parallel Systems:
Parallel operating systems (also tightly coupled systems) are supposed to
be used in machines with more than one processor connected closely
where these multiple processors will be sharing memory, clock, buses
and other peripherals. Parallel systems are designed to distribute a job
to multiple processors to have faster speed.
But the speed-ratio is for n processor is not n the times for a single
processor. As, when multiple processors cooperate on a task, a certain
amount of overhead is incurred in keeping all the parts working
correctly.
Different model of parallel systems exists, such as symmetric-
multiprocessing model where each processors runs a copy of the
operating system, these operating systems communicate each other
when required.
Another model is asymmetric-multiprocessing where each processors get
a specific task to do.
A master processor controls other processors and maintain the workflow.
This is a master-slave situation where slaves’ checkout for tasks from
masters or sit idle.

Components of Operating Systems

What are OS Components?
• An operating system is a large and complex system that can only be
created by partitioning into small pieces. These pieces should be a well-
defined portion of the system, which carefully defined inputs, outputs,
and functions.
• Although Mac, Unix, Linux, Windows, and other OS do not have the
same structure, most of the operating systems share similar OS system
components like File, Process, Memory, I/O device management.
• File Management
• Process Management
• I/O Device Management
• Network Management
• Main Memory management
• Secondary-Storage Management
• Security Management
• Other Important Activities


File Management
• A file is a set of related information which is
should define by its creator. It commonly
represents programs, both source and object
forms, and data. Data files can be numeric,
alphabetic, or alphanumeric.
Function of file management in OS:
• The operating system has the following important
given activities in connections with file
management:
• File and directory creation and deletion.
• For manipulating files and directories.
• Mapping files onto secondary storage.
• Backup files on stable storage media.

Process Management
• The process management component is a procedure for managing the
many processes that are running simultaneously on the operating system.
Every software application program has one or more processes associated
with them when they are running.
• For example, when you use a browser like Google Chrome, there is a
process running for that browser program. The OS also has many
processes running, which performing various functions.
• All these processes should be managed by process management, which
keeps processes for running efficiently. It also uses memory allocated to
them and shutting them down when needed.
• The execution of a process must be sequential so, at least one instruction
should be executed on behalf of the process.
Functions of process management in OS:
• The following are functions of process management.
• Process creation and deletion.
• Suspension and resumption.
• Synchronization process
• Communication process

I/O Device Management

• One of the important use of an operating
system that helps you to hide the variations of
specific hardware devices from the user.
Functions of I/O management in OS:
• It offers buffer caching system
• It provides general device driver code
• It provides drivers for particular hardware
devices.
• I/O helps you to knows the individualities of a
specific device.

Network Management
• Network management is the process of administering and managing computer
networks. It includes performance management, fault analysis, provisioning of
networks, and maintaining the quality of service.
• A distributed system is a collection of computers/processors that never share their
own memory or a clock. In this type of system, all the processors have their local
Memory, and the processors communicate with each other using different
communication lines, like fiber optics or telephone lines.
• The computers in the network are connected through a communication network,
which can be configured in a number of different ways. With the help of network
management, the network can be fully or partially connected, which helps users to
design routing and connection strategies that overcome connection and security
issues.
Functions of Network management:
• Distributed systems help you to various computing resources in size and function.
They may involve microprocessors, minicomputers, and many general-purpose
computer systems.
• A distributed system also offers the user access to the various resources the
network shares.
• It helps to access shared resources that help computation to speed-up or offers
data availability and reliability.

Main Memory management

• Main Memory is a large array of storage or bytes, which has an address. The
memory management process is conducted by using a sequence of reads or writes
of specific memory addresses.
• In order to execute a program , it should be mapped to absolute addresses and
loaded inside the Memory. The selection of a memory management method
depends on several factors.
• However, it is mainly based on the hardware design of the system. Each algorithm
requires corresponding hardware support. Main Memory offers fast storage that
can be accessed directly by the CPU. It is costly and hence has a lower storage
capacity. However, for a program to be executed, it must be in the main Memory.
Functions of Memory management in OS:
• An Operating System performs the following functions for Memory Management:
• It helps you to keep track of primary memory.
• Determine what part of it are in use by whom, what part is not in use.
• In a multiprogramming system, the OS takes a decision about which process will
get Memory and how much.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests
• It also de-allocates the Memory when a process no longer requires or has been
terminated.

