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    Lectures Summary

    Uploaded by

    Sameen Maruf
    This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, such as voltage over time. A system is an entity that manipulates one or more input signals to produce output signals. Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time, even or odd, periodic or non-periodic, deterministic or random, and analog or digital. Common systems include communication, speaker recognition, and aircraft landing systems. The document also covers basic operations on signals like time shifting and scaling, as well as properties of systems like memory, invertibility, and different types of interconnections between systems.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lectures Summary

    Uploaded by

    Sameen Maruf
    26 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, such as voltage over time. A system is an entity that manipulates one or more input signals to produce output signals. Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time, even or odd, periodic or non-periodic, deterministic or random, and analog or digital. Common systems include communication, speaker recognition, and aircraft landing systems. The document also covers basic operations on signals like time shifting and scaling, as well as properties of systems like memory, invertibility, and different types of interconnections between systems.

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    Signals and Systems

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    This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, such as voltage over time. A system is an entity that manipulates one or more input signals to produce output signals. Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time, even or odd, periodic or non-periodic, deterministic or random, and analog or digital. Common systems include communication, speaker recognition, and aircraft landing systems. The document also covers basic operations on signals like time shifting and scaling, as well as properties of systems like memory, invertibility, and different types of interconnections between systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    26 views24 pages

    Lectures Summary

    Uploaded by

    Sameen Maruf
    This document provides an overview of signals and systems. It defines a signal as a function that conveys information about a physical phenomenon, such as voltage over time. A system is an entity that manipulates one or more input signals to produce output signals. Signals can be classified as continuous-time or discrete-time, even or odd, periodic or non-periodic, deterministic or random, and analog or digital. Common systems include communication, speaker recognition, and aircraft landing systems. The document also covers basic operations on signals like time shifting and scaling, as well as properties of systems like memory, invertibility, and different types of interconnections between systems.

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    SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

    LECTURES SUMMARY

    What

    are they?

    Signal

    System

    General Introduction

    Signal:

    a function of one or more variables that convey


    information on the nature of a physical phenomenon.
    Examples: v(t),i(t),x(t),heartbeat, blood pressure,
    temperature, vibration.

    One-dimensional signals: function depends on a single


    variable, e.g., speech signal

    Multi-dimensional signals: function depends on two or


    more variables, e.g., image

    Fundamentals of Signals and Systems

    System:

    an entity or operator that manipulates


    one or more signals to accomplish a function,
    thereby yielding new signals.
    Input signal

    System

    Output signal

    Commonly encountered systems:


    communications systems
    Automatic speaker recoginition system
    Aircraft landing system

    Fundamentals of Signals and Systems

    1.

    CT and DT signals:

    Classification of signals

    For many cases, x[n] is obtained by sampling


    x(t) as:
    x[n] = x(nT)
    , n =0,+1,+2,

    Are

    there any requirements for the sampling?

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    2.

    Even and odd signals:


    Even:
    x(t) = x(t)
    x[n] = x[n]
    Odd:
    x(t) = x(t)
    x[n] = x[n]
    Any signal x(t) can be expressed as
    x(t) = xe(t) + xo(t) )
    x(t) = xe(t) xo(t)
    where
    xe(t) = 1/2(x(t) + x(t))
    xo(t) = 1/2(x(t) x(t))

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    3.

    Periodic and non-periodic signals:

    CT signal: if x(t) = x(t + T), then x(t) is periodic.


    Smallest T=Fundamental period: To
    Fundamental frequency fo = 1/To (Hz or cycles/second)
    Angular frequency: o = 2 /To (rad/seconds)
    DT signal: if x[n] = x[n + N], then x[n] is periodic.
    min(No): fundamental period
    Fo = 1/No (cycles/sample)
    =2 /N (rads/sample). If the unit of n is designated as
    dimensionless,
    then
    is simply in radians.
    Note: A sampled CT periodic signal may not be DT periodic.
    Any Condition addition of two periodic CT signals, resultant
    must be periodic signal ?

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    4.

    Deterministic and random signals.


    Deterministic signal: No uncertainty with respect
    to its value at any time
    Completely specified at any time
    Random signal: Uncertain before it occurs. E.g.,
    thermal noise.

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    Energy

    and power signals:

    CT signal x(t):

    Energy:

    E=

    x 2 (t )dt

    Power:

    P=

    1
    lim
    T 2T

    x 2 (t ) dt

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    DT signal x[n]:

    Energy:

    E=

    x n
    2

    Power:

    N
    1
    2
    x
    n

    lim
    N 2 N 1 n N

    Energy signal: if 0 < E <


    Power signal: if 0 < P <

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    Analog

    Signal and Digital Signal

    Classification of signals (cont.)

    Basic operations on signals


    Basic Operations on Signal

    Rule for time shifting and time scaling:

    See

    figure below. Find y(t) = x(2t + 3).

    Basic Operations on Signal(cont.)

    1. Exponential

    2-Sinusoidal

    Elementary signals

    3. Step function

    Elementary signals(cont.)

    4.Unit impulse function

    5.Unit ramp function

    Elementary signals(cont.)

    System Properties

    2.Memory /Memoryless

    Memory system: present output value depend on


    future/past input.
    Memoryless system: present output value depend only on present input.
    Example

    System Properties(cont.)

    System Properties(cont.)

    System Properties(cont.)

    Invertibility

    x(t)

    y(t)

    x(t)

    System Properties(cont.)

    Series(cascade)

    Input

    System 1

    Parallel,

    Interconnection
    System 2
    Output

    Interconnection
    System 1

    Input

    Output
    +

    System 2

    Interconnection of systems

    Feedback Interconnection
    Input

    System
    1

    Output

    System
    2

    Interconnection of systems

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