The document discusses the vapor pressures of volatile liquids and their relationships with mole fractions, providing examples and solutions for calculating partial vapor pressures, total vapor pressures, and mole fractions in various scenarios. It also explains colligative properties, their dependence on the number of solute particles, and methods for determining relative lowering in vapor pressure. Additionally, it includes examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
The document discusses the vapor pressures of volatile liquids and their relationships with mole fractions, providing examples and solutions for calculating partial vapor pressures, total vapor pressures, and mole fractions in various scenarios. It also explains colligative properties, their dependence on the number of solute particles, and methods for determining relative lowering in vapor pressure. Additionally, it includes examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
The document discusses the vapor pressures of volatile liquids and their relationships with mole fractions, providing examples and solutions for calculating partial vapor pressures, total vapor pressures, and mole fractions in various scenarios. It also explains colligative properties, their dependence on the number of solute particles, and methods for determining relative lowering in vapor pressure. Additionally, it includes examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
The document discusses the vapor pressures of volatile liquids and their relationships with mole fractions, providing examples and solutions for calculating partial vapor pressures, total vapor pressures, and mole fractions in various scenarios. It also explains colligative properties, their dependence on the number of solute particles, and methods for determining relative lowering in vapor pressure. Additionally, it includes examples of ideal and non-ideal solutions.
The following graph is plotted between the vapour pressures of two volatile liquids against their respective mole fractions PBo Which of the following combinations are correct ? (A) When xA = 1, P = PAo (B) When xB = 1, P > PAo PAo (C) When xA = 1, P < PAo (D) When xB = 1, P > PBo Solution xA = 1 xB = 1 xB = 0 xA = 0 X Example The following graph is plotted between the vapour pressures of two volatile liquids against their respective mole fractions PBo Which of the following combinations are correct ? (A) When xA = 1, P = PAo (B) When xB = 1, P > PAo o PAo (C) When xA = 1, P < PA (D) When xB = 1, P > PBo
Solution xA = 1 xB = 1 xB = 0 xA = 0 X
Ans. (A, B) Example 32 g of methanol (Mw = 32) is added in 23g of ethanol (Mw = 46) to form an ideal solution. If vapour pressure of CH3OH & C2H5OH in pure state are 30 & 51 mm of Hg. Then Calculate (1) Partial vapour pressure of CH3OH & C2H5OH. (2) Total vapour pressure of solution. (3) Mole fraction of methanol and ethanol in vapour phase Solution
Ans : (1) 20mm, 17mm of Hg
(2) 37 mm of Hg (3) Y(CH3OH) = 20/37 Example Two liquids A & B are mixed to form an ideal solution. The total vapour pressure of solution is 235 – 135 x. Then find the value of p°A & p°B . If x is the mole fraction of B in solution. Solution
Ans : (1) p°A = 235 mm Hg
(2) p°B = 100 mm of H Example A solution has two liquids A and B and vapour pressures of A and B in pure state are p°A = 80 atm and p°B = 120 atm. Then find out mole fraction of A in vapour phase if initially equal moles of A and B are taken.
Ans : (1) 70 mm (2) 75 mm (3) 65 mm These are the properties which depends upon the number of solute particles and do not depend on nature of solute particles.
Colligative property (C.P)
Number of solute particles
Number of molecules ( in the solution of non electrolyte)
Number of ions (in the solution of electrolytes)
Number of moles of solute
Mole fraction of solute
Colligative property (C.P)
1. Relative lowering in vapour pressure
2. Elevation in boiling point
3. Depression in freezing point
4. Osmotic Pressure of Solution
Calculation of relative lowering in vapour pressure (rlpv)
pS = xsolvent p°
pS = (1–𝑥 solute)p° = p° – 𝑥 solutep°
p°– pS = 𝑥 solutep°
p° − pS n = 𝑥solute = p° n+N Ostwald and Walker method
The relative lowering in vapour pressure is determined by Ostwald and
Walker method. It consists of two sets of bulbs. The first set of three bulbs is filled with solution, to half of their capacity and the second set of another three bulbs is filled with the pure solvent.
Dry air
ps p° Air
Solution Solvent Weighted CaCl2 tubes
Example 10 ml of liquid A (B.P. = 368K) and 10 mL of liquid B (B.P. = 415 K) are mixed to obtain 19.92 ml of a constant boiling mixture then B.P. of the solution is (A) < 368 K (B) > 368 K but < 415 K (C) > 415 K (D) Unpredictable Solution
Ans : (_) Example Among the following that forms an ideal solution ? (A) Water and methanol (B) Acetone and ethanol (C) Benzene and toluene (D) Water and HCl
Solution
Ans : (C) Example The mixture of n-hexane and n-heptane is an example of (A) Ideal solution (B) Non-ideal solution (C) Dilute solution (D) None
