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    Measurements: Mass Conductivity PH

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    Anonymous gsSxOmw
    This document discusses different methods for measuring mass, conductivity, and pH. It describes mass measurement using mass balances and load cells. Load cells can be electronic or pneumatic/hydraulic and measure deflection or pressure changes. Conductivity is measured using electrodes and relates the solution's ability to conduct electricity. Classical electrodes directly measure resistance while induction electrodes use coils. pH is measured using a glass electrode and reference electrode cell that generates a voltage based on the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

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    Measurements: Mass Conductivity PH

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous gsSxOmw
    16 views28 pages
    This document discusses different methods for measuring mass, conductivity, and pH. It describes mass measurement using mass balances and load cells. Load cells can be electronic or pneumatic/hydraulic and measure deflection or pressure changes. Conductivity is measured using electrodes and relates the solution's ability to conduct electricity. Classical electrodes directly measure resistance while induction electrodes use coils. pH is measured using a glass electrode and reference electrode cell that generates a voltage based on the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

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    This document discusses different methods for measuring mass, conductivity, and pH. It describes mass measurement using mass balances and load cells. Load cells can be electronic or pneumatic/hydraulic and measure deflection or pressure changes. Conductivity is measured using electrodes and relates the solution's ability to conduct electricity. Classical electrodes directly measure resistance while induction electrodes use coils. pH is measured using a glass electrode and reference electrode cell that generates a voltage based on the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    16 views28 pages

    Measurements: Mass Conductivity PH

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous gsSxOmw
    This document discusses different methods for measuring mass, conductivity, and pH. It describes mass measurement using mass balances and load cells. Load cells can be electronic or pneumatic/hydraulic and measure deflection or pressure changes. Conductivity is measured using electrodes and relates the solution's ability to conduct electricity. Classical electrodes directly measure resistance while induction electrodes use coils. pH is measured using a glass electrode and reference electrode cell that generates a voltage based on the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution.

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    MEASUREMENTS

    MASS
    CONDUCTIVITY
    pH

    MASS
    Mass is defined as the amount of matter in an object.
    Methods used:
    Mass balance instruments
    Load cells

    a) Mass Balance
    Based on comparing the gravitational force on the
    measured mass with the gravitational force on another
    body of known mass.
    Two types:
    Beam balance
    Weigh beam

    a) Beam Balance
    Standard masses are added to a pan on one side of a pivoted
    beam until the gravitational forces are the same.
    The equilibrium position is indicated by a pointer that moves
    against a calibrated scale

    Advantages
    They are capable of measuring a wide span of masses.
    Measurement resolution can be as good as 1 part in 10 7
    of the full-scale reading if the instrument is designed and
    manufactured very carefully.
    The lowest measurement inaccuracy figure attainable is
    0.002%.

    Disadvantages
    Lack of ruggedness.

    Continuous use leads to problems in measurement


    accuracy and resolution.

    Relatively

    long

    measurement.

    time

    is

    needed

    to

    make

    each

    b) Weigh Beam
    Mass is calculated by moving a known mass along a
    graduated bar until the pointer is brought to the null,
    balance point.

    2) Load Cell
    They are the most common instrument used to measure
    mass, especially in industrial applications.
    They are of two types:
    Electronic balance
    Pneumatic/Hydraulic balance

    Electronic Balance
    The electronic load cell uses the physical principle that a
    force

    applied

    to

    an

    measurable deflection.

    elastic

    element

    produces

    Either three or four load cells are used in the balance,


    with the output mass measurement being formed from
    the sum of the outputs of each cell.
    Advantages:
    i. relatively low cost,
    ii. wide measurement range,
    iii. tolerance of dusty and corrosive environments

    Creep
    One problem that can affect the performance of load cells
    is the phenomenon of creep.
    Creep describes the permanent deformation that an
    elastic element undergoes after it has been under load for
    a period of time.
    This can lead to significant measurement errors if the
    instrument is not recalibrated from time to time.

    Pneumatic/Hydraulic balance
    These load cells translate mass measurement into a
    pressure measurement task.
    Pneumatic load cell

    Application of a mass to the cell causes deflection of a


    diaphragm.
    The

    output

    pressure

    measured

    in

    the

    cell

    is

    approximately proportional to the magnitude of the


    gravitational force on the applied mass.
    The instrument requires a flow of air at its input of around
    0.25m3/hour at a pressure of 4 bar.

    For measuring small masses, instruments are available


    with a full-scale reading of 25 kg.
    Top of the range, instruments with a full-scale reading of
    25 tonnes are obtainable.
    Inaccuracy is typically 0.5% of full scale in pneumatic load
    cells

    CONDUCTIVITY
    Measure of the ability of an electrolytic solution to conduct.
    Also called Specific Conductance
    SI Unit siemens per meter (S/m)
    Usually measured by measuring the AC resistance of the
    solution between two electrodes.

    Commercially
    used
    electrodes

    Classical type (flat


    or cylindrical)
    Based on
    induction

    MEASUREMENT
    Classical Type :

    L=distance between electrodes


    S=surface area of electrodes
    U= impressed voltage
    I=generated electricity
    C= (L/S)*(I/U)
    =k*(1/R)
    where k=L/S, cell constant

    Electrodes separated by a fixed distance


    An alternating current is used to avoid electrolysis
    Typical frequencies are of the range 1-3 Hz
    Dependence of conductivity is more at higher frequencies
    This effect is called Debye-Falkenhagen effect.

    Induction Type:

    Here the fluid does not wet the electrical parts of the
    sensor
    Two inductively coupled coils are used - like a transformer
    One is driving coil that is supplied with known voltage and
    produces a magnetic field
    Second is the secondary of transformer

    The liquid passing through a channel in the sensor forms


    one turn in the secondary winding.
    The induced current is the output of the sensor.

    pH
    It is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
    concentration.
    i.e., pH= -log10(H+)
    This scale ranges from 0 to 14.
    If hydrogen ions (H+) predominate acidic
    If hydroxyl ions (OH-) predominate alkaline

    MEASUREMENT
    pH cell
    KCL soln

    KCL soln
    Calomel &
    mercury
    Calomel &
    mercury

    cotton plug
    pH sensitive tip

    opening

    pH CELL

    Reference
    Two
    electrode
    electrodes

    Measuring
    are used
    electrode

    pH CELL
    Reference electrode is made of glass and consists of an
    inner assembly containing a solution of calomel (HgCl 2).
    This assembly is surrounded by large glass tube
    Spacing between the two contains KCL.
    An electrical contact is made between KCL & calomel by
    an opening in the bottom of the electrode

    Measuring electrode is also called glass electrode.


    Here, the mercury calomel is surrounded by a buffer
    solution of constant pH.
    The bottom tapers down to a tip made of thin glass of
    special composition.
    Due to difference in pH, a voltage is developed, which is
    a function of the pH value of the solution under test.

    pH SCALE

    Why does pH have a scale of 14 ?

    THANK YOU !

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