Secondary-Storage Management
• The most important task of a computer system is to execute
programs. These programs, along with the data, helps you to
access, which is in the main memory during execution.
• This Memory of the computer is very small to store all data and
programs permanently. The computer system offers secondary
storage to back up the main Memory. Today modern computers use
hard drives/SSD as the primary storage of both programs and data.
However, the secondary storage management also works with
storage devices, like a USB flash drive, and CD/DVD drives.
• Programs like assemblers, compilers, stored on the disk until it is
loaded into memory, and then use the disk as a source and
destination for processing.
Functions of Secondary storage management in OS:
• Here, are major functions of secondary storage management in OS:
• Storage allocation
• Free space management
• Disk scheduling

Security Management
• The various processes in an operating system need to
be secured from each other's activities. For that
purpose, various mechanisms can be used to ensure
that those processes which want to operate files,
memory CPU, and other hardware resources should
have proper authorization from the operating system.
• For example, Memory addressing hardware helps you
to confirm that a process can be executed within its
own address space. The time ensures that no process
has control of the CPU without renouncing it.
• Lastly, no process is allowed to do its own I/O, to
protect, which helps you to keep the integrity of the
various peripheral devices.

Other Important Activities

• Here, are some other important activities of OS:
• The user's program can't execute I/O operations
directly. The operating system should provide
some medium to perform this.
• OS checks the capability of the program to read,
write, create, and delete files.
• OS facilitates an exchange of information
between processes executing on the same or
different systems.
• OS components help you to makes sure that you
get the correct computing by detecting errors in
the CPU and memory hardware.

Operating System - Services
• An Operating System provides services to both the users and to the

programs.
• It provides programs an environment to execute.
• It provides users the services to execute the programs in a
convenient manner.
• Following are a few common services provided by an operating
system −
• Program execution
• I/O operations
• File System manipulation
• Communication
• Error Detection
• Resource Allocation
• Protection

Program execution
• Operating systems handle many kinds of activities from
user programs to system programs like printer spooler,
name servers, file server, etc. Each of these activities is
encapsulated as a process.
• A process includes the complete execution context (code to
execute, data to manipulate, registers, OS resources in use).
Following are the major activities of an operating system
with respect to program management −
• Loads a program into memory.
• Executes the program.
• Handles program's execution.
• Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
• Provides a mechanism for process communication.
• Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.

I/O Operation
• An I/O subsystem comprises of I/O devices and
their corresponding driver software. Drivers hide
the peculiarities of specific hardware devices
from the users.
• An Operating System manages the
communication between user and device drivers.
• I/O operation means read or write operation with
any file or any specific I/O device.
• Operating system provides the access to the
required I/O device when required.

File system manipulation

• A file represents a collection of related information. Computers can store
files on the disk (secondary storage), for long-term storage purpose.
Examples of storage media include magnetic tape, magnetic disk and
optical disk drives like CD, DVD. Each of these media has its own
properties like speed, capacity, data transfer rate and data access
methods.
• A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and
usage. These directories may contain files and other directions. Following
are the major activities of an operating system with respect to file
management −
• Program needs to read a file or write a file.
• The operating system gives the permission to the program for operation
on file.
• Permission varies from read-only, read-write, denied and so on.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete files.
• Operating System provides an interface to the user to create/delete
directories.
• Operating System provides an interface to create the backup of file
system.

Communication
• In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors
that do not share memory, peripheral devices, or a clock, the
operating system manages communications between all the
processes. Multiple processes communicate with one another
through communication lines in the network.
• The OS handles routing and connection strategies, and the
problems of contention and security. Following are the major
activities of an operating system with respect to communication −
• Two processes often require data to be transferred between them
• Both the processes can be on one computer or on different
computers, but are connected through a computer network.
• Communication may be implemented by two methods, either by
Shared Memory or by Message Passing.

