MODULE 1 (FUNCTIONS)

FUNCTION TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

- a relation that uniquely associates 1. Constant Function (f(fx) = c)
members of one set with members of - C- value can be any
another set. number.
- Domain - Horizontal line.

- each element of the first set. { 0, 1 } Example:

- possible input values (abscissas) - Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
- x-coordinate - Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒}
- Range 2. Identity Function (f(x) = x)
- x-value is the same as the
- corresponds to one and only one element
y-value.
of the second set.
- Diagonal line.
- possible output values (ordinates)
Example:
- y-coordinate
- Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
- Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) ∈ 𝕽}
RELATION
3. Linear Function (f(x) =mx + b)
- a set of inputs and outputs, often written - In the slope-intercept form.
as ordered pairs (input, output). - Straight line.
- “all functions are relation, but not all Example:
relations are functions” - Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
- Four ways to represent relation - Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) ∈ 𝕽}
- Mapping Diagram 4. Absolute Value Function
-Graph - V-shaped graph
-Equation - Two pieces and is one of the
piecewise functions.
-Ordered Pairs
Example:
- Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS
- Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎}
1. Examine the abscissas (x coordinate), if
5. Quadratic Function
no abscissa is of the same value then the 2
given relation is a function. (𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)
- U-shaped curve (parabola)
2. Vertical line test - works by drawing
- If a < 0, the graph opens
vertical line/s on the graph and if this
down and if a > 0 then the
vertical line intersects only to one point of
graph opens up.
the given graph, then the given relation is a Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
function. Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) > 𝟎}
Domain: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ 𝕽}
Range: {𝒇(𝒙)|𝒇(𝒙) < 𝟎}
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS
- To evaluate a function is to replace or MODULE 2 (LIMITS AND CONTINUITY)
substitute its variable with a given number LIMITS
or expression. - The limit of a function at a point aa in its
domain (if it exists) is the value that the
OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS function approaches as its argument
a. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) approaches a
b. (𝑓 − 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥 → 𝑥0
c. (𝑓 ∙ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥)
THEOREMS ON LIMIT OF FUNCTIONS
d. ( 𝑓/𝑔 ) (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)/𝑔(𝑥) , 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
1. The limit of constant is that constant.
lim 𝑐 = 𝑐
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS 𝑥→𝑎

- substitute an entire function into another 2. The limit of identity function.

function. lim 𝑥 = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
- ( 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔)(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑔)(𝑥)
- It means that wherever there is an x in the 3. The limit of a constant c times a function.
function f, it is replaced with the function lim 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
g(x).
4. The limit of the sum of two functions.
lim [𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) + lim 𝑔(𝑥)
INVERSE FUNCTIONS 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

- a function that undoes the action of 5. The limit of the difference of two functions.
another function. lim [𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑓(𝑥) − lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
- g(f(x)) = x.
- This inverse function is unique and is 6. The limit of the product of two functions.
−1 lim [𝑓(𝑥) ∙𝑔(𝑥)] = lim 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ lim 𝑔(𝑥)
frequently denoted by 𝑓 and called “f 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
inverse. 7. The limit of the quotient.
- Given - Interchange x and y, then solve for lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑥→𝑎
−1 lim = provided that lim 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
y. After that, Replace y by 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑥→𝑎
𝑔(𝑥) lim 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎

8. The limit of the nth power of a function.

𝑛 𝑛
lim [𝑓(𝑥)] = [ lim 𝑓(𝑥)]
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

9. The limit of the nth root of a function.

𝑛
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑛 lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

10. If is a polynomial function and c is a real

number
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐
INFINITE LIMITS KINDS OF CONTINUITY
- f(x) increases or decreases without bound 1. Jump discontinuity
as the value of x approaches an arbitrary - occur where the graph has a break
number c. in it as this graph does and the
lim =+ ∞ 𝑜𝑟 lim =− ∞ values of the function to either
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
side of the break are finite.
2. Removable discontinuity
- those where there is a hole in the
graph as there is in this case.
LIMITS AT INFINITY
- If n is a positive integer, then CONTINUITY ON A CLOSED INTERVAL
1 1 A function f(x) is continuous on a closed interval
lim 𝑛 = 0 lim 𝑛 = 0
𝑥 → −∞ 𝑥 𝑥 → +∞ 𝑥 [a,b] if
1. it is continuous on the open interval (a, b).
LIMITS AT INFINITY OF POLYNOMIALS 2. it is continuous from the right of a.
a. f(a) exists
b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
+
𝑥→𝑎

c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

+
𝑥→𝑎

3. it is continuous from the left of b.

CONTINUITY a. f(a) exists
- A function f(x) is said to be continuous at b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
−
x = a if all the following conditions are 𝑥→𝑏

satisfied. c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

−
𝑥→𝑏
- a. f(a) exists
- b. lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎

- c. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎

“If any one or more of the conditions

fail, the function f(x) is said to be
discontinuous at a”
MODULE 3 (DERIVATIVES) PRODUCT RULE
𝑑(𝑢𝑣) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
=𝑢 𝑑𝑥
+𝑣 𝑑𝑥
FORMULAS:
QUOTIENT RULE
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Slope formula: 𝑑𝑥
( )=
𝑣 2
𝑣
CHAIN RULE
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
F’(x) = 𝒇′(𝒈(𝒙)) ∙ 𝒈′(𝒙), 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥

DERIVATIVES OF ALGEBRAIC TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

FUNCTIONS
- An algebraic function is any function that
can be built from the identity function
y=x by forming linear combinations,
products, quotients, and fractional
powers.

Differentiation Rules EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

- Exponential functions have the form
f(x)=ax, where a is the base. The base is
always a positive number not equal to 1.
The derivative is given by