Cable Headend-Hub Technologies

1
2006 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. All rights reserved. Part No. and Rev.
Cable Headend / Hub Technologies
April 2007
2
2006 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc.. All rights reserved.

Course Overview
Description
Introduces Headend and Hub systems and terminology
used in the Cable TV industry
Course Goals/Objectives
Discuss the Cable TV industry and changing atmosphere.
View the flow of video signals through networks.
Discuss Available Services and strategies for enabling our
Customers to offer them.
Introduce the Headend/Hub Components.
Describe ROSA, SAs Network Management System for
Headends/Hubs.
Identify some of the SA products for Headends/Hubs.
3

Course Content
Section 1 Cable TV
Section 2 Cable vs. Wireline
Section 2 What is a Headend?
Section 3 Conditioning, Combining and Transporting
Signals
Section 4 Digital Broadcast Delivery System
Section 5 Available Services
Section 6 Terrestrial Reception
Section 7 Ad Insertion
Section 8 Network Management System
Section 9 Switched Digital
Section 10 SA Products
4

Cable TV
Section Start: Cable TV
5

Cable TV Section Overview
Description
This section discusses the Evolution of Cable TV and the
Current, changing atmosphere.

Course Goals/Objectives
To gain an understanding of what the Cable TV providers
systems were designed for
To recognize the opportunities to enable our customers to
offer new services and technologies
6

Cable TV
Legacy Systems
The Cable networks are more Distributed they do
not tend to have National Headends
All channels have traditionally been Broadcast
The paradigm is moving to a Switched model
Every customer is unique

7

Typical MSO Network for:
Broadcast Video
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
Local
Ad
Server
Analog
Ad
Insertion
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
IRTs
IRTs
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
Broadcast Digital Video
SONET
Transport
DV-6000 /
Prisma DT
8

Typical MSO Network Evolution for:
DOCSIS High Speed Data
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
Local
Ad
Server
Analog
Ad
Insertion
SONET
Transport
DV-6000 /
Prisma DT
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
IRTs
IRTs
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
DOCSIS High Speed Data
9

Video on Demand
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
Local
Ad
Server
Analog
Ad
Insertion
SONET
Transport
DV-6000 /
Prisma DT
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
IRTs
IRTs
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
GigE/DWDM
Transport
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Video on Demand
10

Voice over IP
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
Local
Ad
Server
Analog
Ad
Insertion
SONET
Transport
DV-6000 /
Prisma DT
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
IRTs
IRTs
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
GigE/DWDM
Transport
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
PSTN
GW
EMTA
CMS
Voice over IP
11

Digital Simulcast
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
GigE/DWDM
Transport
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
PSTN
GW
EMTA
CMS
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
IRTs
IRTs
Local
Ad
Server
MPEG
Decoders
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Enc
Ad
Server
Mux/DPI
Digital
Simulcast
12

Switched Digital Video
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
GigE/DWDM
Transport
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
PSTN
GW
EMTA
CMS
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Local
Ad
Server
MPEG
Decoders
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Enc
Ad
Server
Mux/DPI
IRTs
IRTs
GigE/DWDM
Transport
SDB
Server
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Mux/DPI
Bulk
Encryptor
Switched
Digital Video
13

Switched IP Video
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
1310
Tx
1310
Tx
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
Satellite
Receivers
1550
RX
HFC
QAM
Modulators
MPEG
STB
SONET
1310
Rx
1310
Rx
TED
DNCS
APP
SONET
QPSK US
QPSK DS
ATM ATM ATM
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
GigE/DWDM
Transport
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Local
Ad
Server
MPEG
Decoders
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Enc
Ad
Server
Mux/DPI
IRTs
IRTs
GigE/DWDM
Transport
SDB
Server
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Mux/DPI
Bulk
Encryptor
DOCSIS
3.0
PSTN
GW
EMTA
CMS
CMTS
Cable
Modem
Web
Ethernet
Switch
DOCSIS

GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
M-CMTS
IP
STB
QAM
QAM
QAM
EQAM
DOCSIS 3.0 /
IP STB
14

GigE/DWDM
Transport
Library
VOD
Storage
Local
VOD
CMS
PSTN
GW
Web
QAM
Modulators
1550
RX
1310
Tx
1310
Rx
1310
Tx
1310
Rx
Local
Ad
Server
TED
DNCS
APP
MPEG
STB
Cable
Modem
EMTA
Analog
Mods
1550
TX
IRTs
DOCSIS
MPEG
Decoders
GigE/DWDM
Transport
IRTs
Mux/DPI
Bulk
Encryptor
GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
GigE/DWDM
Transport
Enc
CMTS
QAM
QAM
QAM
EQAM
QPSK US
QPSK DS
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
IP
STB
SDB
Server
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Ad
Server
Mux/DPI
Satellite
Receivers
HFC
HFC
Network
Home
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Headend
Typical MSO Network ~ 2007/2008
15

Typical MSO Network Evolution for
Fiber to the Premise
Fiber-to-the Premise
Logical extension of an HFC
network
A Passive Optical Network
(PON) No active RF
network amplifiers.
Ethernet HSD
Ethernet Return.
Fiber has almost unlimited
BW potential.

16

Cable TV: Summary
Need to offer
Interactive Services and
High Definition TV
Which require greater bandwidth or more efficient
use of their current bandwidth.
In order to compete
Digital Simulcast
Switched Digital
17

Wireline vs. Cable
18

Wireline versus Cable Section
Overview
Purpose
Describe similarities of Wireline and Cable headend architectures
And different considerations and objectives for Wireline Service
Providers

Objectives
Describe what is common for Wireline and Cable content providers
Explain advantages and disadvantages of each system
Discuss current obstacles for Wireline and Cable providers and
possible solutions
19

Wireline versus Cable:
Models
IPTV
Defined by bandwidth described
in megabits per second (Mbps)
Providers offer as much content
as can be streamed, replicated,
and/or cached on network servers
Operators send down programs
singly and then replicate them to
subscribers via multicast group
Inherently bidirectional and
interactive and well-suited for
Video-on-Demand as well as other
interactive programs
Cable
Plants are defined according to
bandwidth described in cycles
per second, or Hertz (Hz) such
as a 1 GHz hybrid fiber-coax
(HFC) plant
Offer as much content as will fit
within a fixed frequency spectrum
Cable operators send down MPTS
broadcasts for everyone
Traditional cable was a
unidirectional broadcast
20

Set Top Box Operation
Set Top Boxes (STBs) for cable customers change channels easily
by tuning to a different frequency.
STBs for wireline must send out an IGMP join/leave request for
each channel change.
The join/leave request goes upstream to a distribution router (or
wherever the multicast channels are injected this depends on
architecture).

Distribution devices copy the multicast stream to an outgoing port.
Packets are sent back downstream to the STB for decoding and
television display.
Modem DSLAM
Aggregation
Router
Distribution
Router
IGMP V3
21

Delivering Video Content
Content delivery over an IPTV DSL framework differs
significantly from a traditional cable television system.
Headend for a Hybrid
Fiber Coax (HFC)
cable network
Headend for IPTV over
Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL)
Programs are broadcast all at
once in Multi-Program
Transport Stream (MPTS); the
customer set top tunes to the
frequency of a program that is
already present.
Program signals are sent one at
a time in a Single Program
Transport Stream (SPTS);
programs are not sent until the
customer selects the channel.
Request
Channel
Channel
Sent
22

Broadcast Video
IP Video
Video
Service
Provider
Video
DSLAM
Delivering Video Content
23

Challenger or Defender?
Legacy broadcasting networks and IP data
networks have become strange bedfellows in the
television transmission market.

To expand into video, wireline operators look to
Internet Protocol (IP) TV - the process of sending
television signals over data networks using
Internet transport protocols.
Cable Wireline
Seeks to add voice
and data to traditional
video offerings.
Seeks to add video to
traditional voice and data
offerings.
24

Headend Functionality Similarities
Regardless of whether the industry is cable or
wireline, a headend acquires, processes, and
transports video
However, the headend that you sell or build will
vary in equipment and architecture, depending on
whether you are working
within the confines of a cable
or wireline network.
This training focuses on an
IPTV headend from the
Wireline operators perspective,
with Cable information
sprinkled throughout.
25

Content Processing
All video providers acquire content from
satellites and local channels the same way.
How content is processed and transported is
where differences become apparent.
In a cable environment all content must be modulated
onto a RF carrier for broadcast over coax (or HFC).
In a wireline environment, content is converted to IP
for transmission over an IP network.
26

Headend
Primary
Hub
Secondary
Hub
Nodes
Amplifiers
Taps Coaxial
Network
MSOs
Video Origination
Headend
VHO
VSO
DSLAM
Copper
Network
Telcos
Different networks, different terminology,
same enabling technologies
Content Processing
27

Wireline vs. Cable:
Example Cable Architecture Today
Hybrid Fiber/Coax (HFC)
Architecture Regional
Ring
All the Bandwidth, Reliability
and Performance of HFC
2 way operation widely
deployed
Digital Broadcasts
Digital Switched Services; i.e.
VOD, SDB
High Speed Data Services
DOCSIS
PacketCable (VoIP)
28

Access Network
Processing in a headend is dictated by needs of
the access network.
The access network is sometimes referred to as
the local loop or last mile; it is the subscriber
connection.
Connections may be copper or fiber; however,
most wireline installations are currently
copper, specifically some iteration
of Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL).
Cable plants are primarily coax
and carry RF signals. The quality of
that plant does influence how much
data/payload may be carried.
29

Basic IPTV Architecture
A headend is one part of a four-part Wireline IPTV
video distribution network.
Headend
Location
Transport
Network
Access
Network
Home
Network
Managed
IP
Network
30

Wireline versus Cable :
Example IPTV Over xDSL Network
This illustration shows one possible wireline
broadband network over a xDSL connection.
Satellite
TVRO
Integrated
Receiver
Decoder
(IRD)
Super Headend Secondary Headend
31

Basic DSL Architecture
Central Office
TDM Switch
POTS
Splitter
POTS + DSL
POTS PSTN
DSLAM
Data
Data Network
32

Voice & Data on DSL Twisted Pair
Frequency plan for
ADSL:
Red area is the
frequency range
used by normal
voice telephony
Green and blue
areas are used for
ADSL.
33

Increasing DSL Bandwidth Efficiency
IPTV Dilemma:
Coming from an Internet and voice background, DSL
originally supported less than 20 to 30 kilobits per second
(Kbps) average bandwidth per subscriber
A typical ADSL line offers between 1.5 to 6 megabits per
second (Mbps).
However, one standard definition digital video channel
using MPEG-2 compression needs 2 to 4 Mbps.
One television in a home could only watch one SD channel
at a time maybe.
34

Pipeline Restrictions
Headend services, as well as design of the IPTV
architecture, are dictated by the size of the access
networks pipeline to the home.
A single 5 Mbps pipe
could only send 1 MPEG2
Channel of SDTV.
35

Technology Advancements
Advances in technology help wireline
operators squeeze more programming
through as DSL pipeline, including:
Advances in DSL technology
More intelligent headend
High-performance routers and switches
Advances in video compression
36

