PRAADIS EDUCATION

2- SOLUTIONS

WORKSHEET- 1

SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS

1. Mole fraction (X)
If the number of moles of A and B are nA and nB respectively, the mole fractions
of A and B will be
nA nB
XA = and X B =
nA + nB nA + nB

XA + XB = 1
Moles of solute
2. Molarity (M) = mol L−1
Volume of solution in litres

Moles of solute
3. Molality (m) = mol kg −1
Mass of solvent in kilograms
N AT IS
4. Parts per million (ppm)
C N
PY
O C D

Number of parts of the compound

O IO

= × 106
D U AA

Total number of parts of all components of the solution

O
5. Raoult’s law for a solution of volatile solute in volatile solvent :
ED PR

pA = pA0 XA
T

pB = pB0 XB
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Where pA and pB are partial vapour pressures of component ‘A’ and component
‘B’ respectively in solution. pA0 and pB0 are vapour pressures of pure components
‘A’ and ‘B’ respectively.
6. Raoult’s law for a solution of non-volatile solute and volatile solvent :

pA 0 − pA n W × MA
= iX B = i B = i B (for dilute solutions)
pA 0
nA WA × M B
pA0 − pA
Where XB is mole fraction of solute, i is van’t Hoff factor and is relative
lowering of vapour pressure. pA0
7. Elevation in boiling point (∆Tb) :
∆Tb = i.Kb m
Where ∆Tb = Tb – Tb0
Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
 m = molality of solution
Tb = Boiling point of solution
Tb0 = Boiling point of solvent
8. Depression in freezing point (∆Tf) :
∆Tf = i.Kf m
Where ∆Tf = Tf 0 – Tf
Kf = molal freezing point depression constant
m = molality of solution
Tf 0 = Freezing point of solvent
Tf = Freezing point of solution
9. Osmotic pressure (π) of a solution :
πV = i nRT or π = i CRT
where π = osmotic pressure in bar or atm
N AT IS
V = volume in litres
C N
PY
i = van’t Hoff factor
O C D
O IO

C = molar concentration in moles per litres

D U AA

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n = number of moles of solute
T = Temperature on Kelvin scale
ED PR

R = 0.083 L bar mol–1 K–1

T

R = 0.0821 L atm mol–1 K–1
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10. Van’t Hoff factor (i)

Number of particles in solution after association or dissociation

=
Number of particles actually dissolved in solution

Observed colligative property

i=
Theoretically calculated colligative property

Normal molar mass

i=
Abnormal molar mass

i > 1 For dissociation of solute

i < 1 For association of solute
i = 1 For ideal solution undergoing no association or dissociation
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. The molality of 98% H2SO4 (density = 1.8 g/mL) by weight is:
(a) 6 m (b) 18 m
(c) 10 m (d) 4 m
2. Which of the following does not show positive deviation from Raoult's law?
(a) benzone + chlorofor (b) benzene + acetone
(c) benzene + ethanol (d) benzene + CCl4
3. Which solution will have least vapour pressure?
(a) 0.1 M BaCl2 (b) 0.1 M Uxa
(c) 0.1 M Na2SO4 (d) 0.1 M Na3PO4
4. Which condition is not satisfied by an ideal solution?
(a) ∆Hmix = 0 (b) ∆Vmix = 0
(c) ∆Pmix = 0 (d) ∆Smix = 0
5. Azeotrope mixture are:
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(a) mixture of two solids
C N
PY
O C D

(b) those will boil at different temperature

O IO
D U AA

(c) those which can be fractionally distilled

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(d) constant boiling mixtures
ED PR

6. If Kf value of H2O is 1.86. The value of ∆Tf for 0.1 m solution of non-volatile
solute is
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(a) 18.6 (b) 0.186

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(c) 1.86 (d) 0.0186

7. Solute when dissolve in water
(a) increases the vapour pressure of water
(b) decreases the boiling point of water
(c) decrease the freezing point of water
(d) All of the above
8. The plant cell will shrink when placed in:
(a) water (b) A hypotonic solution
(c) a hypertonic solution (d) an siotonic solution
9. The freezing point of 11% aquous solution of calcium nitrate will be:
(a) 0°C (b) above 0°C
(c) 1°C (d) below 0°C
10. The Van’t Hoff factor for 0.1 M Ba(NO3)2 solution is 2.74. The degree of
dissociation is:
(a) 91.3% (b) 87%
(c) 100% (d) 74%
11. Which of the following solutions would have the highest osmotic pressure:
M M
(a) NaCl (b) Urea
10 10
M M
(c) BaCl2 (d) Glucose
10 10
12. 0.5 M aquous solution of Glucose is isotonic with:
(a) 0.5 M KCl solution (b) 0.5 M CaCl2 solution
(c) 0.5 M Urea solution (d) 1 M solution of sucrose
13. Which of the following is true for Henry's constant
(a) It decreases with temperature (b) It increases with temperature
(c) Independent on temperature (d) It do not depend on nature of gases.
N AT IS
14. Which one is the best colligative property for determination of molecular
C N
PY
O C D

