The document outlines an experiment to study op-amp based square wave generators, detailing objectives, apparatus, circuit diagram, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains how square wave outputs are generated by forcing the op-amp into saturation and describes the relationship between output frequency and component values. The procedure includes designing the circuit, assembling it, and comparing observed and calculated frequencies.
The document outlines an experiment to study op-amp based square wave generators, detailing objectives, apparatus, circuit diagram, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains how square wave outputs are generated by forcing the op-amp into saturation and describes the relationship between output frequency and component values. The procedure includes designing the circuit, assembling it, and comparing observed and calculated frequencies.
The document outlines an experiment to study op-amp based square wave generators, detailing objectives, apparatus, circuit diagram, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains how square wave outputs are generated by forcing the op-amp into saturation and describes the relationship between output frequency and component values. The procedure includes designing the circuit, assembling it, and comparing observed and calculated frequencies.
The document outlines an experiment to study op-amp based square wave generators, detailing objectives, apparatus, circuit diagram, theory, procedure, and observations. It explains how square wave outputs are generated by forcing the op-amp into saturation and describes the relationship between output frequency and component values. The procedure includes designing the circuit, assembling it, and comparing observed and calculated frequencies.
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Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
Title: To Study the op-amp based Square wave generators.
Objectives: 1) To study the working of square wave generator circuit. 2) To study effect of feedback resistor on the output. 3) To measure the output signal frequency & compare with calculated one. Apparatus: Bread Board, Components(IC 741, Resistors, Capacitors, Pots), Connecting Wires, Dual Power Supply, CRO with its probes etc.
Circuit Diagram:
10K D1
Rf D2
5.1K 0.1MFD +Vcc
3 + 6 2 Vout - -Vcc
R2 10K
R1 81K
Theory:
In contract to sine wave oscillators, square wave output are generated when the op- amp is forced to operate in saturation region, i..e. output of op-amp is forced to swing repetitively between +Vsat (+Vcc) and –Vsat (-Vee) result in the square wave output. These square wave generator is also called as free running or astable multivibrator the output of
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Page No.
Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC
op-amp in this circuit will be positive or negative depending on whatever differential
voltage Vid is –ve or positive respectively. Assume that voltage across capacitor is 0V at the instant the DC supply voltages +Vcc or –Vee are applied. These means that the voltage at inverting terminal is 0 initially. At the same time voltage V1 at non-inverting terminal is very small finite that is function output offset voltage and values of R1 and R2. thus differential input voltage Vid = voltage V1 at non-inverting terminal. Although very small V1 will start to drive op-amp into saturation e.g. suppose that output offset voltage is positive and that Vi is also +ve . since initially the capacitor act as short circuit and gain of op-amp is very large. Hence V1 drives the op-amp to its positive saturation voltage, stats charging +Vsat to R however as soon as V2 across capacitor is slightly more than +ve than V1, output of op-amp is forced to swing – Vsat, with op-amp output at –Vsat, V1 across R1 is also negative.
Thus net difference. Voltage Vid= V1-V2 is –ve which holds output of op-amp in – ve sat. The output remains in –Vsat, until C discharges & then recharges to –ve volt. Slightly higher than –V1, now as soon as capacitor voltage V2 becomes more negative than differential Voltage Vid becomes +ve and drive output of op-amp back to its positive saturation these completes one cycle with output and +Vsat voltage Vf at non-inverting input is given by V1 = R1/ (R1+R2) (+Vsat) Time period T of input waves is given by T = 2RC. ln[(2R1+R2)/R2] Fo = 1/2RC. ln[(2R1+R2)/R2] These equation indicates that the frequency of output is not only function of RC time constant that also of relationship between R1 and R2. If R2 = 1.16R1, Fo = 1/2RC Smaller RC time constant will result higher output frequency and vice-versa. As with the sine wave oscillator the highest frequency generated by square wave generator is also set by slew rate of op-amp. An attempt to operate circuit at relatively higher frequency causes the oscillator output to become triangular. In practice each inverting and non- inverting terminal needs Rs to prevents excessive differential Current flow because input of op-amp are subjected to large diff. Voltage. Rs should be 100 kΩ or higher a reduced peak to peak output swings can be obtained in square wave generator by using back to back zeners at output terminal.
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Page No.
Linear Integrated Circuits SGMCOE, Mahagaon, SY E&TC
Procedure: 1) Design the square wave generator circuit for desired time period 2) Assemble the circuit on the bread board. 3) Switch on the power supplies & observe the OUTPUT on the CRO. 4) Observe the wave across capacitors also. 5) Calculate the observed frequency & compare the same with calculated one. Observations:
Practical OUTPUT signal Calculated OUTPUT signal
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
Conclusion:
Continuous Cognitive Psychomotor Affective Total out of
Assessment of (04) Skills (04) Domain (02) (10) Lab Work Signature of Subject Expert
Study Question: 1) Explain in short the capacitor charging and discharge mode in case of square wave generator.
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Page No.