Increasing Bandwidth Efficiency
At minimum, a DSL network should support at least two channels
of simultaneous viewing per household, three channels to be
competitive and an MPEG2 HDTV channel can command 20
Mbps!
Consequently, wireline operators
must be able to offer more than
10 Mbps per household
just for video; add more for
Internet and voice.
For subscribers with more TVs
in their home, DSL access
requires a significant
infrastructure upgrade.
New DSL technologies are a must for increased bandwidth:
ADSL2+, VDSL, & VDSL2.
1 MPEG2-Compressed
HDTV Channel
20 Mbps
1 MPEG4-10 Compressed
SDTV Channel
1 - 2 Mbps
1 MPEG4-10 Compressed
HDTV Channel
6 to 9 Mbps
37

VDSL
ADSL
Upstream
(Mbps)
Downstream
(Mbps)
Loop
Range
(KM)
Loop
Range (kft)
Wire
Size
(MM)
Wire
Size
(AWG)
Symmetric/
Asymmetric
DSL Type
ADSL2
ADSL2+
VDSL2
DSL Performance
26 26 0.3 1
0.5 24 symmetric
13 13 0.9 3 0.5 24 symmetric
6 52 0.3 1 0.5 24 asymmetric
3 26 0.9 3 0.5 24 asymmetric
0.64 6 3.7 12 0.5 24 asymmetric
24 1 - 3.5 3 0.9
0.5 24
asymmetric
asymmetric
0.5 24 12 5 1 1.5
35
3 0.9
8 asymmetric 0.5 24
38

HFC Network Bandwidth
Cable Dilemma:
Cable operators have a finite bandwidth available.
750 MHz or 860 are the most typical.
550 MHz used providing analog programs
Approximately 200 MHz for digital services (VoD, HSD, HD)
Very little bandwidth is available for new services.
23 CH. 50 CH.
6 CH. 4 CH. 4 CH. 4 CH.
3
CH.
4 CH.
1
CH.
2
CH.
3
CH.
3
CH.
Basic
Analog
Enhanced
Basic Analog.
Digital
Broadcast
Digital
Prem.
Movie
PPV
Sports
PPV
HD MOD
S
V
O
D

H
S
D

V
o
i
c
e

O
t
h
e
r

39

New services demand more Bandwidth.
Competition from Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS)
has forced many operators to simulcast their
analog programming in digital
High Definition programming is increasing.
Only 2 HD programs in the same bandwidth as
10 SD
Popularity of VoD and High Speed Data (HSD) add
to bandwidth requirements.
Niche programming is provided via DBS and cable
is looking for revenue from these channels.
40

Solutions to the bandwidth crunch
Move from 64 to 256 QAM
Many cable operators have done this already
Upgrade the outside plant bandwidth to 1GHz
Not popular with financial markets
Remove expanded analog tier
Technically feasible, but franchise agreements and customer
backlash limit this option
Implement Switched Digital Video
Systems that send broadcast channels to only those areas where a
customer is actually watching the program
This is a Popular, Feasible option
41

Wireline versus Cable: Why SDV?
Probability of Channel Being Viewed
A recent study conducted by Kagan Research found
that at any given moment the actual number of
broadcast channels being viewed within a given node
was far less than the number being broadcast
42

SDV is an end-to-end system solution
Open architecture is essential for success
System integration is a key requirement
Headend
Service
Group
A
HE-to-Hub
Transport
Network
Service
Group
B
Hub
Only channels that
are being watched
by that group are
transmitted to each
service group
Custom lineup
switched to each
service group
according to real-
time demand
HFC
HFC
Saves HFC
Bandwidth
Saves HFC
Bandwidth
Works on
existing
MPEG
Set-tops
How SDV Works in HFC Networks
43

Wireline versus Cable
Summary
You should now be able to:
Describe what is common to Wireline and Cable
content providers
Explain Wireline advantages and disadvantages
Explain Cable advantages and disadvantages
Discuss current challenges for Wireline and Cable
Operators as well as possible solutions
What questions do you have?
44

What is a Headend?
Section Start: What is a Headend?
45

What is a Headend Section Overview
Description
This section offers a high-level view of the components
and functions of two generic architectures dependant on
either Analog or Digital transport methods.

Section Goals/Objectives
Recognize that Cable TV architectures vary significantly,
with the main differentiator being the transport method:
Analog or Digital
46

What is a Headend?
A headend has three essential functions to perform
for the operator:
Receive signals.
Condition these signals for transport to the subscriber.
This includes signals the operator may originate.
Combine the signals and transport them to the customer.

47

What is a Headend: Headend Block Diagram
Analog (AM) Transport (HFC)
Satellite Signal Acquisition
(Various Satellite Receivers)
VOD
Catcher
Off-Air Signals
(ATSC / NTSC Demods)*
MPEG-2
Encoder
Multiplexer
Audio /
Video
Audio /
Video
ASI
MPEG-2
Encoder
Audio /
Video
NTSC/PAL
Mod
Audio /
Video
ASI
ASI
HE 1 Receive
Condition HE 2
Control HE 3
Combine HE 4
Transport HE 5
ASI
VOD
Pumps
QAM
Mod
QAM
Mod
ASI GbE GbE
Bulk
Encryptor
DNCS /
AppServ
Copernicus
Server
RF
Downstream Combining
Network
RF
RF
GbE
GbE
GbE
VOD
Server
DFB
AM Laser
To Primary Hub
SDV
Server
* May be located at
primary hub
Analog
EAS
IF
NTSC/PAL
Mod
Analog Optical
GbE
GbE
GbE
OCAP
Object
Server
Digital
EAS
RF RF
ASI
ASI
48

What is a Headend: Hub Block Diagram
Analog (AM) Transport (HFC)
Hub 1
Transport
Receive
Hub 2 Condition /
Control
Hub 3 Combine
Hub 4 Transport
From Headend
AM Optical
Receiver
AM Optical
Receiver
DFB
AM Laser
To / From Nodes
RF
Upstream
Combining
Network
Downstream
Splitting
Network
DFB
AM Laser
Downstream
Combining
Network
Downstream
Combining
Network
AM Optical
Receiver
AM Optical
Receiver
AM Optical
Receiver
Upstream
Combining
Network
DOCSIS
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
SDV
GQAM
VOD
GQAM
VOD
GQAM
SDV
GQAM
ROSA
EM
RF RF RF RF RF RF
Upstream
Splitting
Network
Upstream
Splitting
Network
Upstream
Splitting
Network
Upstream
Splitting
Network
RF
RF RF RF RF
RF
RF
Analog Optical
Analog Optical
Analog Optical
GbE
49

What is a Headend: Block Diagram
Digital (SONET, GbE, RPT) Transport (HFC)
Satellite Signal Acquisition
(Various Satellite Receivers)
VOD
Catcher
Off-Air Signals
(ATSC / NTSC Demods)*
MPEG-2
Encoder
Multiplexer
Audio /
Video
Audio /
Video
ASI
MPEG-2
Encoder
Audio /
Video
Audio /
Video
ASI
ASI
HE 1 Receive
Condition HE 2
Control HE 3
Transport HE 4
ASI
VOD
Pumps
ASI GbE GbE
Bulk
Encryptor
DNCS /
AppServ
OCAP
Object
Server
Copernicus
Server
IF
GbE
GbE
GbE
VOD
Server
Digital Transport Transmitter Chassis
To Primary Hub
SDV
Server
* May be located at
primary hub
IF IF
IF
Analog
EAS
GbE
Digital
EAS
ASI GbE
IF
NTSC/PAL
Mod
NTSC/PAL
Mod
Digital Optical
50

What is a Headend: Hub Block Diagram
Digital (SONET, GbE, RPT) Transport (HFC)
Hub 1
Transport
Receive
Hub 2 Condition /
Control
Hub 3 Combine
Hub 4 Transport
Digital Transport Receiver Chassis
GbE
NTSC / PAL
Upconverter
IF IF ASI GbE
NTSC / PAL
Upconverter
QAM
Mod
GQAM
Mod
AM Optical
Receiver
Upstream
Splitting
Network
DFB
AM Laser
Upstream
Combining
Network
Downstream Splitting
Network
DFB
AM Laser
Downstream
Combining
Network
Downstream
Combining
Network
AM Optical
Receiver
Upstream
Splitting
Network
AM Optical
Receiver
Upstream
Splitting
Network
AM Optical
Receiver
Upstream
Splitting
Network
Upstream
Combining
Network
DOCSIS
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
SDV
GQAM
VOD
GQAM
VOD
GQAM
SDV
GQAM
ROSA
EM
Downstream Combining
Network
To / From Nodes
51

What is a Headend Summary

A headend receives Conditions and combines the signals
for transport to the hub sites
Cable TV architectures vary significantly, with the main
differentiator being the transport method: Analog or Digital

52

Headend Components:
Signal Acquisition &
Antenna Sub-System
53

Headend Components:
Acquisition Overview
Purpose:
This section introduces how Headends acquire
content used for video broadcasting.
Objectives:
Understand basics of satellite uplink, downlink
operations.
Identify components used to receive satellite
broadcasts
Recognize what components comprise a
satellite Earth Station
54

Headend Components:
Acquisition
There are three types of video content acquired by a
headend:
Linear or traditional broadcast programming received via
cable, satellite, and over-air TV.
On-demand programming, which is Video-on-Demand
(VoD) streamed to subscribers from video servers.
This was described earlier, and more later
Exclusive programming which is unique to an individual
service provider.
More about this later
55

Headend Components: Acquisition
SA Satellite Contribution Products
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/products/customers/prod_content_Satellite_Contribution.htm
9050 HD Encoder
PowerVu

Originator
Encoder
PowerVu

D9390 Advanced
Modulator
D9846 Professional
Decoder with BISS-E
D9846 Professional
Decoder (4:2:2)
PowerVu
D9850 Program
Receiver
HD Decoder
ROSA Control and Monitoring
56

Satellite Signal Transmission
C - Band
57

Satellite Signal Transmission
Ku - Band
58

Satellite Positioning
Geosynchronous Orbit:
An orbit which maintains a constant (stationary)
position relative to a point on the equator
~22,300 miles
(35,786 km)
Above
Equator
Downlink
Uplink
59

Linear Cross Polarization
60

Low Noise Block converter (LNB)
Vertical Polarization
LNB
Horizontal Polarization
LNB
Feedhorn
Assembly
61

Geosynchronous Orbit Program Satellites
61 West ~ 160 West = Satellites for North American & South American markets
160 West ~ 73 East = Satellites for Asia PAC, Japan and some Emerging Markets area.
73 East ~ 0 East = Satellites for parts of Asia PAC, Emerging Markets and all
European markets
0West ~ 61West = Satellites for parts of Emerging Markets and European markets
62

Headend Components:
Satellite Transponders
http://www.lyngsat.com
63

Satellite Signal Reception
Parabolic
Reflector
Earth Station
Feed Horn
Assembly
LNBs
LNB
Power
Supply
Power
Inserter
Power
Inserter
LNB
DC Power
Power
Divider
(H Feed)
Power
Divider
(V Feed)
Power
Dividers
(signal splitters)
Satellite
Receivers /
Decoders
64

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem Section Overview
Description
This section identifies the processes and equipment in the
Receiver subsystems of Headends.

