Filtros de Segundo Orden

Electrnica III
Clase 04
II Trmino 2011
Agenda:
Filtros de 2do Orden
Filtros Sallen-Key
Filtro Pasa Bajas

Filtro Pasa Altas
Filtros de 2do Orden

There are two topologies for a second-order filter,
the Sallen-Key and the Multiple Feedback (MFB)

topology.
Low-Pass Filter
G (s)
A0
A0 : Band pass gain
s s

1
0 0
G
0 : Critical frequency
: Damping coefficient
: Normalizad frequency
A0
2 2
Arc tan
1 2
2 2
Damping (Amortiguamiento)
Effects of the Damping Coefficient
Effects of the Damping Coefficient

Ao may be different
F-3db does not equal fo
Transient response varies widely
fo is constant
Butterworth Low-Pass Filters

The Butterworth low-pass filter provides maximum
passband flatness. Therefore, a Butterworth low-pass

is often used as anti-aliasing filter in data converter
applications where precise signal levels are required
across the entire passband.
Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

The Chebyshev low-pass filters provide an even
higher gain rolloff above f0. However, the passband

gain is not monotone, but contains ripples of constant
magnitude instead. For a given filter order, the higher
the passband ripples, the higher the filters rolloff.
Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

(cont.)
With increasing filter order, the influence of the ripple
magnitude on the filter rolloff diminishes. Each ripple

accounts for one second-order filter stage. Filters
with even order numbers generate ripples above the
0-dB line, while filters with odd order numbers create
ripples below 0 dB. Chebyshev filters are often used
in filter banks, where the frequency content of a
signal is of more importance than a constant
amplification.
Bessel Low-Pass Filters

The Bessel low-pass filters have a linear phase response
over a wide frequency range, which results in a constant

group delay in that frequency range. Bessel low-pass filters,
therefore, provide an optimum square-wave transmission
behavior. However, the passband gain of a Bessel low-pass
filter is not flat and the transition from passband to stopband
is not sharp.
Comparison
General Sallen-Key Low-Pass

Filter
R4
Ao 1
R3
A0
G (s)
1 C1 R1 R2 1 A0 R1C2 s R1 R2C1C2 s 2
Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass

Filter
To simplify the circuit design, it is common to choose
unity-gain (A0 = 1), and R1 = R2 = R.
Ao 1
1
G(s)
1 2 RC1s R 2C1C2 s 2
1
fo
2R C1C2
2
C1
C2
Unity-Gain
Unity-Gain
Example 7-3 from Textbook

Design a filter using the Sallen-Key unity gain
low pass active filter to meet the following

specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC
Equal-Component Sallen-Key
Low-Pass Filter
A special case of the general Sallen-Key
topology is the application of equal resistor

values and equal capacitor values: R1 = R2 =
R and C1 = C2 = C.
A0
G ( s)
1 RC 3 A0 s R 2C 2 s 2
1
fo
2RC
3 Ao
Equal Component
Equal Component

Design a filter using the Sallen-Key equal
component low pass active filter to meet the

following specifications:
Rolloff rate: 40 dB/dec
Critical frequency: 2 kHz
Pass band as flat as possible
Gain of 5 at DC
Frequency Correction Factor
f 3dB klp f 0
Ejercicio:
The task is to design a second order equal
component Chebyshev low pass active filter

with a frequency f-3dB = 3 kHz and a 3dB
passband ripple.
High-Pass Filter
High-Pass Filter (cont.)

G (s)
A : Band pass gain
A
0
1
s
G
0 : Critical frequency
: Damping coefficient
: Normalizad frequency
0

s
A 2
2 2
Arc tan
1 2
The general Sallen-Key topology
R4
A00 1
R3
A
G(s)
R2 C1 C2 R1C2 1 A 1
1
1
1

2
R1 R2C1C2
s R1 R2C1C2 s
Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass

Filter
A 1
1
G(s)
C1 C2 1
1
1
1
2
2
RC1C2 s R C1C2 s
1
fo
2R C1C2
C1
C2
C2
C1
Equal-Component Sallen-Key
High-Pass Filter
R1 R2 R
C1 C2 C
A
G(s)
3 A 1
1
1
1
2 2 2
RC s R C s
Khp
fo
2 RC
3 A
Frequency Correction Factor

f 3dB k hp f 0
1
k hp
klp

For an equal component high pass active
filter whose components are listed below,

calculate the -3dB frequency, filter type and
pass band gain.
R = 10k
C = 0.1F
R4 = 5.8k
R3 = 10k
Gain-Bandwith product for a 741 is 1MHz.

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Electrnica III

Filtro Pasa Bajas

Filtros de 2do Orden

the Sallen-Key and the Multiple Feedback (MFB)

A0 : Band pass gain

Effects of the Damping Coefficient

Effects of the Damping Coefficient

Butterworth Low-Pass Filters

passband flatness. Therefore, a Butterworth low-pass

Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

higher gain rolloff above f0. However, the passband

Chebyshev Low-Pass Filters

magnitude on the filter rolloff diminishes. Each ripple

Bessel Low-Pass Filters

over a wide frequency range, which results in a constant

General Sallen-Key Low-Pass

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key Low-Pass

unity-gain (A0 = 1), and R1 = R2 = R.

Example 7-3 from Textbook

low pass active filter to meet the following

topology is the application of equal resistor

Example 7-5 from Textbook

component low pass active filter to meet the

Frequency Correction Factor

component Chebyshev low pass active filter

High-Pass Filter (cont.)

A : Band pass gain

The general Sallen-Key topology

Unity-Gain Sallen-Key High-Pass

Frequency Correction Factor

Example 7-9 from Textbook

filter whose components are listed below,

Gain-Bandwith product for a 741 is 1MHz.

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