mass of polymer?
O IO

(a) osmotic pressure (b) elevation in boiling point

D U AA

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(c) depression in freezing point (d) osmosis
15. Which of the following do not depend on temperature?
ED PR

(a) % W/V (weight/volume) (b) molality

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(c) molarity (d) normality

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16. Henry's law constant K of CO2 in water at 25°C is 3 × 10–2 mol/L atm–1.
Calculation the mass of CO2 present in 100 L of soft drink bottled with a
partial pressure of CO2 of 4 atm at the same temperatrue.
(a) 5.28 g (b) 12.0 g
(c) 428 g (d) 528 g
17. Mixing of HNO3 and HCl is reaction:
(a) endothermic reaction (b) exothermic reaction
(c) both exothermic and endothermic (d) depend on entropy of reaction
18. The most likely on ideal solution is:
(a) NaCl—H2O (b) C2H5OH—C6H6
(c) C7H16—H2O (d) C7H16—C8H18
19. Van't Hoff factor for a dilute solution of a K2[HgI4] is:
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) zero
 20. Benzoic acid dissolved in benzene shows a molecular weight of:
(a) 122 (b) 61
(c) 244 (d) 366
21. 6% (W/V) solution of urea will be isotonic with:
(a) 18% (W/V) solution of glucose (b) 0.5 M solution of NaCl
(c) 1 M solution of CH3COOH (d) 6% (W/V) solution of sucrose.
22. Solution showing (+) ve deviation from Raoult’s law include:
(a) acetone + CS2 (b) acetone + C2H5OH
(c) acetone + Benzene (d) acetone + aniline

Fill in the blanks type:

23. The property which depends on number of particles of solute is called .............
24. Azeotrope mixture cannot be separate by .............
25. Match the column and choose correct option
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Vant'Hoff factor Behaviour of compound
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PY
(A) i = 1 P. Impossible
O C D
O IO

(B) i > 1 Q. Association is the solution

D U AA

(C) i < 1 R. Dissociation in the solution

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(D) i = 0 S. No dissociation or association
ED PR

(a) A–S, B–R, C–P, D–Q (b) A–R, B–S, C–Q, D–P
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(c) A–S, B–P, C–R, D–Q (d) A–S, B–R, C–Q, D–P
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Assertion Reason Type

26. Statement 1: Azeotropemixture are formed by only non-ideal solution
Statement 2: Azeotrope mixture can't be separated by fractional distillation.

ANSWERS
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a, b, c) 22. (a, b) 23. Colligative property 24. Fractional distillation
25. (d) 26. (b)
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 Mark)
Q. 1. What is Van’t Hoff factor ?
Ans. It is the ratio of normal molecular mass to observed molecular mass. It is denoted
as i.
i = normal molecular mass/observed molecular mass
= no. of particles after association or dissociation/no. of particles before
dissociation or association
Q. 2. What is the Van’t Hoff factor in K4[Fe(CN)6] and BaCl2 ?
Ans. 5 and 3
Q. 3. Why the molecular mass becomes abnormal ?
Ans. Due to association or dissociation of solute in given solvent.

Q. 4. What role does the molecular interaction play in the solution of alcohol and
water ?
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Ans. Positive deviation from ideal behaviour.
C N
PY
Q. 5. What is van’t Hoff factor ? How is it related with :
O C D
O IO
D U AA

(a) degree of dissociation (b) degree of association

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Ans. (a) α = i – 1/n – 1 (b) α = i – 1/1/n – 1
ED PR

Q. 6. Why NaCl is used to clear snow from roads ?

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Ans. It lowers freezing point of water.

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Q. 7. Why the boiling point of solution is higher than pure liquid ?