Describes the actions performed on the acquired data in
the receiver subsystem.
Identify the different input and output formats
Name the two main categories/differentiators of receivers
65

Headend Components: Receiver Subsystem
Worldwide Digital Video Broadcast (Satellite) Standards
When it comes to Digital Satellite transmission* used in the wireline
and CaTV industries, DVB-S is the overwhelming standard around the
world.
In addition, a proprietary system owned by Motorola Inc., called
DigiCipher II, is widely used throughout North America by various
programmers to encode, encrypt and transmit their MPEG-2 content.
The third standard, ISDB-S, is used sparingly; predominantly in Japan.
* Does not include DBS
DVB
DVB & Digicypher
DVB & ISDB-S
66

Worldwide Digital Video Broadcast (Satellite) Standards
The DVB-S standard does NOT specify any particular conditional
access (CA) system; each programmer is therefore free to choose the
CA system which best fits its particular needs.
* Does not include DBS
DVB
DVB & Digicypher
DVB & ISDB-S
67

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem Signal Formats
Most Satellite receivers used in commercial video
acquisition today are actually a combination of a
receiver and a decoder also known as Integrated
Receiver Decoder (IRD).
The IRD takes the following actions on the received
signal:
Demodulate separates the video signal from the
modulated carrier
Decrypt descrambles, if the signal is encrypted
The encryption system vary around the world.
68

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem
Digital signals sent via the satellites are in MPEG-2
Multiple Program Transport Streams (MTPS)
An IRD will demodulate and decrypt one program
On the other hand a Multi Decrypter Receiver MDR can
decrypt multiple programs within the MPTS coming
from the satellite
Scientific Atlanta D9850 IRD
(PowerVu
)
HBO
HBO2
HBOE
HBOP
HBO
69

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem
4 main types of Conditional
Access (CA) are used in
North America.
These are examples of the
equipment used to receive:
VideoCipher II
PowerVu
DigiCipher II
COMPEL
Motorola DSR4400MD
(DigiCipher II)
Wegener Unity 4600
(COMPEL CA)
Scientific Atlanta
9600
(VideoCipher II)
Scientific Atlanta
D9850
(PowerVu)
http://knowledgenet.sciatl.com/tnssalesportal/index.htm
70

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem
Analog satellite receivers receive a RF signal from a
satellite transponder after the LNB converts it to L-band.
This Scientific-Atlanta Model 9660 satellite receiver uses
VideoCipher II decryption (VC2+) technology.
71

Headend Components:
Receivers
One can use a number of
decoders, based on CA
system, SD or HD, type of
outputs.
Both D9850 & D9828 support
PowerVu CA.
The 9850 decrypts one
program, the 9828 decrypts
multiple programs
http://knowledgenet/tnssalesportal/AMERICAS/DMN-BROADCASTERS/SatPrimDist.htm
PowerVu -CA
D9850 Program Receiver
4RF Input, ASI Out
Options:
ASI In, SDI Out
D9828 Multiple Decryption
Receiver
16 Decryptors
Digital Program
Mapping
72

Encryption
Each service provider selects the encryption
system for their service.
73

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem Encryption
Programmers provide technical information on
which receiver they want you to use for their
service.
Whether you
sell or design
a headend,
you will need
to keep
programmer
requirements
in mind.
74

Headend Components:
Receiver Subsystem
Essentially there are two types of satellite receiver/
decoders:
units that output analog audio and video
Referred to as composite or baseband video
units which output a digital stream, either:
DVB ASI Digital Video Broadcast - Asynchronous
Serial Interface
Referred to as ASI
SDI Serial Digital Interface Baseband digital video
75

Headend Components: Video Signal Formats-
Analog Composite Video
Analog video
uses
amplitude and
phase to
represent the
picture
information
76

Headend Components:
Video Signal Formats- DVB-ASI
ASI the physical interface for a MPEG transport stream. One or
more programs can be transported via coaxial cable up to a
maximum of 213 Mbps.
77

Headend Components:
Video Signal Formats-SDI
SDI signal is an
uncompressed
digital
baseband video
format
There are three
distinct
channels
Y or Luminous
Pb or Luminous-
blue
Pr or Luminous-red
78

Headend Components:
Receivers- Summary
Describes the actions performed on the acquired data in
the Receiver subsystem.
Identify the different input and output formats
Name the two main categories/differentiators of Receivers
79

Conditioning, Combining
and Transporting Signals
80

Conditioning, Combining and Transporting
Signals Section Overview
Description
This section introduces video signal flow and the ways
video signals are conditioned, combined and transported.

Describe how forward (downstream) signals are
conditioned, combined and transported at the headend /
hub.
Describe how reverse (upstream) signals are
conditioned and at the headend / hub.
81

Hmm I only want to use the primary
stream from the local broadcaster; I
dont need CNN, and TNT and HGTV
both have the same program number.
How can I get them into the same
transport stream?
When MPEG2 Transport Streams are received via
satellite and terrestrial receivers they typically are not in
a format desired by the cable operator.
These streams can be manipulated by a device called a
Digital Multiplexer.
Conditioning: Forward Digital Signals
HB0
Program 2
HBO2
Program 5
SKY
Program 8
RAI2
Program 2
ITV
Program 5
Local
Broadcaster
Program 12
Local
Broadcaster
Program 13
82

ASI
RF
Multiplexer
Digital Satellite Receiver
Digital Video
Server
ASI
ASI
GbE or ASI
QAMs
GbE
or ASI
R
F

C
o
m
b
i
n
e
r

AM
Transport
Laser
Or
To
Hub
IF QAMs
IF
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

SONET
GbE
D
i
g
i
t
a
l

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t

Primary Hub
Up-Converter
IF
GbE
or ASI
GbE
or ASI
RF
AM
TX
Laser
RF
R
F

C
o
m
b
i
n
e
r

To
Hub
A Digital Multiplexer, or multiplexer, is a High Density
MPEG processing device that allows you to customize
MPEG streams.
8VSB ATSC Receiver
ASI
83

Multiplexer features can include:
MPEG stream customization of programs (add/drop/edit).
Merge or combine single program streams into multiple program
streams.
Reduce bit-rate (transrate) for outgoing equipment or signals, or
to maximize use of bandwidth.
Replace national ads with local ad
Local program insertion
HB0
Program 2
VBR 2.5~3.9
HBO2
Program 5
VBR 2.3~3.8
BBC
Program 8
VBR 2.5~3.9
RAI2
Program 2
VBR 2.9~3.9
SKY
Program 5
VBR 2.6~4.1
Local
Broadcaster
VBR 4.2 ~ 4.9
Program 12
Local
Broadcaster
VBR 3.9 ~4.5
Program 13
HB0
Program
2
CBR 3.6
HBO2
Program
5
CBR 3.5
BBC
Program
8
CBR 3.6
RAI2
Program
9
VBR 2.6~4.1
Local
Broadcaster
Program
10
VBR 4.2 ~ 4.9
84

Once the Digital Transport streams have been shaped as
desired, they are sent to QAM modulators.

These modulators can either be co-located in the headend or may
be located at a Hub location.
To ASI 1 Input
To ASI 2 Input
Front view
Rear view
85

The QAM modulator then takes the desired data and maps a session.
The QAM creates a new Program Association Table (PAT).
All sessions and the new PAT are then placed on a 6 or 8 MHz RF
carrier and outputted to the forward combining network.
To ASI 1 Input
To ASI 2 Input
6 or 8 MHz channel*
86

Conditioning: Forward Analog Signals
Terrestrial NTSC / PAL analog signals can be either:
Received Terrestrial from a local broadcaster or, be
Locally originated.

Local
Broadcaster
Headend
Terrestrial (Off-Air)
Analog Signals Local Origination
Analog Signals
87

Each Terrestrial RF signal is fed into a NTSC/PAL
Demodulator.
The Demodulator is tuned to the desired Terrestrial TV
channel.
Once tuned, the demodulator will output NTSC/PAL
video and stereo audio
Off-Air
Analog Signals
Headend
RF IN
Video
Mono
Audio
Right
Channel
Audio
Left
Channel
Audio
Second
Audio
Program (SAP)
88

The local originated signals can be brought into the
Headend as baseband signals.
Video
Stereo Audio
89

Each analog
program (video
and all audio) is
fed into a single
NTSC/PAL
Modulator.

Video
Monaural Audio
Right Audio Channel
Left Audio Channel
SAP Channel
6 or 8 MHz channel
90

Conditioning: Forward Analog-to-Digital Signals
Today, many operators are converting analog
programming into a digital stream. (Referred to as
Digital Simulcast)
This serves two purposes:
1. It sets the stage for switched digital broadcast
2. It lets them compete directly with all digital
services such as DBS.
The next step is passing the signal to an MPEG
Encoder.
91

Single Program Transport Stream (SPTS)
to Digital Multiplexer
The incoming analog signals are first digitized then compressed
into a Elementary Streams (ES).
From here they are converted into Packetized Elementary Stream
(PES).
Finally, the PES packets are divided into 188 byte transport stream
packets.
This SPTS is then sent to a digital multiplexer, where it may re-
multiplexed with other SPTSs to create a MPTS.
Conditioning: Forward Analog-to-Digital Signals
MPEG Encoder
92

Conditioning:
Encoders
Encoders will apply one of 3 compression schemes
MPEG-2
MPEG4-10 H.264
VC-1 - Microsoft Windows Media Player 9
Digital signals received via satellite today are in a MPEG-2 format.
Most cable operators will locally encode to an MPEG-2 format to
maintain compatibly.
MPEG-4 and VC-1 give up to two times the bandwidth efficiency of
MPEG-2.
MPEG-4 is being used by wireline operators for all programming
Many cable operators have been waiting for MPEG-4 to start high
definition programming.
93

Conditioning:
Encoders
MPEG-2 Models
9032 SD
9050 HD
MPEG-4 Models
9034 SD
9054 HD
http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/Downloads/brochure_Encoders.pdf
94

Conditioning:
Encoders
9032 SD MPEG-2
Features
Dual pass architecture through PreSightPlus pre-analysis and 3:2 pulldown inversion
Web-based GUI and SNMP management interface for interfacing to any management
system
1 RU, low-power consumption
Four audio channels (embedded, analog or digital audio input)
H.264-upgradeable video encoder and HE-AAC audio upgradeable
DVB VBI support
Stand-alone variable bit rate
Four additional audio channels and internal Dolby Digital AC-3 encoding
ROSA driver
95

Conditioning:
Encoders
9050 HD MPEG-2
Features
Support of MPEG-2 4:2:0 MP@HL for satellite, cable, and terrestrial systems
Up to 80 Mbit/s MPEG-2 video
compression rate
DVB compliant
Support of Statistical Multiplexing
Embedded audio on HD-SDI input
Up to 8 MPEG audio channels or up to 4 Dolby Digital audio channels
Dolby Digital 5:1 pass-through
Dedicated Ethernet 10/100 Base-T interface for management and maintenance
SNMP management interface
1 RU, low-power consumption
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/customers/Source/7005070.pdf
96

Conditioning:
Encoders
First release:
DPI, GPI and DTMF input
DVB-VBI,
Built in Frame-synchroniser
Dual IP output
MicroSoft TV integrated.
AC or DC supply
Low power
16:9/4:3 switching
(via Video Index Inform)
9034 SD MPEG-4
Second Release:
Internal HE-AAC audio
(AAC-LC as supported)
Simultaneously MPEG-2 and
MPEG-4 encoding
Multiple Services on IP output
(for multiple language support)
Improved picture quality
(better use of H.264 tools)
PIP additional resolutions
97

Conditioning:
Encoders
Release 1:
Support of MPEG-4 part 10 4:2:0 MP, HP@L4 for Telco (xDSL)
Up to 20 Mbit/s MPEG-4 part 10 MP@L4 video compression rate
Up to 25 Mbit/s MPEG-4 part 10 HP@L4 video compression rate
Closed Captioning insertion and transmission
HD-SDI embedded audio support
Up to four MPEG audio channels, or up to four Dolby Digital audio channels
Dolby Digital 5.1 pass-through
Dual IP outputs (10/100 Base-T)
SNMP management interface for interfacing to any SNMP-based Management
System including ROSA Network Management System
Two rack unit high, space-efficient, stackable
Release 2:
video quality improvement
HE-AAC
9054 HD MPEG-4
98

After the analog and digital signals have been
modulated onto multiple RF carriers, these carriers are
combined onto one common coaxial cable.
This cable then becomes the input to the AM forward
transport laser.
Combining: Forward RF Combining Networks
NTSC / PAL Modulated RF
Channels
Combining
Network
QAM
Modulated RF
Channels
AM Modulated
Forward Laser
99

Combining networks can either be passive or active.
Passive combining networks attenuate the signals that are
combined, while Active combining networks amplify the
combined inputs for an overall gain.
100

Passive Combiners
2-Way Splitter / Combiner 4-Way Splitter / Combiner
*
* Note: I/O ports may be ordered as F connectors or 75 BNC connectors.
101

Passive Combiners
8-Way Splitter / Combiner
102

Passive Combiners
10 dB Directional Coupler 20 dB Directional Coupler
103

Active Modules
20 dB 1 dB
20 dB 1 dB
104

QAM Channels
Up to
64 AM
TXs
The above illustration shows a typical headend combining
network for a 78 channel Analog / 555 MHz 870 MHz Digital
105

The Headend takes the output of all the conditioned
signals and transports them to a hub or hubs.
There are essentially two types of hub architectures:
1. Architectures with Primary / Secondary (distribution) Hub
design.
2. Architectures with a Distribution Hub only.
Transporting: Forward Signals
106

Primary / Secondary Hub Design
National HE
Live
Broadcast
Content to
VoD
Hub
Hub
VoD Servers
local broadcast insertion
Radio Tower
VoD Servers
Regional HE
MUX
MUX
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
TX
FN
TX
FN
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Ad-Splicer
Groomer
Ad-Splicer
Groomer
Managed
IP Network
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
107

Distribution Hub Design
Hub
Hub
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
TX
FN
TX
FN
QAM
QAM
QAM
QAM
Ad-Splicer
Groomer
Ad-Splicer
Groomer
Managed
IP Network
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
+STB
HeadEnd
Live
Broadcast
Content to
VoD
local broadcast insertion
Radio Tower
VoD Servers
MUX
108

Transporting Forward Signals: AM Optical Transport
AM Optical transport is used to carry RF modulated
signals:
between the Headend and Distribution Hub, and between
the Distribution Hub and the HFC Node.
between the Secondary Hub and the HFC Node.
109

Transporting Forward Signals: AM Optical Transport
Headend Distribution Hub Node
RF In
from
Combining
network
Headend
Distribution Hub
Narrowcast
RF In
Narrowcast RF In
OR
110

Transporting Forward Signals: Digital Optical
Transport
Digital Optical Transports are used between the
Headend and the Primary Hubs when distance and
performance are at issue.
Although there are other digital transports used in
the CaTV, the most common are:
SONET / SDH
GbE
RPR
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/products/customers/catalog.htm
111

To RF
Combining
Network
Add / Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
Point-to-Point, Point-to-Multipoint and UPSR Topologies
Headend Node 1
Primary Hub
Node 1
Headend/Hub Technologies
Transport Networks - Digital Optical Transport, SONET
112

Headend
Hub*
* Primary or Secondary
ASI
VOD Severs
Audio / Video
IP-based
Switched Video
Network
ASI
IP
Digital Multiplexer
MPEG2 Encoder
IP
IP
ASI
ASI QAMs
GbE QAMs
IP
Transport Networks - Digital Optical Transport, GbE
113

Transports
Voice
Video
Data
A new OSI Layer 2 protocol.
Optimized for MAN and WAN.
Physical layer independent.
Leverages the best properties of Ethernet and SONET/SDH.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching provides for traffic
engineering and Class of Service.
Resilient Packet Ring
Transport Networks Digital Optical Transport, RPR
114

While SONET/SDH requires that all data be transmitted
simultaneously on both rings, RPR allows different data on
each ring effectively doubling the bandwidth of the ring.
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
Headend
Hub
ASI
Audio / Video
ASI
Digital Multiplexer
MPEG2 Encoder
ASI
ASI
NTSC or
ITU-B QAM
Modulator
IF
or
IP
GbE QAMs
Up-Converter
QAMs
ASI
IF
115

The data is assigned a Class of Service (CoS) prior to being
placed on the ring.
Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
116

Conditioning & Combining: Return Signals
Return signals in an HFC architecture originate
from:
each of the CPEs which are placed in the customer
premise.
from any performance and control hardware which might
be placed in the network.
As with the forward signals, the modulation types
used in the return path are QPSK and QAM
1
.
117

The return signals are typically Conditioned and
Combined at the hubs, although those which use a
digital transport are sometimes handled back at the
headend.
Hub Headend RF Node
AM Reverse TX AM Reverse RX
CMTS
SM&C
DAVIC
DEMOD
CMTS
SM&C
DAVIC
DEMOD
Digital Reverse RX Digital Reverse TX
118

Optical
Receiver
Once the optical signal is received, it is converted back to a
RF signal. This signal is then split and passed onto the
different types of equipment
1
RF modems used to condition
these signals.
RF
To CMTS (HSD & DSG STBs)
To DAVIC Demodulator (DAVIC STBs)
To Status Monitoring and Control
To Test Equipment
119

Node A
Node B
Node C
Node D
The RF Modems used to condition the signals for various
services typically do not use a ratio of 1 Node to 1 RF
modem but rather 4 Nodes (or greater) to 1 RF modem
1
.
120

Closed Loop Level Control
The level at which we modulate an AM laser is determined
by the OMI performance of that laser.
With forward RF signals it is easy for us to compute the
required output of each RF device since we can control the
values of the combining networks to achieve the desired
OMI of the laser.
STB
Optical
Transmitter
RF Signals from
Headend and Hub
121

However, with reverse (upstream) RF signals this is not as
easily calculated.
Once we have calculated the level necessary to achieve the
desired OMI of the return transmitter, that level is injected at
the node transmitters.
STB
Optical
Transmitter
RF Signals from
Headend and Hub
Injected reference RF signal
122

With the RF signal still connected at the node transmitter, a
level measurement is taken at the input to the RF modem
after all the splitting and combining networks.
The RF modem is configured to expect this level from the
client device.
The reference RF signal is now removed
123

When the client device attempts to sign onto the network, it transmits at a
low RF level.
When the demodulator in the RF modem detects this signal from the
client, it determines the level of the signal.
The modulator in the RF Modem signals the client device through the
downstream path. This message instructs the client device to adjust its
level accordingly.
STB
Optical
Transmitter
RF Signals from
Headend and Hub
Raise your
Level!
Your Level
is Good!
124

Conditioning, Combining and Transporting
Summary
This section introduced
How forward (downstream) signals are conditioned,
combined and transported at the headend / hub.
How reverse (upstream) signals are conditioned at the
headend / hub.

125

Digital Broadcast Delivery
System
Section Start: DBDS
126

Digital Broadband Delivery System Section Overview
Description
This section briefly introduces SAs Digital Broadband
Delivery System (DBDS) that has been offered to
customers prior to our newer Cisco/SA solution.

Recognize the opportunity to evolve customers to newer,
Cisco/SA solutions.
127

Digital Broadband Delivery System (DBDS)
This chapter focuses on Scientific-Atlantas DBDS
interactive network design.
We will look at Network Hardware
Architecture
Overlays
Software
SA Component Part Numbers
The following diagram will be used as a reference.
128

DBDS: Generic Configuration
Common Digital Content QAMs
Digital Multiplexer
Off-Air Analog Broadcast Modulators
MPEG Encoder
Off-Air Analog Signals
Off-Air Digital Signals
DBDS BFS Carousel
OCAP Object Carousel
Distribution
Network
129

DBDS: Overview
Devices in the Headend that Manage
Data
Data BIG
The devices shown below use
the IP network to
communicate:
As the data leaves the headend it continues to
be sent along separate channels:
TED
To
Billing
System
THE ATM SWITCH
sends digital data
over a wide-area
network using the
ATM protocol.
DNCS
Application
Server
ATM
Switch
Router
THE DNCS monitors and
controls the data network.
THE TED maintains security
throughout the DBDS.
THE APPLICATION SERVER
executes server
applications required to
provide digital service, such
as the IPG.
Data FAT Channel: supplies DHCTs with
system-related information in an MPEG
format by using the DATA BIG and the DATA
QAM MODULATOR.
Forward Data Channel (FDC): the ROUTER
receives data that was sent using IP over
ATM and forwards it to the correct network.
Data forwarded includes tuning,
management, Internet, and at least two days
of IPG data.
Ethernet (IP)
MPEG-2
Ethernet (IP)
Classical IP
over ATM
Classical IP over ATM
ATM PVC
(native
ATM)
ATM PVC
(classical IP
over ATM)
Data FAT &
Forward Data
Channels
Data FAT
Channel
FDC
Data FAT
Channel
FDC
Ethernet (IP)
Ethernet (IP)
Ethernet (IP)
FDC
Headend
Data QAM
Modulator
Provide
Programs
Ethernet
Hub
Ethernet
Hub
Ethernet (IP)
130

Devices in the Transport and Access Networks that Manage Data
Forward Data Channel: The QPSK
MODULATOR inserts IP packets
into ATM cells. The cells are
modulated on to an RF signal for
distribution.
Reverse Data Channel: The QPSK
DEMODULATOR receives ATM
cells from the DHCTs and forwards
the cells to the QPSK modulator.
IP inside
Ethernet
frames
From the FDC, the DHCT
receives system messages and
tuning and management data.
The DHCT uses the reverse
data channel to send data
relating to billing, performance
monitoring, e-mail, and the
Internet to the QPSK
demodulator.
FDC
FDC
Data FAT Channel
reverse data channel
analog signal (HFC)
analog signal (HFC)
analog signal (HFC)
data in ATM cells
data in ATM cells
data modulated onto a
QAM carrier
data in
ATM
cells
Access Network Hub
Here, digital data is encapsulated
and modulated onto an analog
signal for transmission over an HFC
network
THE ACCESS
NETWORK uses an
HFC architecture to
deliver the signal from
a hub to a drop. It
uses the same
architecture to send
data from drops to
QPSK modulators.
At the end of the access
network, DHCTs convert
analog signals to control
programming and subscriber
requests. They also modulate
digital data over the HFC
network to send data, such as
event purchases, to QPSK
demodulators. The type of data
carried on each data channel is
summarized below.
QPSK
Modulator
QPSK
Demodulator
DHCT
From the data FAT channel,
the DHCT receives app files,
modulation mode data, and
satellite and transponder data.
Output of
Data QAM
Modulator
data modulated onto
a QPSK carrier
data modulated onto
a QPSK carrier
DBDS: Overview
131

DBDS: Overview of Data Paths

Four Data Paths
Forward application transport (FAT) channels, which carry
programming information using MPEG-2 transport streams
modulated on RF signals
Data FAT channels, which carry management and control
information using MPEG-2 transport streams modulated on RF
signals
Forward data channels (FDCs), which carry digital data in ATM
cells on RF signals
Reverse data channels, which carry digital data in ATM cells on
RF signals
These terms are adapted from OCI-N Cable Network Interface
Specification, published by CableLabs
.
132

DBDS Summary
Recognize the opportunity to evolve customers to newer,
Cisco/SA solutions.
133

Available Services
Section Start: Available Services
134

Available Services Section Overview
Description
This section introduces new services available to Cable TV
Providers and some of the ways SA/Cisco can enable them
to offer them to their customers.

Describe Broadcast Services.
Describe the two different types of Switched Digital
Services and their respective flows through the network.
Describe DOCSIS HSD service and its flow through the
network.
Describe PacketCable VoIP service and its flow
through the network.
135

The majority of programming, be it video or music, is
transmitted in a Broadcast method.
It does not imply that all clients can receive the
programming.
Available Services: Broadcast Services
136

Available Services: Broadcast Services
QAM Modulated
Channels
Analog NTSC / PAL
Modulated Channels
Standard TV
DTV /w QAM Tuner
DHCT + Standard TV
HFC
The signals continuously stream to all points
on the physical network.
Standard televisions can tune to the analog programming
based on the channel assignments.
DTVs and DHCTs tune to both analog and digital programming
based on data received in tuning / modulation tables.
Headend
137

Available Services: Switched Digital Services
Unlike Broadcast Services, Switched Digital
Services are only made available on the network
when requested by a client.
There are two types of Switched Digital Services:
Exclusive (Video On Demand, or VOD)
Multicast (Switched Digital Broadcast, or SDB)
HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
SDB
Server
Staging
Processor
Hey! I'd like to watch the
Oxygen Network !
Hey! I'd like to
watch the movie
"King Kong" !
138

HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
The VOD QAMs are placed into what is referred to as a
service group.
Video-on-Demand, or VOD, establishes what is referred
to as an exclusive session between the client (STB) and
a VOD QAM from a service group servicing the client
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
Service Group
A
VOD QAMs
Service Group
B
VOD
139

HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
In order to establish a exclusive session, the STB must
first know which service group provides bandwidth to it.
The method by which a STB determines its service
group is known as autodiscovery.
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
VOD QAMs
Service Group
A
Service Group
B
VOD
140

HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
DNCS broadcasts a list of VOD QAMs. The list contains
the QAM frequencies, the TSIDs and the group name.
The list can be transmitted over a OOB channel or over
a DSG DOCSIS channel for DOCSIS STBs.
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
VOD QAMs
Service Group
A
Service Group
B
VOD
141

VOD
HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
The STB scans the QAM frequencies it sees and
compares the results to the list
Once the STB determines which group it is in, it can
make request for VOD content.
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
VOD QAMs
Service Group
A
Service Group
B
Im in Service Group
A
Im in Service Group
B
142

VOD
HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
VOD QAMs
The STB VOD client sends a request upstream (either via a DAVIC or
DOCSIS) to the VOD server.
The VOD server checks with the billing system to see if it can proceed
with the request.
If accepted by the billing system, the VOD server will instruct the DSM
to set up a session on one of the available VOD QAMs which are part
of the service group servicing that STB. The Video Pump will route the
content to the selected VOD QAM.
143

HFC
Network
VOD
Server /
Pump
CMTS
DAVIC
Modem
DNCS
(DSM)
Billing
System
VOD QAMs
VOD QAMs
The DSM notifies the client with the tuning information
The STB client has the exclusive use of that session for
a duration specified in the session setup protocol. No
other STB can view this content.
The STB client can pause, fast forward, rewind, stop and
restart the stream at any time by sending the request to
the VOD Server.
VOD
144

The Switched Digital Manager sends to each service
group a list of active switched digital broadcast sessions
available for view by the STB clients.
SDB
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Staging
Processor
Bulk Encryptor
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
MPEG Encoder
MPEG Encoder
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Session Resource Manager
Switched Digital Manager
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend
Hub
SDB Server
GbE QAM
STB Client
Available
SDB
Sessions
(mini-carousel)
Service
Group
145

When the STB tunes to a broadcast channel, it sends a
request upstream to the SDB Server. Concurrently, the
STB client checks the mini-carousel . If it finds a session
which exists for that channel, the STB client tunes to it.
SDB
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Staging
Processor
Bulk Encryptor
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
MPEG Encoder
MPEG Encoder
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend
Hub
SDB Server
GbE QAM
STB Client
Service
Group
146

If a session is currently not active for the requested channel,
a GbE QAM, in the appropriate service group, is instructed
to join the multicasted IP stream for that channel.
The STB is sent instructions on how to tune the channel in
1
.
SDB
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Staging
Processor
Bulk Encryptor
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
MPEG Encoder
MPEG Encoder
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend
Hub
SDB Server
GbE QAM
STB Client
Service
Group
147

The Switched Digital Manager updates the mini-carousel
for that service group. This allows any subsequent STB
requesting this same broadcast to be able to immediately
tune to it.
SDB
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Staging
Processor
Bulk Encryptor
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
Sat. Receiver
MPEG Encoder
MPEG Encoder
L3 Switch
w/ IGMP v3
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend Mgmt.
Router
Headend
Hub
SDB Server
GbE QAM
STB Client
Available
SDB
Sessions
(mini-carousel)
Service
Group
148

A Brief History of MCNS/DOCSIS
May 1994
December 1995
IEEE 802.14 Cable TV Media Access Control
(MAC) and Physical (PHY) Protocol Working
Group was formed by vendor engineers to
develop an international cable modem
standard. The group set a publication goal of
December 1995, but missed that target by
more than two years.
January 1996
Concerned about the delay of the IEEE 802.14,
MSOs Comcast, Cox, TCI, and Time Warner
formed a limited partnership called Multimedia
Cable Network System Partners Ltd. (MCNS) to
research and publish their own cable modem
system specifications. MediaOne Group, Rogers
Cablesystems and Cable Television Laboratories
Inc. also signed on to the initiative.
March 1997
MCNS released its draft standard,
called the Data Over Cable Service
Interface Specification (DOCSIS 1.0),
to the manufacturing community.
Vendors immediately began building
prototype products
December 1997
First public interoperability
demonstration of DOCSIS
equipment was held in
December 1997.
First Quarter 1998
CableLabs begins a formal
certification program for DOCSIS
equipment to ensure products built
by different manufacturers are
indeed compatible
March 1998
The International
Telecommunications Union (ITU)
accepted DOCSIS as a cable
modem standard, called ITU J.112.
April 1999
December 2002 December 1998
IEEE 802.14
Fails to meet
Deadline
CableLabs issues a second-
generation specification called
DOCSIS 1.1
CableLabs DOCSIS 2.0
accepted as an International
Standard
June 2003
CableLabs issues PacketCable
Multimedia specifications
CableLabs announces
preliminary PacketCable
Specifications (for VoIP)
Available Services:
DOCSIS High Speed Data (HSD)
149

Available Services:
DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification is a
standard that allows existing HFC networks to support data
services.
With DOCSIS 2.0, downstream raw data rates of up to 42.88
Mbps can be achieved while also providing upstream raw
data rates of 30.72 Mbps.
150

Available Services:
A DOCSIS System consist primarily of:
Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS)
Cable Modems (CM)
151

Available Services:
CMTS
The typical CMTS consists of a chassis which holds several
blades.
Each blade consists of one Downstream channel (DS) and
several Up Stream channels (US)
152

The Tuner can tune in QAM modulated (64 or 256)
signals from 88 MHz. to 870 MHz.
Once the CM boots it is searches which downstream
signal to tune in.
Available Services:
Cable Modem (CM)
Cable Modem
To / From Computer
153

ISP
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9101112
A B
12x
6x
8x
2x
9x
3x
10x
4x
11x
5x
7x
1x Ethernet
A
12x
6x
8x
2x
9x
3x
10x
4x
11x
5x
7x
1x
C 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9101112
A B
12x
6x
8x
2x
9x
3x
10x
4x
11x
5x
7x
1x Ethernet
A
12x
6x
8x
2x
9x
3x
10x
4x
11x
5x
7x
1x
C
PacketCable Services
Voice over IP (VoIP)
unified messaging
interactive gaming
videoconferencing
IDC
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
Operational
Support Systems
(OSS)
Servers
IDC
Call
Management
Server
IDC
Media
Servers
IDC
PSTN
Gateways
Media
Gateway
Controller
PSTN
Media
Gateway
Signaling
Gateway
DOCSIS
Modem/
EMTA
DOCSIS
Modem/
EMTA
PacketCable Services
154

A DOCSIS 1.1 CM will provide:
QoS for latency, jitter and BW guarantees
Allows jitter free streaming video
Minimum data rate guarantees for web surfing, FTP, etc.
A DOCSIS 1.1 CM can not do Voice
No RJ-11 connector on a CM to connect a phone
To provide voice services in a DOCSIS network:
Need EMTA (Embedded Media Terminal Adapter) at subscriber
end:
EMTA is a DOCSIS 1.1 CM with DSP & SLIC
SLIC provides On-hook/Off-hook detection, dial tone, etc.
DSP traps touch tones and converts to IP data to send over cable
At MSO end, need the following:
DOCSIS 1.1 CMTS
Call Agent
VoIP Gateway and connection to PSTN
PacketCable and Voice over IP
155

CMTS
Managed
IP Network
Embedded
Multimedia Terminal
Adapter (EMTA) or
MTA / CM
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 8 #
The CMTS manages sessions over the shared
HFC network utilizing the DOCSIS 1.1 protocol
Qualified DOCSIS
1.1 & PacketCable
Certified DOCSIS
1.1 & PacketCable

The MTA adds the PacketCable VoIP
service on top of IP. The MTA can either be
incorporated into the CM (EMTA) or as a stand
alone device adjunct to the CM (SMTA).
Multimedia Terminal Adapter (MTA)
PacketCable Architecture
156

Available Services Summary
This section introduced
Broadcast Services.
The two different types of Switched Digital Services and
their respective flows through the network.
DOCSIS HSD service and its flow through the network.
PacketCable VoIP service and its flow through the
network.

157

Terrestrial (Off-Air)
Reception
Section Start: Terrestrial Reception
158

Terrestrial Reception Section Overview
Description
This section discusses Terrestrial (Off-Air) signals and
how they are received and processed.

Recognize there are different formats and restrictions in
varying parts of the world.
Be able to describe how Terrestrial signals are received
and included in Cable TV broadcast systems.
159

Terrestrial Signal Reception
Hub Site
Transmitting
Station 1
Transmitting
Station 2
160

There are currently 3 main television standards used throughout the world:

NTSC - National Television Standards Committee. The oldest existing standard,
developed in the USA. First used in 1954. Consists of 525 horizontal lines of
display and 60 vertical lines. Only one type exists, known as NTSC M.
PAL - Phase Alternating Line. Developed by German engineer Walter Bruch and
the German electronic corporation Telefunken. Walter Bruch patented his invention
in 1963 and the first commercial application of the PAL system was in August
1967. Also a 625/50-line display and variant of NTSC. Different types use different
video bandwidth and audio carrier specs. Common types are B, G and H; less
common types include D, I, K, N and M. The different types are generally not
compatible.

