Java class libraries are pre-written code offering various functionalities like I/O, networking, and data

structures.

A typical Java development environment includes a JDK, JRE, and JVM, working together to compile,
interpret, and execute Java code.

Memory management in Java is handled automatically through garbage collection, simplifying

Java Class Libraries:

Organization: Java libraries are organized into packages, making it easier to find and use specific
functionalities.

Examples: java.lang, java.util, java.io, java.net are some commonly used packages.

Integration: Libraries like JDBC (for database connectivity) and JNDI (for directory services) facilitate
interaction with external systems.

GUI Libraries: Swing and AWT provide tools for building graphical user interfaces.

Typical Java Development Environment:

JDK (Java Development Kit):

Includes the compiler, debugger, and other tools needed to develop Java applications.

JRE (Java Runtime Environment):

Provides the necessary components, including the JVM, to run Java applications.
JVM (Java Virtual Machine):

An abstract computing machine that executes Java bytecode, ensuring platform independence.

IDE (Integrated Development Environment):

Tools like Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, or NetBeans can be used for coding, debugging, and testing.

Memory Concepts in Java:

Automatic Memory Management:

Java uses garbage collection to automatically reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer
referenced, simplifying memory management for developers.

JVM Memory Areas:

The JVM manages memory in different areas, including the heap (where objects are stored), the stack
(for method calls), and the method area/Metaspace (for class metadata and static variables).

Heap:

The heap is a shared memory space where objects are dynamically allocated and garbage collected.

Stack:

The stack stores local variables and method call information.

Garbage Collection:

The garbage collector periodically identifies and removes unreachable objects from the heap, freeing up
memory.
 Object Creation and Destruction:

Objects are created using the new operator and are automatically garbage collected when no longer
referenced

Types of Decision-Making Statements

Statement Use Case Example

if Single condition check if (age >= 18)

if-else Two-way decision if (x > y) {...} else {...}

nested-if Multi-level conditions if (x > 10) { if (y > 5) {...} }

if-else-if Multiple conditions if (marks >= 90) {...} else if (marks >= 80) {...}

switch-case Exact value matching switch (day) { case 1: ... }

break Exit loop/switch break;

continue Skip iteration continue;

return Exit method return result;

1. if Statement
if(condition) {
// Statements to execute if
// condition is true
}

import java.util.*;
class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[])

int i = 10;

if (i < 15)

// part of if block(immediate one statement

// after if condition)

System.out.println("Inside If block");

// always executes as it is outside of if block

System.out.println("10 is less than 15");

// This statement will be executed

// as if considers one statement by default again

// below statement is outside of if block

System.out.println("I am Not in if");

2. if-else Statement
3. if(condition){
4. // Executes this block if
5. // condition is true
6. }else{
7. // Executes this block if
8. // condition is false
9. }
3. nested-if Statement
import java.util.*;

class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[])

int i = 10;

if (i == 10 || i < 15) {

// First if statement

if (i < 15)

System.out.println("i is smaller than 15");

// Nested - if statement

// Will only be executed if statement above

// it is true

if (i < 12)

System.out.println(

"i is smaller than 12 too");

else {

System.out.println("i is greater than 15");

}
4. if-else-if ladder
import java.util.*;

class Geeks {

public static void main(String args[])

int i = 20;

if (i == 10)

System.out.println("i is 10");

else if (i == 15)

System.out.println("i is 15");

else if (i == 20)

System.out.println("i is 20");

else

System.out.println("i is not present");

5. Switch Case

Practical time seen

Iterartin Statements:

1 For Loop:
2.while
3. Do_while

import java.io.*;

class GFG {

public static void main(String[] args)

// For Loop

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.print(i + " ");

System.out.println();

// While Loop

int count = 0;

while (count < 5) {

System.out.print(count + " ");

count++;

System.out.println();

// Do-While Loop

count = 0;

do {

System.out.print(count + " ");

count++;
 } while (count < 5);

System.out.println();