Ans. Due to lowering in vapour pressure.
Q. 8. Henry law constant for two gases are 21.5 and 49.5 atm, which gas is more
soluble ?
Ans. KH is inversely proportional to solubility.
Q.9. Define azeotrope. Give an example of maximum boiling azeotrope.
Q.10. Calculate the volume of 75% of H2SO4 by weight (d = 1.8 gm/ml) required to
prepare 1 L of 0.2 M solution.
Mass % × d × 10
Hint: M1 =
98
M1V1 = M2V2

= 14.5 ml
Q.11. Why water cannot be completely separated from aqueous solution of ethyl
alcohol ?
Ans. Due to formation of azeotrope at (95.4%).
Q.12. Why anhydrous salts like NaCl or CaCl2 are used to clear snow from roads
on hills ?
Hint : They depress freezing point of water.
Q.13. What is the effect on boiling and freezing point of a solution on addition of
NaCl ?
Hint : Boiling point increases and freezing point decreases.
Q.14. Why osmotic pressure is considered as colligative property ?
Hint : It depends upon number of moles of solute present in solution.
Q.15. Liquid A and B on mixing produce a warm solution. Which type of deviation
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does this solution show ?
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PY
Hint : – ve deviations
O C D
O IO
D U AA

Q.16. Give an example of a compound in which hydrogen bonding results in the

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formation of a dimer.
ED PR

Hint : Carboxylic acids or other example

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Q.17. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution containing
chloroform and acetone ?
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Hint : H-bonding formed, results in negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

Q. 1. Out of the following three solutions, which has the highest freezing point and why ?
(a) 0.1 M urea (b) 0.1M BaCl2 (c) 0.1M Na2SO4
Q. 2. Which of the following solutions have highest boiling point and why ?
(a) 1M glucose (b) 1M KCl (c) 1M aluminium nitrate
Q. 3. Equal moles of liquid P and Q are mixed. What is the ratio of their moles in the
vapour phase ? Given that PP0 = 2 × PQ0.
Q. 4. On mixing liquid X and Y, volume of the resulting solution decreases. What type
of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by the resulting solution ? What change
in temperature would you observe after mixing liquids X and Y ?
Q. 5. Explain the significance of Henry’s constant (KH). At the same temperature,
hydrogen is more soluble in water than helium. Which of them will have higher
value of KH and why ?
Q. 6. How many grams of KCl should be added to 1 kg of water to lower its freezing
point to – 8.0ºC ? (Kf = 1.86 K kg/mol)
Ans. Since KCl dissociate in water completely, i = 2.
∆Tf = i Kf × m
∆T f
m=
iK f

8
m=
2 × 1.86
= 2.15 mol/kg
Grams of KCl = 2.15 × 74. = 160.2 g/kg
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Q. 7 With the help of diagram, show the elevation in boiling point colligative properties ?
C N
Q. 8. What do you mean by colligative properties ? Which colligative property is used
PY
O C D

to determine molar mass of polymer and why ?

O IO
D U AA

Q.9. Define reverse osmosis. Write its one use.

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Ans. Desalination of water.
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Q.10. Why does an azeotropic mixture distills without any change in composition ?
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Hint : It has same composition of components in liquid and vapour phase.

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Q.11. Under what condition Van’t Hoff factor is :

(a) equal to 1 ? (b) less than 1 ? (c) more than 1 ?
Q.12. An aqueous solution of 2% non-volatile exerts a pressure of 1.004 Bar at the
normal boiling point of the solvent. What is the molar mass of the solute ?
P 0 A − PA w B × mA
Hint : 0
=
P A mB × w A
1.013 − 1.004 2 × 18
=
1.013 m B × 98
mB = 41.35 gm/mol
Q.13. Why is it advised to add ethylene glycol to water in a car radiator in hill station ?
Hint : Anti-freeze.
Q.14. Calculate the molarity of pure water (d = 1 g mL–1).
Ans. Desity of water = 1 g mL–1
Mass of 1000 ml of water = V × d
= 1000 mL × 1 gm–1

= 1000 g
1000
Moles of water = = 55.55 mol
18
Now, mole of H2O present in 1000 mL or 1 L of water.
So, molarity = 55.55M
Q.15. Define Henry’s law. Give their two application.
Q.16. The dissolution of ammonium chloride in water is endothermic process.
What is the effect of temperature on its solubility ?
Ans. Since dissolution of NH4Cl in water is endothermic process, its solubility increases
N AT IS
with rise in temperature (i.e., Le-Chatelier process).
C N
PY
O C D

Q.17. Two liquids A and B boil at 145ºC and 190ºC respectively. Which of them has
O IO
D U AA

higher vapour pressure at 80ºC ?

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Ans. Lower the boiling point more volatile is the respective compound. Therefore,
ED PR

liquid A will have higher vapour pressure at 80ºC.

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Q.18. Why is liquid ammonia bottle first cooled in ice before opening it ?
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Ans. At room temperature, the vapour pressure of liquid ammonia is very high. On
cooling vapour pressure decreases, therefore the liquid ammonia will not splash
out.
Q.19. Which colligative property is preferred for the molar mass determination of
macromolecules ?
Ans. Osmotic pressure measurement is preferred for molar mass determination because :
(a) even in dilute solution the osmotic pressure values are appreciably high and
can be measured accurately.
(b) osmotic pressure can be measured at room temperature.
SHORT ANSWER-II TYPE QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
Q. 1. Determine the amount of CaCl2 dissolved in 2.5L at 27ºC such that its osmotic
pressure is 0.75 atm at 27ºC. (i for CaCl2 = 2.47)

Ans. For CaCl2, i = 2.47

π = iCRT

nB
=i × RT
V

2.47 × nB × 0.082 × 300

0.75 =
2.5

0.75 × 2.5
nB =
2.47 × 0.082 × 300
N AT IS
nB = 0.0308 mol
C N
PY
O C D

Amount = 0.0308 mol × 111g mol–1

O IO
D U AA

O
= 3.418g
ED PR

Q. 2. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of

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K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at 25ºC assuming that it is completely dissociated.

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Ans. If K2SO4 is completely dissociated,

K2SO4 → 2K+ + SO42−

i =3

Mol mass of K2SO4 = 2 × 39 + 32 + 4 × 16 = 174 g mol–1

π = iCRT

WB × RT
=i
MB × V

3 × 25 × 10−3 × 0.082 × 298

=
174 × 2.0

= 5.27 × 10-3 atm

Q. 3. If the solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10-16, calculate the maximum molarity
of CuS in aqueous solution.
Ans. Ksp of CuS = 6 × 10-16
If S is the solubility, then
CuS → Cu2+ + S2-
[Cu2+] = S, [S2-] = S
Ksp = [Cu2+][S2-]
= S × S = S2

Solubility S = K sp = 6 × 10−6
= 2.45 × 10−8 M
Highest molarity = 2.45 × 10−8 M
Q. 4. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in
the following pairs :
(a) n-hexane and n-octane (b) I2 and CCl4
N AT IS
C N
(c) NaClO4 and water
PY
O C D
O IO

Ans. (a) Vander Waals interaction

D U AA

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(b) Vander Waals interaction
(c) Ion-dipole interaction
ED PR

Q. 5. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 Kpa at 300K. Calculate vapour pressure
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of 1 molal solution of a non-volatile solute in it.

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1
Ans. Mole fraction of solute = = 0.0177
1000
1+
18
0
P − PA
= 0.0177
P0
12.3 − PA
= 0.0177
12.3
PA = 12.08 Kpa
Q. 6. 6.90M solution of KOH in water contains 30% by mass of KOH. Calculate
the density of the KOH solution. (Molar mass of KOH = 56 g mol-1)
Ans. Mass of KOH = 30 g
nB
M= × 1000
V ( ml )

 WB 30
= × 1000 = × 1000
M B × V ( ml ) 56 × V

30 × 1000
6.90 =
56 × V

30 × 1000
V = = 81.43 mL
56 × 6.90
M
D=
V

100
= =1.28 g mL−1
81.43
Q. 7. An anti-freeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol C2H4(OH)2
and 200 g of water. Calculate the molality of the solution. If the density of this
solution be 1.072 g mL-1, what will be the molarity of the solution ?
N AT IS

Ans. MB of C2H4(OH)2 = 62 g mol-1

C N
PY
O C D

nB WB 222.6 × 1000
O IO
D U AA

Molality = × 1000 = × 1000 =

WA M B × WB 62 × 200
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= 17.95m
ED PR

Mass
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Density =
Volume
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Mass 422.6
So, Volume = = = 394.22 ml
Density 1.072
nB
M = × 1000
V
222.6
= × 1000 = 9.11M
394.22 × 62
Q. 8. What would be the molar mass of compound if 6.21 g of it is dissolved in 24.0
g of CHCl3 from a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04ºC. The boiling
point of pure chloroform is 61.7ºC and the boiling point elevation constant
Kb for chloroform is 3.63ºC/m.
Ans. Elevation in boiling point ∆Tb = 68.04 – 61.7 = 6.31ºC
Mass of substance WB = 6.21 g
Mass of CHCl3 WA = 24.0 g
KB = 3.63 ºC/m
 K b × WB × 1000 3.63 × 6.21 × 1000
MB = =
∆Tb × WA 6.34 × 24