Terrestrial Reception:
Worldwide Analog Video Broadcast Standards
Source http://kropla.com/tv.htm
161

There are currently 3 main television standards used throughout the world:

SECAM - Systme lectronique pour Couleur avec Mmoire. Developed in
France. First used in 1967. A 625-line vertical, 50-line horizontal display. Different
types use different video bandwidth and audio carrier specs. Types B and D
usually used for VHF; types G, H, and K for UHF; types I, N, M, K1 and L for both
VHF/UHF. Different types are generally not compatible.
Source http://kropla.com/tv.htm
162

NTSC Advantages
Higher Frame Rate - Use of 30 frames per second (really 29.97) reduces visible
flicker.
Atomic Color Edits - With NTSC it is possible to edit at any 4 field boundary
point without disturbing the color signal.
Less inherent picture noise - Almost all pieces of video equipment achieve
better signal to noise characteristics in their NTSC/525 form than in their
PAL/625.
Source http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/why.html
163

PAL Advantages
Greater Number of Scan Lines - more picture detail.
Wider Luminance Signal Bandwidth - The placing of the color Sub-Carrier at
4.43MHz allows a larger bandwidth of monochrome information to be
reproduced than with NTSC/525.
Stable Hues - Due to reversal of sub-carrier phase on alternate lines, any
phase error will be corrected by an equal and opposite error on the next line,
correcting the original error. In early PAL implementations it was left to the low
resolution of the human eye's color abilities to provide the averaging effect; it is
now done with a delay line.
164

PAL Advantages
Higher Gamma Ratio - The gamma value for PAL/625 is set at 2.8 as opposed
to the lower 2.2 figure of NTSC/525. This permits a higher level of contrast than
on NTSC/525 signals. This is particularly noticeable when using multi-standard
equipment as the contrast and brightness settings need to be changed to give a
similar look to signals of the two
165

http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Contrib/WorldTV/why.html
SECAM Advantages
Stable Hues and Constant Saturation - SECAM shares with PAL the ability to
render images with the correct hue, and goes a step further in ensuring consistent
saturation of color as well.
Higher Number of Scan Lines - SECAM shares with PAL/625, the higher
number of scan lines than NTSC/525.

For additional technical information or a list of countries by
standard, please go to one of the links below.
http://kropla.com/tv.htm
166

Worldwide Digital Video Broadcast Standards
The state of Digital Terrestrial broadcast around the world is
somewhat less defined at this point in time.
As with the terrestrial analog, there are 3 basic methods of digital
terrestrial broadcast:
ATSC
DVB-T
ISDB-T
167

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) is a standard that
keeps the most similarity to analog video broadcasting. It converts analog
video and audio (HDTV and Dolby audio) to MPEG2 TS packets.
Each of them includes 188 bytes at a constant rate about 19 Mbps.
Then, 20 bytes are added to each packet to be able to reconstruct up to
10 byte errors in each packet. The standard used for this is Reed-
Solomon coding. Then a Trellis Code Modulator (TCM) converts these
bits to an 8ASK symbol stream with a 2/3 coding rate.
These symbols are converted to an analog 8-VSB waveform that can be
transmitted via RF amplifiers. A low power pilot is also added to signal,
which can be used in receiver to synchronize itself with the transmitter.
Source http://www.studio-systems.com/Broadcasting/JulyAug2001/Comparison/102.htm
168

Source http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml
DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcast Terrestrial) channel coding block
consists of two parts.
At the first step, TS packets containing 188 bytes are converted to packets
with 204 bytes. Adding 16 bytes to each packet in Reed Solomon coding
enables its decoder to correct up to 8 error bytes in each packet. After that,
these bytes are converted to a bit stream.
This bit stream enters the second step of channel coding to produce a
longer one. The procedure of converting this stream is done by means of a
convolutional encoder with 5 modes of puncturing. This results to 1/2, 2/3,
3/4, 5/6 & 7/8 coding rates.
DVB-T uses COFDM scheme as its modulation block.
169

ISDB-T
The ISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial)
standard is very similar to DVB-T. Some of its differences from DVB-T
are:
1. ISDB-T has three modes of COFDM subcarrier number: 2K, 4K &
8K. (DVB-T does not include 4K mode.)
2. ISDB-T uses DQPSK besides other constellations used in DVB-T to
over come on phase ambiguities in the receiver.
3. ISDB-T includes optional time interleaving up to 400 msec depth.
4. Segmentation of bandwidth to provide possibility of partial reception.
5. Complicated frame structure with a large amount of delay
adjustments.

Source http://www.dvb.org/about_dvb/dvb_worldwide/index.xml
170

Worldwide Television Formats
Frequency plans
171

Worldwide Television Formats M & N
172

Worldwide Television Formats B & G
173

Reception Analog Demodulator
Receives an analog broadcast signal and outputs
baseband audio and video.
Model 6275 NTSC Demodulator
174

Universal Demodulator
Marco Polo MKII - Universal TV Demodulator
The Marco Polo MKII TV Demodulator is a universal television
demodulator, which demodulates the full range of frequencies.
The Marco Polo MKII hyper band tuner covers the whole channel
range going from 45 MHz to 860 MHz. The multi standard feature
allows for demodulation of all worldwide channel system, viz. BG,
DK, L, I and MN. The Marco Polo MKII supports Teletext and
Closed Captioning decoding.
Due to the PLL FM demodulator,
the Marco Polo MKII demodulator
allows excellent mono, IRT stereo,
IRT dual, BTSC & SAP, Korean
sound and NICAM sound decoding.
The audio levels are controllable
through the keyboard.
Marco Polo MKII -
Universal TV Demodulator
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/customers/Source/7000185.PDF
175

DVB-T Demodulator / Receiver
Atlas MKII - Digital Terrestrial Receiver
The Atlas MKII DVB-T Receiver is a compact C-OFDM
demodulator compliant with the DVB-T (ETSI standard ETS 300
744) standard. It can be used in both DVB-T, cable TV and
Broadband applications.
The Atlas MKII Receiver has the capability of accepting a dual -48
V DC power supply and switches automatically to the backup
supply if the main supply fails without any signal disturbance.
The operator may control the unit locally from the
front panel using the push buttons and LCD or
remotely using the ROSA management system.
The output signal is a MPEG-2 transport stream
compliant with the DVB Asynchronous Serial
Interface (ASI) specifications. A dual output is
available.
Atlas MKII
Digital Terrestrial Receiver
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/customers/Source/8986370.PDF
176

Digital Demodulator
In the Hub, a demodulator captures Terrestrial
8VSB digital programming.
The demodulator outputs an ASI signal that is an
MPEG2 transport stream (a multiplex of video,
audio, and other information).
Model D6238 8VSB Demodulator
177

Local Requirements - US Examples
Most countries have rules governing what is
broadcasted. Some countries specify certain
information or channels MUST be
available, which must be taken into
consideration for bandwidth
requirements.
The United States Federal Communications
Commission, for example, requires the following:
Must Carry Rule
PEG Public Education
and Government
Emergency Alert System (EAS)
178

Local Requirements - Other Examples
Check with each markets broadcast regulatory
organization for rules and requirements.
China
South Africa
179

Terrestrial Reception Summary
Introduce the Terrestrial Signal Reception process.
Identify some of the Worldwide Television Formats.
Identify some of the Worldwide Analog Video Broadcast
Standards.
Describe the function of Demodulators and identify some
of the SA models.
180

Ad Insertion
Section Start: Ad Insertion
181

Ad Insertion Section Overview
Description
This section describes what Ad Insertion is.

Describe Ad Insertion.
Indicate the SA equipment used for Ad insertion.
182

Ad Insertion
Part of the contracts between service providers and
content providers allows them to substitute local
advertisements for the advertisements in the
satellite programming.
This has been a very high margin business for cable
companies.
These ads can consist of:
National / local advertising
National / local promotion of brand product
Network cross-channel promotion
183

Ad Insertion: Types
Analog
Analog ad insertion interrupts the baseband video -
switches a different input into the RF Modulator upon
either an audible que tone or a signal within the vertical
blanking interval (VBI).
Since the momentum is away from Analog signaling, for
purposes of this session well discuss digital.

Digital
Where our customers are going.
184

Ad Insertion: Equipment - DCM
MPEG-4 Part 10 / H.264 / AVC
Modular 2RU chassis with 4 I/O slots:
ASI Cards
GbE Cards (1Gbps total throughput)
High Processing capacity
Hot swappable Redundant Power Supplies
Front Panel Access
Digital Content Manager (DCM) D9900
185

Ad Insertion: DCM Function- DPI
Digital Program Insertion
Placing of advertising content has been done for many years
in analog broadcasts using signaling cue tones and
associated video switching equipment
DPI is the digital counterpart of the above
DPI technology is designed to automatically and seamlessly
place ads (or spots) into MPEG-2 compressed transport
streams, with the goal of accomplishing this under local
headend control.
Includes content such as spot advertisements of various
lengths, program substitution, public service
announcements,

186

Ad Insertion: DCM- DPI Add insertion Example
187

Ad Insertion: DCM- DPI- Trigger Cases
Service Substitution can be triggered by:
1: An ad server
Based on SCTE 30
Ad server signals to splicer where the input ad will be present
2: A cue insertion device
Based on SCTE 35
User configures for each service location of the program/ad
to be inserted
3: Manually
Using web browser
User configures for each service location of the program/ad
to be inserted
188

Ad Insertion: DPI- General Architecture
General architecture (e.g. with GbE ad server)
RF
Backbone Network
IP
RF
GbE/ASI
Ad
Server
SCTE-30 Splice request
send out from Ad server to
DCM based on service
name
TCP
Optional Cue_Request
messages passing SCTE-
35 to ad server
S
C
T
E
3
0
(
S
C
T
E
3
5
)

processed
S
C
T
E
3
0

GbE
SCTE35
189

Ad Insertion Summary
Describe Ad Insertion.
Indicate the SA equipment used for Ad insertion.
190

Network Management System
Section Start: Network Management System
191

Network Management System
Section Overview
Description
This section introduces the SA Network Management
System for service providers.

Describe what a Network Management System (NMS) does.
Identify the NMS software and hardware solutions offered
by SA.
List of the advanced tools ROSA provides.
192

Network Management System: Headend
Monitoring
If a service outage occurs in the headend, every
subscriber could be affected; consequently, system
operators need to know what is happening on all
streams.
And with 100s of video feeds streaming TV
programming, a network management system
(NMS) is crucial.
Allows you to be Proactive instead of Reactive!