Error handling
• Errors can occur anytime and anywhere. An error may occur in CPU,
in I/O devices or in the memory hardware. Following are the major
activities of an operating system with respect to error handling −
• The OS constantly checks for possible errors.
• The OS takes an appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent
computing.
Resource Management
• In case of multi-user or multi-tasking environment, resources such
as main memory, CPU cycles and files storage are to be allocated to
each user or job. Following are the major activities of an operating
system with respect to resource management −
• The OS manages all kinds of resources using schedulers.
• CPU scheduling algorithms are used for better utilization of CPU.

Protection
• Considering a computer system having multiple users and
concurrent execution of multiple processes, the various
processes must be protected from each other's activities.
• Protection refers to a mechanism or a way to control the
access of programs, processes, or users to the resources
defined by a computer system. Following are the major
activities of an operating system with respect to protection
−
• The OS ensures that all access to system resources is
controlled.
• The OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected
from invalid access attempts.
• The OS provides authentication features for each user by
means of passwords.

What are system calls in Operating System?

The interface between a process and an operating
system is provided by system calls. In general,
system calls are available as assembly language
instructions.
They are also included in the manuals used by the
assembly level programmers. System calls are
usually made when a process in user mode
requires access to a resource. Then it requests
the kernel to provide the resource via a system
call.

A figure representing the execution of the

system call is given as follows −

• As can be seen from this diagram, the processes execute

normally in the user mode until a system call interrupts
this. Then the system call is executed on a priority basis in
the kernel mode. After the execution of the system call, the
control returns to the user mode and execution of user
processes can be resumed.
• In general, system calls are required in the following
situations −
• If a file system requires the creation or deletion of files.
Reading and writing from files also require a system call.
• Creation and management of new processes.
• Network connections also require system calls. This
includes sending and receiving packets.
• Access to a hardware devices such as a printer, scanner etc.
requires a system call.

Types of System Calls

• There are mainly five types of system calls. These are explained in
detail as follows −
Process Control
• These system calls deal with processes such as process creation,
process termination etc.
File Management
• These system calls are responsible for file manipulation such as
creating a file, reading a file, writing into a file etc.
Device Management
• These system calls are responsible for device manipulation such as
reading from device buffers, writing into device buffers etc.
Information Maintenance
• These system calls handle information and its transfer between the
operating system and the user program.
Communication
• These system calls are useful for interprocess communication. They
also deal with creating and deleting a communication connection.

Types of System Calls Windows Linux
CreateProcess() fork()
Process Control ExitProcess() exit()
WaitForSingleObject() wait()
CreateFile() open()
ReadFile() read()
File Management
WriteFile() write()
CloseHandle() close()
SetConsoleMode() ioctl()
Device Management ReadConsole() read()
WriteConsole() write()
GetCurrentProcessID() getpid()
Information Maintenance SetTimer() alarm()
Sleep() sleep()
CreatePipe() pipe()
Communication CreateFileMapping() shmget()
MapViewOfFile() mmap()

OS UNIT-I

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

OS UNIT-I

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OS UNIT-I

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.android.universityupdates.in | www.universityupdates.in | https://telegram.

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Introduction of Operating System

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Operating System – Definition:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Functions of Operating system – Operating system

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Every general-purpose computer consists of the

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Fig: Conceptual view of a computer system

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

• Every computer must have an operating system to run

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

OS is designed to serve two basic purposes:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

The Operating system must support the following tasks.

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Drivers for specific hardware devices.

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

History of Operating system –

Second 1955-65 TransistorsBatch Systems

Third 1965-80 Integrated Circuits(IC)Multiprogramming

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Types of Operating System –

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Examples of Operating System are –

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Advantages of Batch Operating System:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

3. Distributed Operating System –

These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Advantages of Distributed Operating System:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

4. Network Operating System –

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

Advantages of Network Operating System:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

5. Real-Time Operating System –

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

7. Multi-programmed Batched Systems:

www.android.previousquestionpapers.com | www.previousquestionpapers.com | https://telegram.me/jntuh

8.Personal Computer Systems: