This document discusses controls for DOAS (dedicated outdoor air systems) and HVAC systems. It covers:
1) Control objectives like finishing the DOAS and understanding controller terminology and types.
2) Issues related to DOAS like splitting sensible and latent loads, hydronic system selection, and winter vs. summer operation.
3) Basic concepts of HVAC control including balancing comfort, cost and energy use. It also discusses sensor, controller and controlled device terminology as well as proportional, PI and PID control algorithms.
This document discusses controls for DOAS (dedicated outdoor air systems) and HVAC systems. It covers:
1) Control objectives like finishing the DOAS and understanding controller terminology and types.
2) Issues related to DOAS like splitting sensible and latent loads, hydronic system selection, and winter vs. summer operation.
3) Basic concepts of HVAC control including balancing comfort, cost and energy use. It also discusses sensor, controller and controlled device terminology as well as proportional, PI and PID control algorithms.
This document discusses controls for DOAS (dedicated outdoor air systems) and HVAC systems. It covers:
1) Control objectives like finishing the DOAS and understanding controller terminology and types.
2) Issues related to DOAS like splitting sensible and latent loads, hydronic system selection, and winter vs. summer operation.
3) Basic concepts of HVAC control including balancing comfort, cost and energy use. It also discusses sensor, controller and controlled device terminology as well as proportional, PI and PID control algorithms.
This document discusses controls for DOAS (dedicated outdoor air systems) and HVAC systems. It covers:
1) Control objectives like finishing the DOAS and understanding controller terminology and types.
2) Issues related to DOAS like splitting sensible and latent loads, hydronic system selection, and winter vs. summer operation.
3) Basic concepts of HVAC control including balancing comfort, cost and energy use. It also discusses sensor, controller and controlled device terminology as well as proportional, PI and PID control algorithms.
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Objectives
Finish DOAS Control Terminology Types of controllers Differences
Controls in the real world
Problems Response time vs. stability
www.doas.psu.edu DOAS with multi-split systems
Fresh air?
DOAS fresh air configurations
DOAS fresh air configurations
Issues Related to DOAS
Split of sensible and latent load Selection of hydronic system Winter vs. summer operation Winter operation with DX systems (heat pump)
Sequence of operation for the
control system design OA
CC
Adiabatic humidifier
HC
SA
mixing
RA Define the sequence of operation for: WINTER operation and: - case when humidity is not controlled - case when humidity is precisely controlled Solution on the whiteboard
Economizer % fresh air
Fresh air volume flow rate control
enthalpy
damper
Fresh (outdoor) air
TOA (hOA)
mixing
Recirc. air
T & RH sensors
100%
Minimum for ventilation
Economizer cooling regime
Example of SEQUENCE OF OERATIONS: If TOA < Tset-point open the fresh air damper the maximum position Then, if Tindoor air < Tset-point start closing the cooling coil valve If cooling coil valve is closed and T indoor air < Tset-point start closing the damper till you get T indoor air = T set-point Other variations are possible
Basic purpose of HVAC control
Daily, weekly, and seasonal swings make HVAC control challenging Highly unsteady-state environment Provide balance of reasonable comfort at minimum cost and energy Two distinct actions: 1) Switching/Enabling: Manage availability of plant according to schedule using timers. 2) Regulation: Match plant capacity to demand
Terminology Sensor Measures quantity of interest
Controller Interprets sensor data
Controlled device Changes based on controller output
Figure 2-13
outdoor
Direct
Indirect
Closed Loop or Feedback
Open Loop or Feedforward
Set Point Desired sensor value
Control Point Current sensor value
Error or Offset Difference between control point and set point
Two-Position Control Systems
Used in small, relatively simple systems Controlled device is on or off It is a switch, not a valve
Good for devices that change slowly
Anticipator can be used to shorten response time
Control differential is also called deadband
Residential system - thermostat
~50 years old
DDC thermostat - Daily and weekly programming
Modulating Control Systems
Example: Heat exchanger control Modulating (Analog) control
Cooling coil air
water
(set point temperature)
Modulating Control Systems
Used in larger systems Output can be anywhere in operating range Three main types Proportional PI PID
Electric (pneumatic) motor
Position (x) fluid
Volume flow rate
Vfluid = f(x) - linear or exponential function
The PIDconstants control algorithm time
e(t) difference between
set point and measured value Position (x)
Proportional
Integral
Differential
For our example of heating coil:
x K (Tset point
d (Tset point Tmeasured )
K Tmeasured ) (Tset point Tmeasured )d K Td Ti d
Proportional (how much) Position of the valve
Integral (for how long)
Differential (how fast)
Proportional Controllers x A K (Tset point Tmeasured ) x is controller output A is controller output with no error (often A=0) Kis proportional gain constant e = Tset point Tmeasured is error (offset)
Unstable system
Stable system
Issues with P Controllers
Always have an offset But, require less tuning than other controllers Very appropriate for things that change slowly i.e. building internal temperature
Proportional + Integral (PI)
x A K (Tset point
K Tmeasured ) (Tset point Tmeasured )d Ti
K/Ti is integral gain
If controller is tuned properly, offset is reduced to zero
Figure 2-18a
Issues with PI Controllers
Scheduling issues Require more tuning than for P But, no offset
Proportional + Integral + Derivative (PID) Improvement over PI because of faster response and less deviation from offset Increases rate of error correction as errors get larger
But HVAC controlled devices are too slow responding Requires setting three different gains
Ref: Kreider and Rabl.Figure 12.5
The control in HVAC system only PI
x K (Tset point Tmeasured )
K (Tset point Tmeasured )d
Ti
Proportional
Integral
value Set point
Set point
Proportional affect the slope
Integral affect the shape after the first bump
The Real World
50% of US buildings have control problems 90% tuning and optimization 10% faults