193

Network Management System: ROSA
End to End monitoring solution
http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/rosa.htm
194

Network Management System:
ROSA
LAN / WAN
ROSA EM
Network Elements
ROSA EM
Network Elements
ROSA EM
Network Elements

Open a standard
browser for each
ROSA EM
Web
Browser
TNCS
Client
TNCS aggregates the
alarms, provides
overall network view,
retains logs and multi
site backup

ROSA NMS

ROSA aggregates alarms,
provides overall network
view. ROSA also provides
trending and advanced
tasks & functions
NMS

3
rd
party monitoring
system i.e. Spectrum
or
H.P Openview
195

ROSA Sample Configuration
ROSA Element Manager
LAN/WAN
Alarm Collection (Polling)
Alarm Filter and Notification
Mediation (SNMP)
Data Collection
Redundancy Backup
I/O Contact Closures
Relays, TTL/CMOS, Opto
Isolated, Analog and Digital I/O
Timed Events and Automation
Auto Time Synchronizing
Auto Device Discovery
Dial-up (Northbound)
SNMP Trap Buffering
Serial Busses
Multiple RS232/RS485/RS422
HTTP Web Interface
SNMP
Southbound
FTP SW Upgrade
and Backup/Restore
SNMP
Northbound
C C
o o
196

ROSA Copernicus
Hardware: Copernicus Server
Software: ROSA
197

ROSA Key Notes
S-A is leader in network management solutions
S-A invented self-healing headends
More than 10 years on the market
>1400 systems shipped by ROSA today
ROSA is an award winning solution
Broad range of network elements (S-A & 3
rd
party)
ROSA cuts OPEX and increases uptime
ROSA is future proof
100% open standards based solutions
ROSA scales to the network complexity and network size
198

ROSA Advanced Tools
Performance monitoring/reporting
Be Proactive
Groupwise configuration
Simplifies global parameter changes or viewing, for all
SNMP based equipment.
Notification task
Email and Paging of users on selectable alarm parameters.
Security management
Configurable access rights per User
SNMP Profile Manager
Tool for customer to create ROSA GUIs for 3rd Party SNMP
equipment without SA interaction
199

ROSA - Instant visualization
200

ROSA EM Features
User Interface
ROSA EM has a Web Server
NO client software!
Choice of GUI styles
Choice of Top level view on
each ROSA EM
Custom floor plan or Group
of Racks
Mechanical Interface
Flash drive NO fans, NO
moving parts!
2 NICs
4 Dedicated RS-232 serial
ports
4 Selectable serial ports
(RS-232, -422, or -485)
2 Temperature probes
201

Network Management System Summary
Describe what a Network Management System (NMS) does.
Identify the NMS software and hardware solutions offered
by SA.
List of the advanced tools ROSA provides.
202

Switched Digital
Section Start: Switched Digital
203

Switched Digital Section Overview
Description
This section goes into further detail on a Switched Digital
solution for our customers.

Explain the need for Switched Digital Video
Identify the major components that comprise a SDV system
Identify the functionality of each of the major components
204

Switched Digital: Status
First operational systems being installed
Several trials conducted in the past
No operational launches yet
Currently Driven by North American Market
Emergence of HD content
Demand for niche content
Key Customers
Time Warner Cable (USA)
Rogers Cable (Canada)
Cox (USA)
Our biggest competitor is Big Band Networks.
205

Why Switched Digital Video?
Powerful bandwidth management tool
Decouples bandwidth from offered content
Works on existing MPEG-based set-tops
Fully supported on existing S-A set-tops
Enables new programming offerings
Premium, ethnic tiers enables the long tail
Transparent to consumers
More choice - no change in viewing experience
Improves visibility to consumer demand
Provides detailed viewership data
Can be used to enhance targeted advertising
A key component of Next Generation Networks
206

Switched Digital: Emergence of DTV
Until recently, all terrestrial delivered video was delivered here
in the U.S.A via the analog NTSC format.
The FCC has mandated that all NTSC terrestrial broadcasts
will cease as of February 17, 2009.
At such time all transmission must be digital.
The Advanced Television Systems Committee was formed in
1982 to develop and recommend standards for Digital
Television.
On December 24, 1996, the United States Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) adopted the major
elements of the ATSC Digital Television (DTV) Standard
(A/53).
207

Switched Digital: Emergence of DTV
The rest of the world is moving to Digital only is controlled by
Broadcasting Industry governing bodies within each country.
For instance, Italy will move to Digital by 31 December 2008.
208

Switched Digital: HDTV is penetrating the
mainstream market
HD programming is expanding
14-18 HD channels in most major
markets today
DirecTV by 2007 will offer 150 national
channels in HD and 1,500 local
broadcasts
Dish adding 7 new HD channels on
February 1, totaling 25 HD channels
More niche networks launching HD
(MTV just launched; HGTV and Food
Network launching HD programming by
mid06)
Consumer purchase of HD
televisions on the rise
Roughly 40% of U.S. homes to have 1 or
more HD televisions by end of 2007
Prices of HDTV sets continue to decline
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Analog TV sets
HDTV sets
283M/16M HDTV
Only 6-7 M televisions
connected to HD Service
(2.6 TV per HH)
353M
(2.8 TV per HH)
256M
96M
TV sets in US HH (mil.)
Source: Kagan, 2005, CEA, S-A Estimates
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Analog TV sets
HDTV sets
283M/16M HDTV
Only 6-7 M televisions
connected to HD Service
(2.6 TV per HH)
353M
(2.8 TV per HH)
256M
96M
TV sets in US HH (mil.)
Source: Kagan, 2005, CEA, S-A Estimates
$100K+
23%
Under
$25K
21%
$50K-
$75K
19%
$25-
$50K
22%
$75K-
$100K
15%
HH Income of
HDTV owners
Source: Forrester's Consumer Technographics Q2 2005 North American Survey
209

Switched Digital: SDTV vs. HDTV
Digital SDTV gets its Look from its NTSC heritage.
It resolves 480 horizontal lines of resolution and
maintains a 4:3 aspect ratio.
The total number of pixels displayed is 307,200
(640x480)
210

9
16
1920 x 1080p @ 24 fps
(2,073,600 pixels)
1920 x 1080p @ 30 fps
(2,073,600 pixels)
1920 x 1080i @ 30 fps
(2,073,600 pixels)
1280 x 720p @ 24 fps
(921,600 pixels)
1280 x 720p @ 30 fps
(921,600 pixels)
1280 x 720p @ 60 fps
(921,600 pixels)
The first thing you notice on a Digital HDTV is the increased
aspect ratio (16:9).
Follow this with up to 1080 lines of horizontal resolution
There are six HDTV formats defined by the ATSC:
211

A standard definition digital signal would require a
data rate of 270 Mbps.
A high definition digital signal, depending on the
format, can take a data rate in access of 1.4 Gbps to
transmit it!
Not all of this data is necessarily required, to see
the image.
Typical MPEG-2 Bitrates:
3.75 Mbps for SD
15.0 Mbps for HD
212

Switched Digital: Another niche experience-Dish
Networks now offers extensive international
programming options

African
ABN America - $14.99/mo.
Armenian
Armenia TV - $14.99/mo.
Arabic
15 channels - $39.99/mo.
Al Jazeera Kuwait TV
Chinese
Farsi
French
3A Telesud - $14.99/mo.
German
Polish
1 channel - $14.99/mo.
Greek
Israeli
Israeli Network - $19.99/mo.
Italian
Japanese
TV Japan - $25.00/mo.
Korean
Portuguese Russian South Asian Tagalog
Urdu
TV Globo - $19.99/mo. 2 channels - $24.99/mo. 6 channels - $49.99/mo. 1 channel - $14.99/mo. 3 channels - $34.99/mo.
The high price of these offerings demonstrates the value to niche consumers.
213

Switched Digital: Why Switched Digital Video?
Todays Programming requirements on a typical HFC Plant 750 MHz.
107 channels currently used, leaving 9 channels
for future expansion.
214

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 8
1
5
2
2
2
9
3
6
4
3
5
0
5
7
6
4
7
1
7
8
8
5
9
2
9
9
1
0
6
1
1
3
1
2
0
1
2
7
1
3
4
1
4
1
1
4
8
1
5
5
1
6
2
1
6
9
1
7
6
1
8
3
1
9
0
1
9
7
2
0
4
2
1
1
2
1
8
2
2
5
2
3
2
2
3
9
2
4
6
Channels
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y

o
f

C
h
a
n
n
e
l

V
i
e
w
e
d
500 Viewer Node 1000 Viewer Node 2000 Viewer Node
250 Available Channels
Average Number of Viewed Channels
500 Viewer Node 58 Ch
Switched Digital:
Probability of Channel Being Viewed
215

Headend
Service
Group
A
HE-to-Hub
Transport
Network
Service
Group
B
Hub
Only channels that
are being watched
by that group are
transmitted to each
service group
All Channels
multicast to each
Hub site. High
priority services
sent to all services
groups.
HFC
HFC
Switched Digital:
How SDV Works in HFC Networks

216

Switched Digital: Components
The Scientific Atlantas Switched Digital System
components include:
Staging Processor
Content Routing Network
Bulk Encryptor
QAM Modulator
SDV Server
DNCS / Session and Resource Manager
Switch Digital Manager
DHCT SDV Client software
217

Headend
Switched Digital:
Components- Staging Processor
Staging Processor
(DCM)
Programming
Source
The SDV system utilizes MPEG
SPTS carried in UDP, IP packets
over Ethernet frames.
These MPEG SPTS are usually
received from various sources on
various interfaces and sometimes
as part of a MPEG MPTS.
It is the function of the Staging
Processor to:
extract the programming as
SPTS and encapsulate into IP
and Ethernet..
take any programs which may
have a variable bit rate (VBR)
and convert them to a
constant bit rate (CBR). It may
also need to change between
one CBR to another CBR.
218

An MPEG-2 transport can carry multiple programs
over a single RF carrier.
When you combine one or more programs together
into one stream, it is referred to as a transport
stream and has its own unique transport stream
identifier, or TSID.
All programs in a transport stream must travel
together; that is, they must travel from the same
source to the same destination.
The process of combining the different programs
into the same stream is called, multiplexing.
Switched Digital:
Components- MPTS vs. SPTS
219

MPEG multiplexing is ideally suited for broadcast
systems, where a group of programs is statistically
combined and sent to a common modulator.
However, VOD and SDV, programs frequently come
and go, and destinations frequently change.
In these systems, multiplexing is better handled at
the QAM itself.
1
Switched Digital:
220

Switched Digital:
Audio
PID
63
PAT
PID
0
Video
PID
80
Video
PID
80
PMT
PID
10
Audio
PID
62
Video
PID
60
Video
PID
70
Video
PID
60
PMT
PID
11
MPTS
PMT
PID
21
Audio
PID
72
Audio
PID
73
Video
PID
70
Audio
PID
82
Audio
PID
83
PAT (PID 0)
Program 1
Program 2
Program 3
10
11
21
Video 60
Audio 1 62
Audio 2 63
PMT PID 10
Video 70
Audio 1 72
Audio 2 73
PMT PID 11
Video 80
Audio 1 82
Audio 2 83
PMT PID 21
221

Switched Digital:
PAT
PID
0
Video
PID
80
Video
PID
80
SPTS
PMT
PID
21
Audio
PID
82
Audio
PID
83
PAT (PID 0)
Program 1 21
Video 80
Audio 1 82
Audio 2 83
PMT PID 21
Video
PID
80
Video
PID
80
Audio
PID
82
Video
PID
80
Audio
PID
83
Video
PID
80
Audio
PID
82
Video
PID
80
Video
PID
80
222

Switched Digital:
Components- Staging Processors Output
For every 7 188
1
byte SPTS packets (1316 Bytes), the
Staging processor will add a UDP Header (8 Bytes),

