Chapter 7

Telecommunications,

Networks, and the Internet

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Networks and Corporate Infrastructure

A network consists of two or more connected

computers.
Each computer on the network contains a network
interface device called a network interface card
(NIC).
The connection medium for linking network
components can be a telephone wire, coaxial cable,
or radio signal in the case of cell phone and wireless
local area networks.
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Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Networks and Corporate Infrastructure (Continued)

The network operating system (NOS) routes and
manages communications on the network and
coordinates network resources.

Networks also contain a switch or a hub acting as

a connection point between the computers.
Hubs are very simple devices that connect
network components, sending a packet of data to
all other connected devices.
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Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Networks and Corporate Infrastructure (Continued)

A switch has more intelligence than a hub and

can filter and forward data to a specified
destination. Switches are used within individual
networks.
A router is a special communications processor
used to route packets of data through different
networks, ensuring that the message sent gets to
the correct address.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Key Digital Networking Technologies

Client/Server Computing

Packet Switching
TCP/IP and Connectivity

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Client/Server Computing:

Client/server computing is a distributed computing

model in which some of the processing power is
located within small, inexpensive client computers.
The powerful clients are linked to one another
through a network that is controlled by a network
server computer.
The server sets the rules of communication for the
network and provides every client with an address
so others can find it on the network.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Client/Server Computing:

Client/server computing has largely replaced

centralised mainframe computing in which nearly all
of the processing takes place on a central large
mainframe computer.
Client/server computer has extended computing to
departments, workgroups, factory floors, .that
cannot be served by a centralised architecture.
Internet is the largest implementation of
client/server computing.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Packet Switching:

In packet-switched networks, messages are first

broken down into small bundles of data called
packets.
These packets are sent along different
communication paths and then the packets are
reassembled once they reach their destinations.

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Packet Switching: (Continued)

Prior to packet switching, computer networks used
leased, dedicated phone circuits to communicate
expensive + wasted available communication capacity

Packet switching makes more efficient use of the

communications capacity of a network.
The packets include information for directing the
packet to the right address and for checking
transmission errors along with the data.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Packet Switching: (Continued)

The packets are transmitted over various
communications channels using routers, each
packet travelling independently.

Packets of data originating at one source will be

routed through many different paths and networks
before being assembled into the original message
when they reach their destinations.

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

TCP/IP and Connectivity:

A protocol is a set of rules and procedures governing

transmission of information between two points in a
network.
TCP/IP is the communications protocol used by the
Internet and all Internet devices.
TCP/IP provides for breaking up digital messages into
packets, routing them to the proper addresses, and then
reassembling them into coherent messages.
TCP/IP uses a suite of protocols: TCP and IP.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):

Handles the movement of data between computers
Establishes a connection between the computers,
sequences the transfer of packets, and
acknowledges the packets sent

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Internet Protocol (IP):

Responsible for the delivery of packets
Includes the disassembling and reassembling of
packets during transmission

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

8.14

TCP/IP Model
Application layer: enables client application programs
to access the other layers and define the protocols that
applications use to exchange data
Transport layer: responsible for providing the
application layer with communication and packet
services. This layer includes TCP and other protocol
Internet layer: responsible for addressing, routing, and
packaging data packets called IP datagrams. IP is used
in this layer.
Network layer: responsible for placing packets on and
receiving them from the network medium
2006 by Prentice Hall

Analog VS Digital signal

An analog signal is represented by a
continuous wave-form that passes through a
communication medium and has been used for
voice communication
A digital signal is discrete, binary waveform,
rather than a continuous wave-form. Digital
signals communicate information as strings of
two discrete states: 0 and 1.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Functions of the Modem

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Types of Networks
Type
Local Area Network (LAN)
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)

8.17

Area
Up to 500 meters (half a mile); an
office or floor of a building
Up to 1,000 meters (a mile); a college
campus or corporate facility
A city or metropolitan area
Transcontinental or global area

2006 by Prentice Hall

LAN
A LAN is designed to connect PCs and other
digital devices within half-mile or 500-meter
radius. LAN typically connects a few
computers in one building, or all the computers
in several building in close proximity.
LAN can link to long-distance WAN and other
networks around the world using Internet.
The router connects LAN to other networks.
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Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Client/server architecture

NOS resides
on a single file
server, and the
server
provides much
of the control
and resources
for the
network.