= 148.15 g mol-1
Q. 9. A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol
in 500 g of water. This solution has a boiling point of 100.42ºC while pure water
boils at 100ºC. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make the solution ? (Kb =
0.512 K kg mol-1)
Ans. 37.73 g
Q.10. 18 g of glucose (C6H12O6) (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) is dissolved in 1 kg of water
in a sauce pan. At what temperature will this solution boil ? (Kb for water = 0.52
K kg mol-1, boiling point of pure water = 373.1 K)
Ans. 373.202 K
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
Q. 1. (a) Define Raoult’s law of binary solution containing non-volatile solute in
it.
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(b) On dissolving 3.24 g of sulphur in 40 g of benzene, boiling point of

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PY
O C D

solution was higher than that of benzene by 0.81K (Kb = 2.53 K kg

O IO

mol-1). What is molecular formula of sulphur ? (Atomic mass s = 32 g

D U AA

mol-1)
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Ans. (a) At a given temperature, the vapour pressure of a solution containing
ED PR

non-volatile solute is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the solvent.

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K b × Wb × 1000 2.53 × 3.24 × 103

(b) MB = =
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∆Tb × WA 0.81 × 40
= 253 g mol–1
Let the molecular formula of sulphur = Sx
Atomic mass of sulphur = 32
Molecular mass = 32 × x
32x = 253
x = 7.91 ≈ 8
Molecular formula of sulphur = S8
Q. 2. (a) Outer shells of two eggs are removed. One of the egg is placed in pure
water and the other is placed in saturated solution of NaCl. What will be
observed and why ?
(b) A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in
35.0 ml of water has an osmotic pressure of 0.335 ton at 25ºC. Assuming the
gene fragment is a non-electrolyse, determine the molar mass.
Ans. (a) In pure water the egg swells and in saturated solution of NaCl it will shrinks.
(b) Mass of gene fragment = 8.95 mg
= 8.95 × 10-3 g
Volume of water = 35.0 ml = 35 × 10-3 L
π = 0.335 ton = 0.335/760 atm
Temp = 25 + 273 = 298 K
WB RT
π=
MB × V

0.335 8.95 × 10−3 × 0.0821 × 298
=
760 M B × 35 × 10−3

MB = 141933 g mol-3
Q. 3. (a) Define van’t Hoff factor.
N AT IS

(b) Calculate the freezing point depression expected for 0.0711M aqueous
C N
PY
O C D

solution of Na2SO4. If this solution actually freezes at – 0.320ºC, what

O IO

would be the value of van’t Hoff factor ? (Kf = 1.86ºC mol-1)

D U AA

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Ans. (a) Van’t Hoff factor : It is the ratio of the normal molar mass to the observed
molar mass of the solute.
ED PR

(b) ∆Tf = Kf × M
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∆Tf = 1.86 × 0.0711 = 0.132

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Observed freezing point = 0 – (– 0.320) = 0.320ºC

Observed freezing point
i=
Calculate freezing point

0.320
= = 2.42
0.132
Q. 4. (a) What is the value of i when solute is associated and dissociated ?
(b) Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 10.50 g of
MgBr2 in 200 g of water. (Molar mass of MgBr2 = 184, Kf = 1.86 K kg
mol-1)
Ans. (a) i < 1 when solute is associated and
i > 1 when solute is dissociated.
ng × 1000
(b) m=
WA ( g )
 WB × 1000 10.50 × 1000
= = = 0.2853M
M B × WA 184 × 200

MgBr2 ionizes as MgBr2 → Mg2+ + 2Br-
i =3
∆Tf = i × Kf × M
= 3 × 1.86 × 0.2855
= 1.59
Freezing point = 0 – 1.59ºC = – 1.59ºC
Q. 5. (a) What is the value of i for Al2(SO4)3 when it is completely dissociated ?
(b) Calculate the boiling point of a solution prepared by adding 15.00 g of
NaCl to 250 g of water. (Kb = 0.512 K kg mol-1 and molar mass of NaCl
= 58.44 g mol-1)
Ans. (a) Al2(SO4)3 → 2Al3+ + 3SO42−
N AT IS
i=5
C N
PY
O C D

iK b × 1000 × WB
O IO

∆Tb =
D U AA

WA × M B
(b)
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NaCl → Na+ + Cl-
ED PR

i =2
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2 × 0.512 × 1000 × 15
∆Tb =
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250 × 58.44
= 1.05
Boiling point of solution = 100 + 1.05
= 101.05ºC