Plus, an IP Header
2
(21 Bytes),

and finally, a 14 Byte Ethernet Header and 4 Byte
Ethernet CRC.
Ethernet
CRC
(4 Bytes)
223

2) Join multicast
for SDV ch8
DNCS w/
App-Independent
Session and
Resource
Manager (SRM)
GQAM
VOD
Pump
0) Channel
change
to SDV ch8
(HD)
3) SDV ch8 (HD)
-3) Give me 36x 625kb/s sessions
-6) set up CBR SPTS
IP unicasts to Netcrypt
-1) Take sessionIDs 1-36 on GQAM X
1) Use sessID 12
for HD-SDV ch8
incl: actual bit rate and
multicast addresses
4) SDV ch8
1) Buy VOD
Movie
3) Send VOD Movie
to GQAM X
4) Movie
5) Movie
6) Movie
ServerInteractiveSessRequest/response
Movie
37
Headend
Switched Digital:
SDV / VOD Session Setup Messages
DCM
Staging
Processor
2) Mini
Carousel
SDV ch8 (HD)
12
SDV
Manager

-4) Provision SDV Servers
-5) set up
multicast
CF sessions
on Netcrypt
-5) DNCS sends
SourceIDs,
multicast
addresses,
bit rates
to SDV Manager
2) Tune to
GQAM X
DNCS 4.2
Master SRM
SDV
Manager
SDV
Server
Netcrypt
DCM
Staging
Processor
Hub
224

Headend
Switched Digital:
Components- Content Routing Network
Staging Processor
(DCM)
Programming
Source
The actual switching in the
Switched Digital System
occurs in a layer 3 routed
network.
The Staging Processor feeds
the routed network with SPTS
content as IP multicasts, or
unicasts bound for a bulk
encryptor (such as the
NetCrypt device).
The routing network, or at
least the edge router must
support version 3 of the
Internet Group Management
Protocol (IGMPv3).
Headend
Content
Router
Bulk Encryptor
(Netcrypt)
225

Headend
Switched Digital:
Components- Bulk Encryptor
Staging Processor
(DCM)
Programming
Source
Since SDV streams are shared
by multiple viewers, they are
treated as broadcast streams
for purposes of encryption.
The conditional access (CA)
system is not aware of and
does nothing unique for
individual viewers.
The bulk encryptor is
connected to a router using
Gigabit Ethernet ports in bi-
directional mode.
Headend
Content
Router
Bulk Encryptor
(Netcrypt)
226

Headend
Switch Digital
Components- Bulk Encryptor
Staging Processor
(DCM)
Programming
Source
The network behavior of the
bulk encryptor is that of a host,
not a router.
Unicast content that passes
through the bulk encryptor
must be addressed to the
encryptor itself, not to the
ultimate destination, such as a
QAM modulator.
It is the job of the bulk
encryptor to generate and
source the IP multicasts for
encrypted switched streams.
The bulk encryptor may also be
used to generate multicasts for
unencrypted streams.
Headend
Content
Router
Bulk Encryptor
(Netcrypt)
227

Hub
Switch Digital
Components- QAM Modulator
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
SDV system uses the QAMs
1
to request and
terminate IP multicasts, and to transmit
programs as MPEG transport packets in RF.
QAMs can be divided into two types based
on how the streams are mapped from input
to output:
Session Based QAM modulators
Table Based QAM modulators
SDV carriers must operate as Session
Based QAM carriers.
In Session-based QAM modulation the
mapping of input streams to the output
carrier, the MPEG program number (PN)
and program identifiers (PIDs), are
dynamically controlled and assigned at
session-setup time.
228

Hub
Switch Digital
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
The QAM interfaces to an element manager
1

for provisioning and control. Provisioning
sets the output frequencies, modulation
type, Transport Stream Identifiers (TSID) on
each of the output carriers, and IP
addresses of control and content ports.
The control system allocates QAM
spectrum to various applications such as
VOD and SDV.
Spectrum may be allocated to the
applications on the basis of entire QAM
carriers. This is known as inter-carrier QAM
sharing.
Alternately, spectrum may be allocated to
the applications within QAM carriers. This
is known as intra-carrier QAM sharing.
These allocations can either be static or
dynamic in nature.
229

Hub
Switch Digital
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
Upon request of the SDV server, the
control system allocates a number of
shell sessions, each with a session
identifier (session ID), a nominal
bandwidth, and a RF carrier
assignment.
No content multicast address,
program number or actual bandwidth
is specified at this point; hence the
name shell session, implying that
this session is an empty reservoir or
tube, to be filled with content at a
later time.
To
DNCS
SDV Server
230

Hub
Switch Digital:
Components- SDV Server
The SDV server is part session manager in
that it communicates directly with settops
requesting channel changes.
It is also part resource manager in that, for
its allocated QAM sessions, may bind and
thus assign those to real programs for
transmission to the service groups.
It is the primary job of the SDV server to:
Receive channel change requests for
switched content from a settop.
To bind that content to a session on a
QAM feeding that settops service group
To respond to that settop with the
frequency and program number where
that content may be found.
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
SDV Server
231

Hub
Switch Digital:
It is also the job of the SDV server to
anticipate spectrum demand for Switched
Digital Video and request shell sessions
from the SRM before running out of
available QAM bandwidth.
In the absence of new shell sessions from
the SRM, the SDV server must reallocate
existing bandwidth in order to provide for
active users at the expense of inactive
ones.
Conversely, if the SDV server recognizes
that it is controlling bandwidth in excess of
its anticipated requirements, then the SDV
server must initiate session tear-down
requests to the SRM in order to return the
excess bandwidth to the total system pool.
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
SDV Server
232

Hub
Mini
Carousel
Multicast
Switch Digital:
It is also the job of the SDV server to handle
channel change request messages for non-
SDV broadcast channels in order to gather
anonymous usage statistics and
understand activity.
The SDV server generates a repeating
(carousel) file containing a list of services
already available to those service groups,
and the tuning parameters required to
access them. This serves as a redundant
tuning mechanism.
The SDV server requires connection to both
the control network, for communication
with other network elements including the
clients, and also to the content routing
network in order to make the Mini-Carousel
1

IP multicast available to content-carrying
QAM modulators.
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
Management
Router
SDV Server
233

Hub
Mini
Carousel
Multicast
Switch Digital:
As we have already discussed the SDV
server requests that shell sessions be set
up on a QAM feeding the required service
group.
This is accomplished through an extension
to the Time Warner Session Setup Protocol
(SSP), (itself a subset of DSM-CC).
The SSP extension used is the Server
Interactive Session Request/Confirm
message set, which enables a second
Network entity (i.e. to request bandwidth
from the SRM for purposes of another
application).
SDV servers may be deployed in the
headend or distributed at unmanned
distribution hubs.
Hub
Content
Router
GQAMs
Management
Router
SDV Server
234

The SDV uses the DSM-CC model of application-
independent Session and Resource Management
(SRM).
On SDV systems utilizing the S-A platform, the
DNCS handles the SRM duties.
The SRM governs access to content and network
resources, and allows sharing of those resources
by various applications.
Switch Digital Components:
SDV / Session & Resource Manager (SRM)
235

Using the Server Interactive
Session Request message, a
SDV server will request
sessions and bandwidth on a
given service group.
If the SRM can identify
available bandwidth on a QAM
feeding the requested service
group, the SRM will provide
sessions and bandwidth on
that QAM carrier to the SDV
server.
Upon granting QAM sessions
and bandwidth to the SDV
server, the SRM will
immediately set up the shell
sessions on the selected QAM
in order to prepare it for
binding requests from the SDV
server.
SISR
Use
QAM
shell
sessions
set up on
Service
Group QAM
Intra-carrier QAM
Sharing
236

Since the SRM is the master
bandwidth controller, it may
need to recover
bandwidth it had previously
allocated to the SDV server.
This is accomplished by
having the SRM send a
Bandwidth Reclamation
Request to the SDV server
for a specific service group.
Upon receipt of such a
request the SDV server
initiates a session tear-
down request for sufficient
shell session bandwidth to
cover the reclamation.
BRR
Intra-carrier QAM
Sharing
237

SDV Manager
and SDV Manager
The user interface for control
of the SDV servers and
system is in the SDV
manager.
The SDV manager provides a
means for operator
configuration of the service
group assignments and
various settings for the SDV
servers.
The interface between the
manager and servers is
SNMP.
In a S-A system the SDV
manager runs on the DNCS.
No additional hardware is
required.
SDV Manager
238

SDV Manager
and SDV Manager
When sessions are set up
on the bulk encryptor to
create an IP multicast for
SDV, the SourceID, bit rate
and, multicast address
information is automatically
communicated from the
SRM to the SDV manager.
This is an operational
convenience so that the
administrator does not need
to enter this information
twice.
239

STB Client
The STB must have
installed client
software which
supports SDV.
In addition, SARA
applications require
a SDV package be
created and for that
package to be
placed onto the
STBs.

240

Universal Session & Resource Manager
As we have just learned, the
SDV server will request
sessions and bandwidth for a
given service group by
sending a SISR message to the
Session and Resource
manager located on the DNCS.
Bandwidth grants are
forwarded to the SDV server
and shell sessions are built on
the appropriate GQAMs.
This solution is limited to
those systems which have a
DNCS and Explorer STBs.
A nonaligned platform solution
is in development and should
be available in Q1 of the 2007
Calendar year.
SISR
shell
sessions
Grants
241

This nonaligned platform
solution will be marketed as
the Universal Session &
Resource Manager (USRM)*
The DNCS Session and
Resource manager is
replaced with the USRM.
Both 3
rd
party and
NetCrypt Bulk Encryptors
are supported, as are 3
rd

party and all S-A QAMs.
USRM
(NetCrypt
& 3
rd
Party)
3
rd
Party
and all
S-A QAMs
242

uSRM
uSRM Middleware
Session / Stream Server
Bandwidth Manager
Resource Protection
Resource Adaptor APIs
Generic Resource / Element Manager
Element APIs
SNMP Agent
Since the SRM is now at
the edge of the network
and is responsible for the
session setup of fewer
QAMs, throughput is
increased dramatically
1
.
Applications can be locally
hosted
2
on the uSRM
hardware platform.
Through published APIs,
3
rd
party applications and
Resource Adaptor
interfaces can be
incorporated to provide for
integrated management.
SDV VOD

Future
Hosted
Applications
GQAM
Resource
Adaptor
Resource
Specific
xDQA QAM
Resource
Adaptor
NetCrypt
Resource
Adaptor
3
rd
Party
Resource
Adaptor
243

Switch Digital Components Summary
This section explained
The need for Switched Digital Video
The major components that comprise a SDV system
The functionality of each of the major components

244

SA Products
Section Start: SA Products
245

SA Products: Section Overview
Description
This section is a quick overview of where to find more SA
product information.

Locate where to find more product information for SA
products.
246

SA Products:
Where to Go SA North America
http://www.scientificatla
nta.com/products/custo
mers/broadbandaccess.
htm
247

SA Products:
Where to Go - SA Europe, Middle East, Africa
http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/cableoperators.
htm
248

SA Products:
Where to Go - SA Asia Pacific
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/ASIAPACIFIC/inde
x.htm
249

SA Products:
Where to Go - SA Latin America
http://www.scientificatlanta.com/LATINAMERICA/in
dex.htm
250

SA Products Summary
Locate where to find more product information for SA
products.
251

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