Internet: CPE 401 / 601 Computer Network Systems

Lecture 1
Internet
CPE 401 / 601
Computer Network Systems
slides are modified from Dave Hollinger and Daniel Zappala
Network
... communication system for connecting
end-systems
End-systems a.k.a. hosts
PCs, workstations
dedicated computers
network components
Internet
Multiaccess vs. Point-to-point

Multiaccess means shared medium.
many end-systems share the same physical communication
resources (wire, frequency, ...)
There must be some arbitration mechanism.
Point-to-point
only 2 systems involved
no doubt about where data came from !
Internet
LAN - Local Area Network

connects computers that are physically
close together ( < 1 mile).

high speed
multi-access
Technologies:
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
10 Mbps, 100Mbps
16 Mbps
100 Mbps
Internet
WAN - Wide Area Network

connects computers that are physically far
apart. long-haul network.
typically slower than a LAN.

typically less reliable than a LAN.
point-to-point
Technologies:
telephone lines
Satellite communications
Internet
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

Larger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN
- example: campus-wide network

- multi-access network
Technologies:
coaxial cable
microwave
Internet
Internetwork
Connection of 2 or more distinct (possibly
dissimilar) networks.
Requires some kind of network device to
facilitate the connection.
Net A
Net B
Internet
The Internet
millions of
PC
connected computing
devices: hosts = end
systems
server
wireless
laptop
cellular
handheld
access
points
router
Global ISP
Home network
Regional ISP
communication links
wired
links
running network apps
Mobile network
fiber, copper, radio,

satellite
Institutional network
routers:
forward packets
(chunks of data)
Internet
The Internet
Internet Mapping Project, Bill Cheswick
Internet
A Network of Networks
roughly hierarchical
Tier-1 ISPs provide national,
international coverage
Tier-2 ISPs provide
regional coverage
Tier-3 and lower levels provide
local coverage
any tier may sell to
business and residential

customers
any ISP may have a
link to any other ISP

(not strictly hierarchical)
Internet
10
Internet
11
Many Different Internet Service

Providers
Each network is
independent
Interoperability requires
using Internet standards:

IP, TCP
the Internet is global and

must run these standards
your private intranet can do
whatever you want it to do
Internet
12
Internet Design Goals

primary goal: interoperability among existing networks
a network of networks
obey administrative boundaries
secondary goals
fault tolerance
multiple transport protocols
support a variety of networks
distributed management
cost effective, low effort for host attachment,
accountability
first three were more important, so remaining four
did not receive as much attention

no mention of security
Internet
13
Internet Design Principles

minimal assumptions about services network
should support
ability to send packets

no reliability or security
end-to-end principle
keep the core of the network as simple as
possible,
put complex functionality at the edges
exception: significant performance improvement
Internet
14
Network Models
Using a formal model allows us to deal with
various aspects of Networks abstractly.
We will look at a popular model (OSI
reference model).
The OSI reference model is a
layered model.
Internet
15
Layering
Divide a task into pieces and then solve
each piece independently (or nearly so).
Establishing a well defined interface
between layers makes porting easier.
Major Advantages:
Code Reuse
Extensibility
Internet
16
The Internet Hourglass
Internet
17
The Internet at each Hop
Internet
18
Interface and Peer-to-peer Protocols

Interface protocols describe communication between
layers on the same endpoint.

Peer-to-peer protocols describe communication
between peers at the same layer.
Process
Process
Interface Protocols
Transport
Transport
Peer-to-peer Protocols
Network
Network
Data Link
Data Link
Internet
19
Whats a protocol?
human protocols:
whats the time?
I have a question
introductions
specific msgs sent
specific actions taken
when msgs received,
or other events
network protocols:
machines rather than
humans
all communication
activity in Internet
governed by protocols
Internet
20
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a
computer network
protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time?
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
Q: Other human protocols?

Internet
21
Protocol
An agreed upon convention for communication.
both endpoints need to understand the protocol.
Protocols must be formally defined and unambiguous!
Protocols define
format,
order of msgs sent and received among network entities,
actions taken on msg transmission, receipt
We will study lots of existing protocols and perhaps
develop a few of our own.
Internet
22
Programs & Processes

A
program is an executable file.
process or task is an instance of a

program that is being executed.
A single program can generate multiple
processes.
Internet
23
Client - Server
A
server is a process - not a machine !
A server waits for a request from a client.

A client is a process that sends a request
to an existing server and (usually) waits for

a reply.
Internet
24
Client - Server Examples

Server returns the time-of-day.
Server returns a document.
Server prints a file for client.
Server does a disk read or write.
Server records a transaction.
Internet
25
Servers
Servers are generally more complex (more
interesting).
Basic types of servers:
Iterative - server handles one client at a time.

Concurrent - server handles many clients at a time.
We will study the differences later.
Internet
26
Thought Exercise
Come up with an example of a
layered system.
Describe the interface and
peer-to-peer protocols for

your example.
Internet
27
Layering Example: Federal Express

Letter in envelope, address on outside
FedX guy adds addressing information, barcode.
Local office drives to airport and delivers to hub.
Sent via airplane to nearest city.
Delivered to right office
Delivered to right person
Letter
Addressed
Envelope
Letter
Addressed
Envelope
Internet
28
Layered Software Systems

Network software
Operating systems
Windowing systems
Internet
29
Unix is a Layered System

Applications
Libraries
System Calls
Kernel
Internet
30

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Lecture 1

slides are modified from Dave Hollinger and Daniel Zappala

Multiaccess vs. Point-to-point

LAN - Local Area Network

close together ( < 1 mile).

WAN - Wide Area Network

apart. long-haul network.

typically slower than a LAN.

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

- example: campus-wide network

running network apps

fiber, copper, radio,

Internet Mapping Project, Bill Cheswick

business and residential

any ISP may have a

link to any other ISP

Many Different Internet Service

using Internet standards:

the Internet is global and

Internet Design Goals

first three were more important, so remaining four

did not receive as much attention

Internet Design Principles

ability to send packets

various aspects of Networks abstractly.

We will look at a popular model (OSI

The OSI reference model is a

each piece independently (or nearly so).

Establishing a well defined interface

between layers makes porting easier.

The Internet Hourglass

The Internet at each Hop

Interface and Peer-to-peer Protocols

layers on the same endpoint.

Q: Other human protocols?

develop a few of our own.

Programs & Processes

program is an executable file.

process or task is an instance of a

A single program can generate multiple

server is a process - not a machine !

A server waits for a request from a client.

to an existing server and (usually) waits for

Client - Server Examples

Basic types of servers:

Iterative - server handles one client at a time.

We will study the differences later.

Describe the interface and

peer-to-peer protocols for

Layering Example: Federal Express

Layered Software Systems

Unix is a Layered System

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