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Types of LAN - P-2-P

A P-2-P network treats all processors equally
and us used primarily in small networks with
10 or fewer users.
The various computers on the network can
exchange data by direct access and can share
peripheral devices without going through a
separate server.

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Star topology
All devices on the network connect to a single hub.
Extended star.
Bus topology
In a bus, one station transmits signals, which travel in
both direction along a single transmission segment.
all machines on the network receive the same
signals, and software installed on the clients
enables each client to listen for messages
addressed specifically to it.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Ring topology
A ring topology connects network components in a
closed loop. Messages pass from computer to
computer in one direction around the loop, and only
one station at a time may transmit.
Found in old LANs using Token Ring networking

software

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Network Topologies

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
CONTEMPORARY NETWORKING INFRASTRUCTURE

Physical Transmission Media

The different kinds of physical transmission media used
by the networks are:
Twisted Wire: consists of strands of copper wire in pairs
telephone lines mainly for analog but..
Coaxial Cable: cable television- thickly insulated copper wire
transmits a large volume of data

Fiber Optics and Optical Networks clear glass fiber data

are transformed into pulses of light
Wireless Transmission
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Internet Addressing, Architecture, and Governance

The Domain Name System:
Every device connected to the Internet has a unique
32-bit numeric IP address.

A Domain Name System (DNS) converts IP

addresses to English-like domain names.
The domain name is the name that corresponds to
the unique 32-bit numeric IP address for each
computer connected to the Internet.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Internet Addressing, Architecture, and Governance

(Continued)
The Domain Name System:
DNS servers maintain a database containing IP

addresses mapped to their corresponding domain

names.
To access a computer on the Internet, users need
only specify its domain name.
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

The Domain Name System

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Figure 8-9

2006 by Prentice Hall

Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Limitations on IP Addresses: IPv4 and IPv6:

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4): A 32-bit string of
numbers organized into four sets of numbers
ranging from 0 to 255; contains up to 4 billion
addresses
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6): 128-bit addresses,
contains over a quadrillion possible unique
addresses
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Major Internet Services

E-mail: Person-to-person messaging; document

sharing
Usenet newsgroups: Discussion groups on
electronic bulletin boards
LISTSERVs: Discussion groups using e-mail mailing
list servers
Chatting and instant messaging: Interactive
conversations
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Major Internet Services (Continued)

Telnet: Logging on to one computer system and

doing work on another
FTP: Transferring files from computer to computer
World Wide Web: Retrieving, formatting, and

displaying information (including text, audio,

graphics, and video) using hypertext links
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
THE INTERNET

Intranets and Extranets

Intranets:
An intranet is an internal organizational
network that provides access to data across a
business firm.
Extranets:

Allow authorized vendors and customers to

have limited access to its internal intranet
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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND E-BUSINESS

E-Mail
Chatting and Instant Messaging
Electronic Discussion Groups

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND E-BUSINESS

Groupware, Teamware, and Electronic Conferencing

Groupware: Provides capabilities for supporting
enterprise-wide communication and
collaborative work
Teamware: Enables companies to implement
collaboration applications easily that can be

accessed using Web browser software

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND E-BUSINESS

Groupware, Teamware, and Electronic Conferencing

(Continued)
Electronic conferencing tools: Provides a virtual
conference table where participants can view and
modify documents and slides or share their
thoughts and comments using chat, audio, or video

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND E-BUSINESS

Internet Telephony

Voice over IP (VoIP) technology: Uses the Internet

Protocol (IP) to deliver voice information in digital form
using packet switching
Unified messaging systems: Combine voice mail, email, and faxes so they can all be obtained from one
system

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
TECHNOLOGIES AND TOOLS FOR COMMUNICATION
AND E-BUSINESS

Virtual Private Networks

A virtual private network is a secure, encrypted,
private network that has been configured within

a public network to take advantage of the

economy of scale and management facilities of
large networks, such as Internet.

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Management Information Systems

Chapter 8
Telecommunications, Networks, and the Internet
MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND SOLUTIONS

Management Challenges:
Loss of management control
Organizational change requirements
Scalability, Reliability, and Security

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